Sociology Quizzes Exam 2
A _______________ has permanent, salaried staff of qualified experts, and written goals, rules and procedures. Select one: a. collective b. bureaucracy c. governmental blog d. social group
b
A business that is organized like a bureaucracy would be considered a: Select one: a. primary group b. secondary group c. status collection d. social category
b
All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n): Select one: a. group b. category c. aggregate d. crowd
b
An instrumental leader: Select one: a. refers to leader in manufacturing or construction. b. is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. c. rejects gender roles in the name of the feminist movement. d. promotes emotional strength and health, ensuring that people feel supported
b
Except for crisis situations, the most effective leadership style is: Select one: a. authoritarian b. democratic c. laissez-faire d. cooperative
b
In any society, what is the primary role of norms? Select one: a. They codify and attach legal definition to expected behavior. b. They make social life possible by making behavior predictable. c. They establish a ranking for what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong. d. They make communications possible by attaching consistent meanings to actions.
b
According to the textbook, the recent Occupy Wall Street Movement, people of the United States keep hearing about the top 1%. How much of the United States' wealth rests in the hands of the wealthiest top 1% of people? Select one: a. 1/16 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/8
c
As the instrumental leader of a group, your responsibility would be to: Select one: a. gain a consensus on everything. b. maintain the harmony in the group. c. keep the group moving toward its goals. d. convince others of the practicality of your ideas.
c
Every night at 9:00 p.m. Harold sits down at his computer to communicate with the people who are members of his newsgroup, the Law List. Recently, Harold and his wife had a baby girl. He would regualrly discuss the highs and lows of parenthood, ask for advice on parenting, and "vent" when he had had a fight with his wife. The embers of the group provide him emotional support and acceptance. Harold would be considered a member of a[n] ________. Select one: a. cybermetric association b. electronic secondary group c. electronic primary group d. computer hacking group
c
For an act to be seen as deviant, either a public consensus or powerful groups at a given time or place must decide that : Select one: a. some norms were followed without commitment. b. some great social harm took place. c. some social rule (norm) was violated. d. some cultural values were misunderstood.
c
How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Select one: a. A group doesn't have ongoing social relations. b. Members of a crowd don't interact with one another. c. A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a shared identity. d. A group doesn't usually feel a sense of shared identity
c
Lauren is a talkative 25-year-old white woman. She has a bachelor's degree in marketing. Which of the following is her achieved status? Select one: a. Her level of talkativeness b. Her race, white c. Her bachelor's degree d. Her age, 25
c
Most people find it difficult to disobey authorities because they: Select one: a. seek punishment b. have a desire to join a organizational collective c. fear ridicule and social ostracism (social shunning or snubbing) d. are unaware that they are conforming
c
Structures of authority tend to render people: Select one: a. willing to protest b. evil c. obedient d. angry
c
The Nazi regime's genocide machine operated so efficiently partly because it was _______________ organized. Select one: a. simply b. traditionally c. bureaucratically d. centrally
c
The customary social arrangements of a group that make life predictable are called ________. Select one: a. social integration b. differential association c. social order d. inner containments
c
The members of a sociology class form what type of group? Select one: a. social category b. social interaction network c. secondary group d. status collection
c
The most effective type of leadership in a crisis such as war or the emergency room of a hospital is: Select one: a. republican b. cooperative c. authoritarian d. democratic
c
The term deviance can be defined as: Select one: a. social reward for the violation of norms. b. the regulation and enforcement of norms. c. a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. d. the act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring
c
Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? Select one: a. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon. b. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. c. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. d. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher.
c
Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as: Select one: a. reference groups b. inner circles c. cliques d. social networks
d
The ______________ type of leadership style will most likely result in a high degree of conformity among employees but also risks alienating those same employees. Select one: a. democratic b. laissez-faire c. expressive d. authoritarian
d
A family is an important example of a: Select one: a. primary group b. social category c. clique d. secondary group
a
A famous socialite is court-ordered to enter a rehabilitation center to eliminate her drug addiction. The socialite is about to become a member of a: Select one: a. Coercive organization b. Voluntary organization c. Paparazzi organization d. Utilitarian
a
A group of strangers waiting for a bus at the corner of 2nd Ave and Main Streets is an example of a[n] ________. Select one: a. aggregate b. association c. primary group d. secondary group
a
According to the Davis-Moore thesis: Select one: a. more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them. b. meritocracy is less productive than a caste system. c. the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is. d. equality is dysfunctional for society.
a
Every human group develops a system of formal and informal social controls to enforce norms and discourage deviance. They do so because deviance: Select one: a. undermines predictability, a necessity for social life. b. contributes to change, which is damaging to a group. c. results in negative acts that cause harm to individuals. d. is immoral and should be controlled.
a
Groups that are larger and more impersonal than primary groups are known as: Select one: a. secondary groups b. social categories c. collective groups d. status collections
a
In "The Strength of Weak Ties," what does sociologist Mark Granovetter mean when he claims that weak ties can be strong? Select one: a. Weak ties matter more to us than other ties for things like job hunting. b. Weak ties can provide no information that people find useful. c. Weak ties almost always are long-lasting and durable. d. Weak ties often develop into negative situations.
a
In 2008 the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Many people could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. For many people, it was a time of __________. Select one: a. downward mobility b. horizontal mobility c. social stratification d. social inconsistency
a
Janet communicates periodically with people on the Internet who are interested in sociology. According to your author, Janet belongs to a new type of group called a[n] ________. Select one: a. electronic community b. interaction group c. communication community d. computer group
a
Larry is a team leader who strongly believes in the capacity for his group members to accomplish tasks best if he just leaves them alone. Although they may consult him occasionally for advice, most of his coworkers know Larry as a "very laid back guy." Larry's style of leadership is best seen as ______. Select one: a. laissez-faire b. authoritarian c. expressive d. democratic
a
Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other? Select one: a. group b. queue c. category d. aggregate
a
Role strain occurs when: Select one: a. tension exists between roles connected to a single status. b. one person is associated with several statuses. c. more than one person is associated with a single status. d. more than one ascribed role is associated with a single status.
a
Sandy is standing in line for Beyoncé's 2019 On the Run II tour. The line wraps around the block, spilling into the streets and crowding store windows. Sandy is part of a(n): Select one: a. Aggregate b. Dyad c. Triad. d. In-group
a
Secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives are called: Select one: a. formal organizations b. in-groups c. social cliques d. reference groups
a
Shana is responsible for 20 employees in her division. When a new idea is introduced, Shana makes certain that every employee provides feedback on the idea in an open forum before the group moves ahead. Shana's type of leadership style is best represented by which of the following terms? Select one: a. Democratic b. Laissez-faire c. Authoritarian d. Expressive
a
Sociologically, all New York Yankee fans around the world would be called a/an ________. Select one: a. category b. social group c. clique d. aggregate
a
Sociologists define a social group as: Select one: a. two or more people who interact with one another because they have something in common. b. five or more people who interact with one another at least once a week. c. people gathered in the same space. d. people who interact with one another but who do not have anything in common.
a
Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which might she consider? The _______________ Select one: a. shared hobbies and interactions of the players. b. age of the players. c. innate skill of the players. d. desire to win of the players
a
Stanley Milgram's experiment teaches us that even if an authority structure is brand new and highly artificial: Select one: a. we are inclined to obey those in power b. we will remain in the grip of the authority structure for the rest of our lives c. we are free to walk away from an authority structure with no penalty. d. peo0ple are influenced by both good and evil
a
Strain theory: Select one: a. addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. b. asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. c. argues that morality is based on wealth. d. states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of deviance as well as opportunities for deviance.
a
The major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance is that: Select one: a. sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual and psychological explanations address conditions within the individual. b. psychological explanations are based on genetic predispositions while sociological explanations concentrate on body types and physical differences. c. only psychological explanations are accepted by the medical community. d. sociological explanations are more accurate in explaining the true cause of crime
a
The pressure to conform to group opinion or decisions despite individual misgivings (or evidence to the contrary) is sometimes called: Select one: a. groupthink b. network analysis c. inclusion d. a primary network
a
The social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together is referred to as their ________. Select one: a. social network b. reference group c. sphere of influence d. in-group
a
The sociological reply to the question of how it was possible for the Nazis to systematically murder thousands of ordinary citizens focuses not just on blind hatred but the ______________ that made it possible. Select one: a. social organization of authority b. level of anti-Semitism c. level of inborn evil in Germans d. organization of religion
a
The term crime can be defined as a[n]: Select one: a. behavior that violates an official law (at any level - local, state, or federal) and is punishable through formal sanctions. b. harmful action directed at the authorities. c. unintended consequence of necessary action. d. sequence of events leading to incarceration.
a
What kind of group exhibits strong social ties among its members, exists over a long period of time, and engages in many different activities (i.e. without a specific goal)? Select one: a. primary group b. social category c. secondary group d. status collection
a
What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction? This type of groups is a[n]: Select one: a. primary group b. secondary group c. interest group d. out-group
a
When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on more than basketball, such as how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as Michael's _____. Select one: a. Reference group b. Aggregate c. category group d. Out-group
a
Which of the following is a large impersonal organization composed of many clearly defined positions arranged in a hierarchy? Select one: a. bureaucracy b. social arrangement c. collective d. social group
a
Which of the following is characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation? Select one: a. primary group b. secondary group c. community d. clique
a
In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? Select one: a. Strain theory b. Labeling theory c. Differential association d. Control theory
b
Joanne is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her Introductory Sociology class. Whenever they meet, Joanne finds she is always trying to keep the group focused on putting the questionnaire together. Joanne would be considered the ________ leader of the group. Select one: a. laissez-faire b. instrumental c. argumentative d. expressive
b
Juno has a master plan in her mind for the current work that her working group is assigned. She expects her workgroup members to listen to her plan and to complete the tasks as she assigns them. Juno does not allow disobedience. Juno's leadership style is best described as ______. Select one: a. laissez-faire b. authoritarian c. expressive d. democratic
b
Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of _________________________________. Select one: a. Out-group dynamics b. Conformity c. Laissez-faire leadership d. Consumer-oriented discretion
b
Lauren is a talkative 25-year-old white woman. She has a bachelor's degree in marketing. Which of the following is her ascribed status? Select one: a. Her level of talkativeness b. Her race c. None of the answers reflect an ascribed status d. Her bachelor's degree
b
Lilly's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which of the following theories best describes Ally's experience? Select one: a. labeling theory b. differential association theory c. strain theory d. opaque theory
b
Milgram's "teacher-learner" experiments demonstrated that: Select one: a. only emotionally disturbed persons enjoy inflicting pain on others. b. some people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority. c. most people conform to social norms, even when told to deviate from them by persons in authority. d. electric shock treatments improve students' abilities to learn.
b
One or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined roles, norms and statuses is a: Select one: a. secondary group b. social group c. social category d. primary group
b
Patricia works as a sales manager and earns approximately $60,000 a year. She owns her own home and has $20,000 in the bank as an emergency fund. She also owns a rental property, from which she earns $12,000 a year. Which of the following responses best represents her wealth? Select one: a. Her two properties and her $20,000 savings. b. Her income, her two properties, and her $20,000 savings. c. Her rental property and the income it produces. d. Her gross $60,000 income.
b
People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of a ______________ group. Select one: a. social network b. primary c. secondary group d. reference.
b
People who share a similar status but do not identify with one another are called a Select one: a. status collection b. social category c. norm agency d. clique
b
Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical is nature, has a division of labor, written rules, communications and records, and in which workers treat each other impersonally. Based on these characteristics we can conclude Samantha works in a/an ________. Select one: a. oligarchy b. bureaucracy c. voluntary association d. non-profit organization
b
Social control is: Select one: a. a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. b. the regulation and enforcement of norms. c. how people are supposed to behave. d. a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law
b
Sociologists have long focused research on __________, which is the study of social inequality and the distribution of goods, resources, and power. Select one: a. social status b. social stratification c. social differentiation d. social mobility
b
Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: Select one: a. only lower-class people drink beer. b. most people only socialize with people in their same social class. c. most people do not care about social rank and standing. d. only upper-class people can enjoy a good game of polo.
b
The common ideology of a class system states that success and wealth is typically an indication of: Select one: a. sheer luck. b. personal talent and effort. c. family background. d. flaws in society
b
The idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with the: Select one: a. conflict approach. b. functionalist approach. c. social-exchange approach. d. symbolic-interactionist approach
b
The leadership style that allows subordinates to work things out largely on their own, with almost no direction from above (e.g. no input or guidance from leadership team or hierarchy) , is called: Select one: a. democratic b. laissez-faire c. bureaucratic d. authoritarian
b
The term secondary deviance can be defined as when: Select one: a. a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. b. a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. c. negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. d. positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations.
b
To have ________________ means achieving a bureaucracy's goals at the least cost: Select one: a. effectiveness b. efficiency c. hierarchy d. authority
b
What concept refers to a person moving from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards? Select one: a. Downward social mobility b. Horizontal social mobility c. Upward social mobility d. This is not social mobility at all.
b
What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States? Select one: a. The rapid growth of management positions for women. b. The decline of the middle class. c. The increase in the minimum wage for workers. d. The growth of the upper class.
b
Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic: Select one: a. The Chemistry Club advertises their organization at the local science fair. b. Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta. c. Organizations across a college campus come together at a yearly fundraiser to raise money for the local Breast Cancer Awareness chapter. d. Chorus members of the ampus's production of Hairspray practice in Theatre building's first floor, while the cast of God of Carnage practices on the second floor.
b
Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network? Select one: a. They would do so because sociologists don't care about frequency of contact b. They would do so to see if a particular tie is strong or weak c. They would do so to determine if groupthink is an issue in a particular social network d. They would do so in order to measure the homogeneity of the network
b
A group with members who have only a passing acquaintance with one another yet share a sense of identity is a: Select one: a. status collection b. social category c. primary group d. secondary group
d
A leader who is passive and appears to be uninvolved in a group (hands-off) would be termed a[n] ________ leader. Select one: a. democratic b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. laissez-faire
d
Behaviors or characteristics that violate important group norms and as a consequence are reacted to with social disapproval are referred to by sociologists as: Select one: a. terrible. b. unacceptable. c. stigmata. d. deviant.
d
Biological explanations for deviance focus on ________, inborn tendencies of individuals to commit deviant acts. Select one: a. inadequate socialization b. neurological irregularities c. instinctual predispositions d. genetic predispositions
d
Bureaucracies sometimes treat clients as standard cases and personnel as cogs in a giant machine. This is an example of _____________. Select one: a. efficiency b. oligarchy c. bureaucratic ritualism d. dehumanization
d
Charlotte was born to a lower-class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. What type of stratification is shown in this story? Select one: a. Downward mobility b. Intergenerational mobility c. Structural mobility d. Intragenerational mobility
d
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy brokered options on how to address the problem with selected national leaders. After this group reached a consensus, the President made the final decision for a naval quarantine of Cuba. This scenario is an example of ________ leadership. Select one: a. expressive b. authoritarian c. laissez-faire d. democratic
d
Georg Simmel's work found that small groups generally have strong internal cohesiveness and a sense of connection. He also found that larger the group becomes, _________________________________. Select one: a. no differences in the dynamics of small primary groups and large secondary groups b. they become more and more intimate since there are more people in the group. c. more likely that there is confusion of roles. d. more the risk grows for division and lack of cohesion.
d
If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a: Select one: a. primary group. b. triad c. professional group. d. secondary group
d
If you lived in a society with a traditional caste system, you would expect your marriage to be: Select one: a. polygamous. b. based on romantic love. c. exogamous. d. endogamous
d
Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Negative formal sanction b. Positive informal sanction c. Negative informal sanction d. Positive formal sanction
d
John graduates from college with a degree in business administration and gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses that have contracts with the city. While working there, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game, which becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. Some weeks the game is the only thing he has to look forward to because he has a friend to hang-out with. What does this illustrate? Select one: a. the way primary groups can lead to membership in secondary groups b. the way secondary groups produce nearly anonymous relationships c. the goal-oriented nature of primary groups d. the way secondary group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups
d
Research shows that the least effective leader is the one who allows subordinates to work things out largely on their own with almost no direction from above. This is known as ____________ leadership. Select one: a. democratic b. authoritarian c. legal d. laissez-faire
d
Sandra is a corporate attorney. She graduated from Harvard Law School at the top of her class and earns $250,000 a year. Sociologists who evaluate Sandra's social position based on the dimensions of her income, education, and occupation would describe her as __________. Select one: a. low SES b. downwardly mobile c. nothing since this is not something sociologist would study. d. high SES
d
Several members of a fraternity work for the same company, live in the same city, and get together for leisure activities every weekend. Over them they create strong and meaningful social ties to one another. They remain close friends for the rest of their lives. It could be argued that this group of fraternity brothers are close to being a: Select one: a. social category b. status collection c. secondary group d. primary group
d
The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: Select one: a. Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain. b. People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way. c. Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. d. Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.
d
The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the: Select one: a. functionalist approach. b. social-exchange approach. c. symbolic-interactionist approach. d. conflict approach
d
The tendency in bureaucracies for power to become concentrated in the hands of a few is called ____________. Select one: a. bureaucratic ritualism b. dehumanization c. bureaucratic inertia d. oligarchy
d
The term __________ is a designation of class that considers income, occupation, and salary. Select one: a. consumption utility b. life chance c. dlass analysis d. socioeconomic status
d
What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? A primary groups is: Select one: a. small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships. b. large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships. c. large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function. d. small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal.
d
When a group reaches the size of about four or five people, what will often happen? Select one: a. The group will seek to find an even number of members. b. The group will always become dysfunctional. c. All five will hang out together comfortably. d. The group will often slowly divide into two smaller groups.
d
Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships? Select one: a. secondary groups b. institutional groups c. in-groups d. primary groups
d
Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society? Select one: a. Émile Durkheim b. Carl Sagan c. Karl Marx d. C. Wright Mills
d
With respect to group size, Georg Simmel noted that: Select one: a. as groups grow larger, they become less stable. b. as groups grow smaller there is a greater confusion of roles. c. as groups grow larger, they become more intimate. d. as groups grow smaller, they become less stable.
d