Sociology Test 1

Indira is a corporate CEO. Max is a janitor at a strip mall. New research on inequality trends from 1990 to 2002 suggests that for every dollar someone like Max earns, someone like Indira earns about:

$18,000.

The term "media" refers to:

All print, digital, and electronic means of communication

Which of the following sociologists invented the theory of positivism?

Auguste Comte

Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce and maintain a mutually shared social order. This method was called:

Ethnomethodology

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n):

Hypothesis

An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as lawbreaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing?

Irish

You have six friends over to your apartment for dinner and drinks. Three of the friends are discussing Einstein's theory of relativity, while the other three are talking about the World Cup. According to Georg Simmel, is this a party yet?

No, because there are only two topics being discussed.

Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention, or is socially constructed. Which of the following statements highlights how race is socially constructed?

People speak different languages.

What type of research describes people's behavior in rich detail and focuses on the meanings people give to their actions

Qualitative Research

Linda is a U.S. lawyer devoted to improving privacy rights in the digital age. According to the "right to be forgotten," predict the most likely outcome of her work:

Tensions between the right to free speech and the right to privacy will be negotiated for many years.

The term "six degrees of separation" came out of research undertaken by Stanley Milgram, who wanted to test:

The reach of social networks.

A married couple and their firstborn child are a type of group known as:

a small group

If we apply the sociological imagination to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that:

although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place.

The first form of mass media was the:

book

A sociologist studies the family dynamics of Marie, a transgender woman who was raised as a boy named Max. The sociologist notices Marie's father "deadnaming" her. What is he doing?

calling her "Max" even though she wants to be called "Marie"

Two young men are on an elevator together. After briefly acknowledging each other's presence, they politely ignore each other for the remainder of the ride. Erving Goffman would refer to this behavior as an example of:

civil inattention.

According to Robert Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?

conformist

When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as:

cultural relativism.

If a person judges another group by his or her own standards, he or she is being:

ethnocentric

When cities such as Detroit requested adjustment of census data, why did this research issue become a political battle? Because:

federal dollars are tied to census study results

A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following?

general deterrence

Antonio Gramsci's concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving the approval and consent of the masses is known as:

hegemony

When one factor is said to influence another factor, it is called:

inDependent variable

George Herbert Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant, it is because she has not:

internalized the generalized other.

The most significant division within the discipline of sociology exists between:

interpretive and positivist sociology.

Amos Mac is a man who was raised as a girl. Which of the following describes Amos Mac's self-description? He:

is comfortable in his own skin and doesn't fully resonate with either "man" or woman"

Jill attends a leadership training session at her company's corporate offices. There are six trainers and 48 participants at the seminar. In Simmel's theory, this would be an example of which kind of group?

large group

Sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through their occupation but also through:

living in gated communities.

A Hegelian perspective shows that the ________ relationship is alive and well today in industries such as tomato picking.

master-slave

Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?

math and physics fields.

One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as:

nonmaterial culture

Social deviance is a breach of ________; crime is a breach of ________.

norms; law

Jill wants to know more about how democratic a society is. When she begins her study, she defines the level of democracy as the proportion of people who are able to participate in popular elections. With this definition, Jill has ________ the variable "level of democracy."

operationalized

Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt:

people were all the same beneath their skin.

Janet Lever found that boys and girls played differently on the playground. In comparison to boys, girls tended to:

play more cooperative and people based games

Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a:

political economy of the media.

Your Introduction to Sociology class is probably which of the following types of groups identified by Charles Horton Cooley?

secondary

Shelly shoplifted once. Her peers on social media have labeled her "shoplifting Shelly," and this label follows her everywhere online and at school. She feels hopeless and shoplifts regularly now to alleviate her anxiety and because it is what everyone expects her to do anyway. Labeling theory would interpret her ongoing shoplifting as:

secondary deviance.

An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n):

secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status.

You see an advertisement on television for a new burger at McDonald's. The next day, you are riding by McDonald's and decide to drive in and give it a try. This would be called a:

short-term deliberate media effect.

A person sits on a crowded subway, phone in hand and staring blankly at no one in particular. Psychiatrist Fadi Haddad sees behavior such as this and worries that technology is making people less:

socially nuanced

In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization?

the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other

Which of the following examples calls into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking?

the existence of more than two gender groups in other cultures

The popular television show Sesame Street was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children. Sesame Street has been very successful, showing that:

the media serve as a powerful socializing agent

A classroom would not typically fall under Georg Simmel's classification of a small group because, unlike a typical classroom, a small group:

there are formal arrangements or roles.

The study of culture tells us that:

there are many ways to view the same symbol

In the past, a murderer might have been executed with the same weapon she used to commit the crime. According to Michel Foucault, this is an example of what?

violence against the body