Sociology Test #1
Automobiles provide transportation and independence. But they are also responsible for a great deal of air pollution and contribute to global warming. Merton would consider these negative impacts to be __________.
Dysfunctions
Who deeply studied suicide and the concept of anomie?
Emile Durkeim
__________ studied suicide in what was probably the first sociological study to use scientific research methods.
Emile Durkeim
Sociologists use the term __________ for the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture, assuming that one's own way of life is superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism
In a study of the behavior of undergraduate students, a researcher moves into a university residence hall and lives there for the semester, participating in daily life of students. This is an example of __________.
Ethnography
Quantitative Research
measurable phenomena; "skip rock"; opinion polls, surveys
Until recently, only schoolchildren played soccer in the United States. Now, it has become a popular sport, perhaps in part because of immigrants from Latin America and other areas of the world where soccer is widely played. Soccer is an example of __________ in sports.
A fashion
When formal, standardized norms are enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions, they are termed __________.
Laws
Availability of affordable housing ->
Level of homelessness
Level of educational degree ->
Level of income
Parents' income ->
Likelihood of children's enrolling in college
Degree of integration in society ->
Likelihood of suicide
Is conflict a macro or micro focus?
Macro
Is structural functionalism a macro or micro focus?
Macro
A __________ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.
Macrolevel
Sociology is defined as the __________.
systematic study of human society and social interaction
Which of these statements about subcultures is false?
Within the United States only a small percentage of people belong to a subculture.
Which of these is not part of the sociological approach to the study of society and social interaction?
application of commonsense or everyday understandings
A major criticism of Spencer's theory of social Darwinism is that ______________ .
it may be used to justify racial/ethnic, gender, and class inequalities in society
What is participant observation?
Collecting observations while part of the activities of the group being studied.
Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. According to Marx, Tom would be considered a member of the __________ because he does not own the means of production.
Proletariat Class
German sociologist Georg Simmel analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the __________. He concluded that interaction patterns differed between a dyad and a triad.
Size of the social group
In her work, sociologist Harriet Martineau was a strong advocate for_____________.
Social Equality and reform
What is the theory and research cycle?
Theories (Deductive Science) -> Hypotheses -> Observations (Inductive Science) -> Generalizations -> (back to theories)
A __________ is defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.
Theory
What are the steps of the scientific method?
(1) Defining the problem (2) Reviewing the literature (3) Formulating the hypothesis (4) Selecting the research design and collecting and analyzing data (5) Developing the conclusion
Marx argued that when workers are paid less than the value of their labor, this exploitation results in __________, a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.
Alienation
Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as __________.
Double-Consciousness
Most technological changes______________________________.
Are modifications of existing technologies
Which of these groups has the lowest rate of suicide?
Asians/Pacific Islanders
Who came up with positivism?
Auguste Compte
A central component of nonmaterial culture is __________, which are the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.
Beliefs
Which of these is the best example of a reflex?
Blinking at dirt in your eye
Who came up with "The Social Imagination"?
C. Wright Mills
Parents' church attendance ->
Children's church attendance
A local business is named with a phrase from a popular song. The owner is sued for violating copyright. This is an example of __________.
Civil Law
__________ is the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.
Content analysis
What did Herbert Spencer do?
Contributed an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change.
"The Order," a white supremacist group, is opposed to most of the values shared by a majority of mainstream Americans. The Order has purchased weapons with the purpose of going after its enemies. This group is an example of a __________.
Counterculture
Groups such as the beatniks of the 1950s, the drug enthusiasts of the 1970s, and members of religious cults reject some or many of culture's basic norms and values. These groups are called __________.
Countercultures
__________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations. It may be the result of natural or social circumstances.
Cultural Diversity
Although some people see a globalized culture emerging, others fear that Western culture is dominating everywhere. This Westernization is a form of __________.
Cultural Imperialism
All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.
Cultural Lag
The term __________ refers to the belief that the behaviors and customs of any society must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.
Cultural Relativism
According to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, which of these is a shift in values from those reported by Williams in 1970?
Decreased ethnocentrism and belief in group superiority
What is ethnography?
Detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people over a period of years.
__________ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized.
Discovery
In an experiment, the __________ contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable to study its effect on them.
Experimental Group
From a functionalist perspective, the wife/mother is responsible for the __________ tasks, including housework, caring for the children, and providing emotional support for the entire family.
Expressive
As you are rushing from one class to the next, you absentmindedly forget to hold the door open for the person coming through behind you. The consequence is that the door slams in that person's face. Which of these cultural components has your behavior violated?
Folkway
__________ states that societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.
Functionalism
__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.
Functionalist
__________ theorists have conducted most of the research on "core" values in the United States.
Functionalist
__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.
Functionalist
People throughout the world share the same biosphere; environmental pollution in one area may have an adverse effect on people in other places. This makes environmental problems an example of __________.
Global Interdependence
Which of these early scientific thinkers first used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to explain his theory of society?
Herbert Spencer
Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity.
Heterogeneous Societies
The world's __________ countries are nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income.
High-income
Sociologists study societies and social interactions to develop theories about:
How behavior is shaped by group life & How group life is affected by individuals
Which of these statements is the best description of the role of culture in human life?
Humans choose their behaviors and ideas from a cultural "tool kit"
In the hypothesis: The greater the availability of affordable housing, the lower the homeless rate ... What are the dependent and independent variables?
IV: Affordable Housing DV: Homeless Rate
In the hypothesis: The greater the availability of math tutoring, the higher the math grades. What are the dependent and independent variables?
IV: Math Tutoring DV: Math Grades
In the hypothesis: The greater the amount of observation, the higher the public awareness. What are the dependent and independent variables?
IV: Observation DV: Public Awareness
"American society stands for equal opportunity for all." This statement exemplifies __________ culture, which refers to the values and standards that people in a society profess to hold.
Ideal
The term __________ refers to a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.
Language
When designing a study, the researcher considers the __________ to be the cause of the relationship or outcome.
Independent Variable
David has developed the hypothesis that the stress felt by unemployed men increases the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the __________ variable and spousal abuse would be considered the __________ variable.
Independent, dependent
During the __________, massive social changes occurred as technological innovations shifted the economic base of countries in Europe, and later the United States, from agriculture to manufacturing.
Industrial Revolution
During the __________, massive social changes occurred as technological innovations shifted the economic base of countries in Europe, and later the United States, from agriculture to manufacturing.
Industrial Revolution
Interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century primarily in response to __________.
Industrialization and Urbanization
Spiders do not learn to build webs. They build webs because of __________ triggered by the biological need for protection and reproduction.
Instincts
Functionalist Talcott Parsons suggested that complementary roles for men and women in the family contribute to social stability. The husband/father performs the __________ tasks, which involve leadership and decision-making responsibilities in the home, and employment outside the home to support the family.
Instrumental
Analyzing the tobacco industry, which theoretical perspective would most likely look at the conflict of interests between tobacco companies and public health interests?
Interactionist
Breanna believes Jarrod is upset with her because she interprets his tone of voice as angry. Although Jarrod states he is not angry, from a symbolic interactionist perspective it is Breanna's __________ of the situation that is most real or believable to her.
Interpretation
Breanna believes Jarrod is upset with her because she interprets his tone of voice as angry. Although Jarrod states he is not angry, from a symbolic interactionist perspective it is Breanna's __________ of the situation that is most real or believable to her.
Interpretation
What are two types of surveys?
Interview and Questionnaire
How is suicide and the concept of anomie considered a personal trouble?
Many people consider suicide to be the result of personal problems.
Which of these sociologists is not considered a founder of sociological study within the United States?
Max Weber
What are examples of conflict we often see in society?
Men vs. Women; European Americans vs. Racial Minorities; Workers vs. Management; Heterosexuals vs. LGBTQ
What are the two dimensions of positivism?
Methodological and Social & Political
Is symbolic interactionism a macro or micro focus?
Micro
Sociologists use the word __________ to refer to what is biologically determined, and _____ for what results from the social environment.
Nature/Nurture
During a church service, a parishioner talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another pew turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shh." This illustrates a __________.
Negative Informal Sanction
In structural functionalism, is it believed that sociology should enact social change?
No
In symbolic interactionism, is it believed that sociology should enact social change?
No
Democracy, belief in a Supreme Being, and understanding English are all examples of __________.
Nonmaterial Culture
What are 2 research methods in field research?
Participant observation & Ethnography
Today, most Old Order Amish live in __________, where they practice their religious beliefs and remain a relatively closed social network.
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana
Which of these is not a change brought on by industrialization and urbanization?
People changing from being consumers to being producers
Time spent preparing for quiz ->
Performance on quiz
Current interest in Lady Gaga and the Kardashians is an example of a __________.
Personality Fad
What does "The Social Imagination" help us do?
Place seemingly personal troubles, such as losing a job or feeling like committing suicide, into a larger social context
__________ consists of activities, products, and services, such as rock concerts, spectator sports, movies, and television soap operas and situation comedies, that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.
Popular Culture
French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as __________,
Positivism
__________ theorists believe that much of what has been written about culture in the Western world is Eurocentric and, therefore, they argue we should speak of cultures rather than culture.
Postmodernist
C. Wright Mills used the term __________ in referring to a small clique composed of the top corporate, political, and military officials who hold the most power in society.
Power Elite
Researchers in one study systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feelings of despair or failure. They hoped to determine if any patterns could be found that would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of __________.
Qualitative
With __________ research, interpretative description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.
Qualitative
Researchers in one study systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feelings of despair or failure. They hoped to determine if any patterns could be found that would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of __________.
Qualitative Research
With __________ research, the goal is scientific objectivity, and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.
Quantitative
With __________ research, the goal is scientific objectivity, and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.
Quantitative
Researchers in one study examined the effects of church membership, divorce, and migration on suicide rates in the United States and concluded that suicide rates are typically higher where divorce and migration rates are higher and church membership is lower. This is an example of __________.
Quantitative Research
__________ is a socially constructed concept used by many people to specify groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color.
Race
What happens in a questionnaire?
Researcher uses printed or written form to obtain information from respondent
The American Sociological Association's Code of Ethics for conducting research includes which of the following?
Researchers must disclose all sources of financial support for the full duration of project
What happens in an interview?
Researchers obtains information through face-to-face or telephone questioning.
__________ are people who provide data for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.
Respondents
The __________ suggests that language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
In __________, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.
Secondary analysis
Barbara was born female, which refers to her __________; she acts very feminine, which refers to her __________.
Sex; gender
A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Society
Sociologists use the term __________ for a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Society
A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Society
What is the major tenet of Conflict?
Society is a set of groups competing for power and resources
What is the major tenet of Structural Functionalism?
Society is an organic whole of stable parts
What is the major tenet of Symbolic Interactionism?
Society is the sum of daily interactions guided by symbols
How is suicide and the concept of anomie considered a public issue?
Sociologist Emile Durkheim related suicide to the issue of cohesiveness in society instead of viewing it as an isolated act that could be understood by studying individual personalities or inherited tendencies.
When studying the problem of suicide, sociologists are most interested in explaining its __________.
Structural Origins
When studying the problem of suicide, sociologists are most interested in explaining its ___________.
Structural Origins
What is field research?
Study of social life in its natural setting.
What is a survey?
Study that provides sociologists with information about how people act or think
A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.
Subculture
Cultures within a larger culture (e.g., musicians, rock climbers) are called
Subculture
A(n) __________ can be anything that meaningfully represents something else.
Symbol
In a study of education in the United States, __________ would emphasize the daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are broken or followed.
Symbolic Interactionists
The "thumbs up" sign means something is good in some places, but is an obscene gesture in other places. This illustrates that_________________________ .
Symbols may have different meanings among different groups of people
What is the scientific method?
Systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem
The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.
Taboos
Which of these is not considered a component of nonmaterial culture?
Technology
The first department of sociology in the United States was established at __________.
The University of Chicago
What is "The Social Imagination"?
The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger society
What is the methodological dimension of positivism?
The application of scientific knowledge to physical and social phenomena.
What is Social Darwinism?
The belief that the human beings best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.
Jane Addams is best known as ____________________ .
The founder of Hull House
Jane Addams is best known as ____________________ .
The founder of Hull House
What is the social & political dimension of positivism?
The use of such knowledge to predict the likely results of different policies so the best one could be chosen.
Age is a factor that can change and varies from person to person. Age is an example of a __________.
Variable
Age is a factor that can change and varies from person to person. Age is an example of a __________.
Variable
Harriet Martineau believed society would improve when...
Women and men were treated equally, Enlightened reform occurred, and Cooperation existed among all social classes
In conflict, is it believed that sociology should enact social change?
Yes
What is the dysfunction of structural functionalism?
a consequence of a social practice or behavior pattern that undermines the stability of a social system - school gangs that pressure members to not participate or damage school participation
The relationship between theory and research has been described as...
a continuous cycle
What is an example of qualitative research?
analyzing contents of suicide notes to look for recurring themes
How did Karl Marx view history?
as a clash between conflicting ideas and forces.
What is an example of quantitative research?
comparing rates of suicide
What does quantitative research focus on?
focuses on data that can be measured numerically.
What does qualitative research focus on?
focuses on interpretive description rather than statistics to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.
Karl Marx combined ideas from what subjects? To produce what?
from philosophy, history, and social science into a new theory.
Qualitative Research
gathers information by using interpretation to get at deeper meanings; "anchor"; words rather than statistics to describe findings; "why" vs. "how often"
What did Max Weber provide?
insights on rationalization, bureaucracy and religion.
What did Max Weber believe about sociological research?
it should exclude personal values and economic interests.
What does a broken thermometer show?
shows the same temperature all the time is reliable, but not valid.
What did Karl Marx believe class conflict produced?
social change and a better society.
What is research?
the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one.
What is the manifest function of structural functionalism?
the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern - i.e. schools are created to transfer knowledge
What is the definition of sociology?
the systematic study of human society and social interaction.
What is the latent function of structural functionalism?
those unrecognized and unintended consequences - school cliques
