Sociology test #1
Which of the following statements represents an emerging value in our society?
"Work is important, but I want more time for leisure and personal growth."
Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that
All of these responses are correct.
The fact that text messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that
All of these responses are correct.
Which item in the following list might serve as a master status?
All of these responses are correct.
Which of the following might be part of the classroom performance of a professor?
All of these responses are correct.
"Role strain" refers to differences between the same roles when performed by two different people.
F
A "role set" refers to all the roles a person has over the course of a lifetime.
F
A college is a good example of a total institution.
F
Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined similarly in all societies.
F
Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place during childhood.
F
Mead's concepts of the "I" and the "me" are close parallels of Freud's concepts of the id and the superego.
F
The term "master status" refers to being the best in one's occupational field.
F
Using the sociological perspective, we would conclude that people's lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do.
F
With regard to the process of measurement, which of the following statements is true?
For a measurement to be valid, it must be reliable.
"Role conflict" refers to the conflict or incompatibility among the roles linked to two or more statuses.
T
A father who wants to be both a friend and a role model to his son might experience role strain.
T
A person's racial or ethnic identity is an ascribed status.
T
Being a professional baseball player is mostly an achieved status.
T
Having a terminal illness may operate as a master status because people can react to the disease as much as they do to the person.
T
Mead's theory of the self is completely social; he did not recognize a biological element in personality development.
T
Symbols refer to anything that carries meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture.
T
The "id" in Freud's work represents the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.
T
The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows how new symbols are being created all the time.
T
The manifest functions of our society's reliance on personal automobiles include tens of thousands of deaths each year in traffic accidents.
T
The story of Helen Keller, who became blind and deaf, shows how the development of our humanity depends on the ability to understand and use symbols.
T
Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.
T
Typically, each status is linked to several roles.
T
Understanding symbols allows people to make sense of their surroundings.
T
What we know about the later lives of socially isolated children supports the findings of the Harlow's research.
T
Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion?
There are cultural inconsistencies in this stage when people are no longer children but not yet adults.
Which of the following best describes a "well-told" joke?
There is a very sharp contrast between the conventional and unconventional definitions of reality.
According to Emile Durkheim, people with a higher suicide rate typically have
a lower level of social integration
Akbar is an honor student. In sociological terms, being an honor student is an example of which of the following?
achieved status
When immigrants bring new cultural patterns to the United States, the result may be
all of the above
Culture is a source of human freedom because
as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves.
The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for
being openly political.
Humor is created when people
create and contrast two different realities
A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying
ethnocentrism.
A theory that understands culture as a reflection of male domination is the
feminist approach.
An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to
folkways
Which of the following statements is a good example of cultural lag?
gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so
If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing
high culture
Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that
humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.
According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions.
idealize
Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of
idealizing a personal performance
A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it
ignores the influence of factors such as culture, class, gender, and race.
An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as
institutionalized.
Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they?
invention, discovery, and diffusion
Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach?
it ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict
The English language often treats whatever has greater value, force, or significance as
masculine
Julie is a police officer who finds that wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a "cop." Julie is experiencing the effects of which of the following?
master status
The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that
monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to their group.
Wrongdoing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural
mores
The United States and Canada are both _______; however, Canadian culture is more _______ than U.S. culture.
multicultural; collectivist
On the basis of Melvin Kohn's study of what parents expect of their children, high-income parents are likely to be MOST concerned when their child
needs to be told what he should draw during free art time.
As a part of human culture, religion is an example of
nonmaterial culture.
The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as
nonmaterial culture.
The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because
nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control.
Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional approach?
not critical of inequalities based on social class, race, ethnicity, and gender
In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that
nurture is far more important than nature.
Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.
obedience; creativity
Which sociological research method is likely to be the MOST difficult to replicate (repeat)?
participant observation
Cultural transmission refers to the process of
passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.
When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that
people see themselves as they think others see them.
According to Erving Goffman, we engage in a _____ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others.
performance
In the United States, people stand farther away from one another when they are talking than two people would in a Middle Eastern nation. This pattern reveals differences in meaning attached to
personal space.
Most women take the family name of a man they marry. In sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey
power over others
The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.
real; ideal
By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind
recognizing that people have different views of most situations.
Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing
role conflict
Which of the following is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician?
role conflict
Rebuilding relationships with people who knew you in an earlier period of life is a common experience for those who are undergoing which of the following?
role exit
Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status?
role strain
Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidante to the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers' performances?
role strain
Learning more sociology can help you to do all of the following EXCEPT
see how individuals guide their own lives through " free will"
According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as
significant others.
Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?
social construction of reality
The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the
social-conflict approach.
Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display _____ patterns.
subculture
Flirting is a playful way of seeing if someone is interested in you without risking outright rejection. From this point of view, flirting illustrates
the social construction of reality
Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people?
the structural-functional approach
"Personal space" refers to
the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy.