Sociology - Real World - Ch 5 Switched Sides
______ used the term McDonaldization to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?
George Ritzer
In "The Strength of Weak Ties," according to _____ means that the weak ties can be strong because even weak ties can provide valuable information
Mark Granovetter
___________ has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information that you already have, which is why he argued that, especially for finding employment, it is advantageous to have more casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.
Mark Granovetter
What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?
McDonaldization
What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?
McDonalization
The audience at a Broadway show is_______ in the sociological sense.
NOT a group
In-group membership is often temporary is ______ about in-groups?
NOT true
The legitimate right to wield power (page 141)
authority
The following is NOT true of ______________ is NOT true regarding the nature of bureaucracies? "hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another."
bureaucracies
A _______ has the following characteristics: A. formal organization B. a division of labor C. written rules
bureaucracy
A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 144)
bureaucracy
In his Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 5:27, Jesus is reported to have said, "Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery. But I say unto you . . ." What kind of authority is inherent in this statement?
charismatic
Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143)
expressive leadership
What sort of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society
expressive leadership
A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (page 124)
group
Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other ________
group
All of the following factors can lead to increased ________: a. shared values b. common traits c. an attraction to the group as a whole d. shared goals
group cohesion
The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135)
group cohesion
The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called
group cohesion
The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called:
group cohesion
The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:
netiquette
Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network
to see if a particular tie is strong or weak
According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority is wielded by a king?
traditional authority
Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 141)
traditional authority
A three-person social group (page 132)
triad
Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (page 129)
virtual communities
Has your teacher ever assigned group work? One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. What does Chapter 5 call this?
social loafing
Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?
your parents
Connections between individuals (page 125)
social ties
According to _______, the decline in bowling leagues indicate the increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds
Robert Putnam
According to ____________, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate? there is an increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds.
Robert Putnam
_________'s research can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. It suggests that the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support.
Robert Putnam
can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns are overblown? _______the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support
Robert Putnam's research
The ____________ experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that groups have great power to induce conformity.
Soloman Asch
Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in
personal qualities of the leader
Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:
personal qualities of the leader
John graduates from college with a degree in business administration and gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses that have contracts with the city. While working there, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game, which becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. Some weeks the game is the only thing that he has to look forward to. This illustrate the way that secondary-group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups
primary groups
The people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging (page 124)
primary groups
Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?
primary groups
Why does actual group ------- never equal potential _______ Answer -Time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members
productivity
Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid (page 137)
proscriptions
The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a ___________. According to Conti, how is power measured within this sort of social network? Answer - The most powerful members are those with the most connections to other members.
social network
The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125)
social network
Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as
social networks
The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?
social networks
In all probability, the sociology professor giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?
specialization
__________ are authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources.
your parents
_______ means When people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them
Contagion
The sociologist ________ examined social networks, the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances.
Duncan Watts
According to _______ in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer - developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers
Robert Leidner
According to _______in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer - developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers
Robert Leidner
Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _________ to coordinating and organizing group members.
Time is lost
People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of
a primary group
What is not considered a considered an aggregate?
a primary group
A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 124)
aggregate
Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?
bureacracies
All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n):
category
Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Answer - Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the _____________.
common good
Imagine that one of your professors has a large collection of offensive t-shirts, including one that reads "I scream, you scream, we all scream for heroin." This professor makes sure to never wear this shirt to class though, because she wishes to gain the rewards of continued employment and avoid being yelled at by her boss. What is this kind of conformity called?
compliance
The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments (page 137)
compliance
What sort of conformity is demonstrated by an individual who dresses modestly in accordance with religious values, but does so to avoid punishment rather than because she believes it truly matters?
compliance
A barista at Jose's local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? Answer: She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.
consequential stranger
A ________ of too much group cohesion is that it can lead to groupthink, where dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.
danger
Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn't enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to
deal with bureaucracies
Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn't enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to:
deal with bureaucracies
Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A- and B-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test to C-mode responses? Answer - The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of _______________.
group membership
which kind of group is most likely to have written rules? Answer Correct Answer: groups of five
group of five
A leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions is best suited to avoid ______
groupthink
In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137)
groupthink
What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after take-off?
groupthink
When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in
groupthink
Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141)
influential power
Leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 143)
instrumental leadership
The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own (page 138)
internalization
What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?
internalization
When someone joins the Green Party and then starts recycling old plastic bags because she believes that it can help save the environment, this is an example of what type of conformity?
internalization
A ______ who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions explains how groupthink can be avoided.
leader
In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men's networks different from women's? If a woman's network has more women in it, she is __________ to hear about job openings.
less likely
What does recent research show about the aftermath of natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina? That new types of _______ emerge in response to the emergency.
local organizations
In 2003 the U.S. Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. The Army had tracked him to that location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, and showed their linkages to other people. Starting with just four names, the map allowed Army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. The search for Saddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of:
network analysis
All over Los Angeles, cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." This is an example of hostility toward an _____________
out-group
Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133)
out-group
In 1978 Jim Jones, the leader of the People's Temple, led more than 900 of his followers to commit suicide by drinking poisoned Kool-Aid. In the run up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocking and ridiculing anyone who expressed doubts, at times even having doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of
peer pressure
When individuals are members of groups, they are influenced by other members. What do sociologists call this?
peer pressure
Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through _______________than through group membership or affiliation. This is cause for concern to some sociologists because individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good.
personal characteristics
Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:
personal qualities of a leader
The ability to control the actions of others (page 141)
power
What was the Asch experiment measuring?
power of the group
Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137)
prescriptions
How have social networking websites affected social groups? They help people make the most of both their _____________
primary and secondary groups
" Primary groups never try to sanction members or otherwise affect their behavior." is NOT a true statement about a __________
primary group
People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:
primary group
What is a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his own accomplishments?
primary group
What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?
primary group
_______ are not considered aggregates.
primary groups
A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. In order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of?
rationalization
The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145)
rationalization
George was getting ready to do his student teaching in a school district where he hopes to be employed after graduation. Over the weekend, some friends tagged George in several wild party pictures that they posted on the social networking site, Facebook. On Monday the principal of the school called George, saying that they would not be able to work George into their schedule. What grounds would the principal have for making that decision? Answer - Pictures of actions such as drinking and smoking are considered "_________" by potential employers.
red flags
A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133)
reference group
If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a
secondary group
If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a: ________
secondary group
Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (page 124)
secondary groups
How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer - A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a _________.
shared identity
How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer: A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a ___________
shared identity
The most efficient teams have members with strong social identities is a strong suggestion by social identity theory when considering teamwork.
social identity theories
Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _______ is lost to coordinating and organizing group members.
time
What was the Asch experiment measuring?
the power of the group
In a Peruvian campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. In a pilot study, this effort largely failed. Government case workers lectured the villagers about germ theory, but villagers associated hot foods with illness and didn't like the taste of boiled water. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this demonstrate?
the social ties influence our behavior
A two-person social group (page 132)
dyad
Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician __________ to be a group. Why not? They won't form any lasting relationships with one another.
Bruce Springsteen
___________ worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to anomie, or normlessness.
Emile Durkheim
Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which question might he ask?
How important is winning games?
If some sociologists set out to measure group cohesion within a neighborhood, which statement would you NOT expect to find on their survey
I have more than one child
George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 145)
McDonaldization
The following is an example of _______ . A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut."
McDonaldization
The following is an example of ___________, as George Ritzer used the term: A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut.
McDonaldization
Around the third week of a college class, a teacher decides that she's had enough, is tired of dealing with bureaucracies, and wants out. So one day, instead of coming to class, she flies to Tahiti and sells souvenirs on the beach. If this happened, the college would simply assign a substitute to finish the course. What does this tell you about the nature of the authority wielded by a professor?
a legal rational authority
"Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128)
anomie
Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:
anomie or norm-less-ness
Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:
anomie or normlessness
Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?
bureaucracies
Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might _________ about the common good.
care less
People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 124)
category
Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 142)
charismatic authority
Power that is backed by the threat of force (page 141)
coercive power
What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder
coercive power
What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?
coercive power
What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?
coercive power
A barista at Jose's local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.
consequential stranger
Social networks can influence people through _________. This means that when people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them.
contagion
A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 124)
crowd
In 2009 the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Michael Curry. Most sources agreed that Curry lost his job because of squabbles with players and tensions between team members and the coaching staff. This was especially upsetting since Curry's main strength was supposed to be his ability to communicate well with players and command their respect. What type of leadership was Curry lacking?
expressive
The definition of what constitutes a _______ is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Information Revolution because of: a) electronic communities b. chat rooms c. online interaction d. "virtual" relationships
group
embers of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?
group
The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132)
group dynamics
What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?
group dynamics
When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in:
groupthink
The murder of a family member—usually female—who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136)
honor killing
All over Los Angeles, cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." What is this an example of?
hostility toward an out-group
Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which question might he ask?
how important is winning games
A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138)
identification
Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 142)
ilegal- rational authority
A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132)
in-group
_______ are characterized by A. Secondary groups are larger and more anonymous than primary groups. B. Secondary groups are often formal or impersonal. C. Secondary groups tend to be based on specific roles or activities. D. Secondary groups sometimes break down into primary groups.
secondary groups
Although individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong? Answer - when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are _________
sharply defined
A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141)
social identity theory
The _________ suggests that in teamwork, the most efficient teams have members with strong social identities.
social identity theory
In the experiment depicted in figure 5.3, when group members claimed that line B in Exhibit 2 matched the line in Exhibit 1, about 75 percent of test subjects agreed. Which principle explains this phenomenon?
social influence
The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137)
social influence (peer pressure)
The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141)
social loafing
Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network?
to see if a particular tie is strong or weak
If group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?
virtual community
f group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?
virtual community
