sociology test chp. 4, sociology test chp. 5, sociology test chp. 6

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101. A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). a. symbolic representation b. ideal type c. repetitive paradigm d. archetype

111. The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________. a. bureaucracy b. oligarchy c. autocracy d. the power elite

93. __________ crimes include robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable. a. Public order b. Organized c. Violent d. Property

96. Which of these would not be considered corporate crime? a. price fixing b. tax evasion c. copyright infringement d. loan sharking

98. A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters. a. democracy b. monarchy c. anarchy d. bureaucracy

9. In order for a person to perform a role satisfactorily, he or she must have a commitment or attachment to the role. a. True b. False

false: A person may use role distancing to perform a particular role while demonstrating that he or she lacks commitment or attachment to that role.

9. In his series of experiments Asch found that virtually no one was willing to stand up to group pressure and give the correct response. a. True b. False

false: Although the pressure toward group conformity was so great that one-third of participants were willing to contradict their own best judgment if the rest of the group disagreed with them, still about 40 percent gave the correct response in about half of the trials. Another 25 percent always gave correct responses, even though they felt very uneasy doing so.

4. Achieved statuses have a significant influence on the ascribed statuses that we occupy. a. True b. False

false: Ascribed statuses are those over which we have little or no control; they are not achieved. In fact, our ascribed statuses exercise significant influence over the achieved statuses we occupy.

19. The impersonality and focus on technical ability within bureaucracies make them resistant to inequality based on race, gender, and class. a. True b. False

false: The structure of bureaucracies has served to protect the interests of white, middle-class men and is resistant to change to fully integrate women, people of color, and people of different social classes.

12. Two or three major groups control the majority of organized crime in the United States. a. True b. False

false: There are many groups, operating at all levels of society, who are responsible for organized crime in the United States.

15. According to Weber, most modern bureaucracies will fit his ideal type and have all of the characteristics as he described them. a. True b. False

false: Weber described an ideal type. He acknowledged that no existing organization would fit his type exactly as described.

1. It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group. a. True b. False

true

10. Exiting a role is more difficult for some roles than for others. a. True b. False

true

101. Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved. a. studied nonobservance b. the definition of the situation c. front stage behavior d. back stage behavior

103. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by __________. a. the Bureau of Justice Statistics b. the Federal Bureau of Investigation c. the National Security Council d. the American Sociological Association

103. Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________. a. front stage b. back stage c. ethnomethodological d. dramaturgical

104. The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on____________________________. a. a division of labor b. a flat organizational structure c. relationships d. employment based on personal reputation

104. A football coach who always plays the "tough guy" role in the presence of the players on his team feels comfortable showing emotional frailties when he is at home. This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior. a. back stage b. interior stage c. front stage d. exterior stage

105. Of all factors associated with crime, the age of the offender is one of the most significant. Arrest rates for violent crime and property crime are highest for people between the ages of __________. a. 13 and 25 b. 26 and 35 c. 36 and 45 d. 46 and 55

108. Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________. a. more common for women than for men b. a means of intimidating another person c. not important to establishing trust d. a sign of insecurity

109. __________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation. a. Discretion b. Optional processing c. Reasonable suspicion d. Probable cause

109. When it comes to touching,________________________________. a. there are few differences that are correlated with gender b. boys are touched more often than girls c. men and women tend to use touch differently d. women are more likely than men to use touch to assert personal power

110. __________ is punishment that a person receives for infringing on the rights of others. It imposes a penalty on the offender and is based on the premise that the punishment should fit the crime. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence

23. A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence. a. social group b. aggregate c. category d. secondary group

23. All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________. a. it is not essential for individual well-being b. it is essential for the survival of society c. it provides a web of familial support and social relationships d. it connects individuals to the larger society

24. __________ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. a. Deviance b. Crime c. Stigma d. Violence

25. Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________. a. aggregates b. categories c. social groups d. primary groups

27. __________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. Premodern

28. __________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people. a. Juvenile delinquency b. Truancy c. Youthful misconduct d. Crime

30. The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________. a. Charles H. Cooley b. George H. Mead c. C. Wright Mills d. Talcott Parsons

31. Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________. a. primary group b. secondary group c. formal organization d. aggregate

32. Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. a. secondary b. primary c. formal d. informal

32. Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________. a. stigmas b. social norms c. anomie d. role conflicts

33. In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________. a. the criminal justice system b. parents c. the schools d. the church

37. A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity. a. ingroup b. outgroup c. formal group d. reference group

37. Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent. a. anomie b. verstehen c. mechanical solidarity d. gemeinschaft

39. A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort. a. achieved b. central c. ascribed d. universal

40. A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance unites a group. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance prevents social chaos.

41. The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions______________________. a. may encourage social cohesion among group members b. serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism c. discourage feelings of group superiority d. are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones

42. What is the term used by sociologists to describe individuals' awareness that they share commonalities with certain others? a. consciousness of kind b. outgroup feelings c. cultural relativism d. homogeneity

43. Members of a country club, sorority or fraternity, or even a group of friends share values and beliefs and are aware of those whom they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness __________. a. consciousness of kind b. outgroup construction c. cultural relativism d. homogeneity

43. Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through ___________. a. innovation b. resignation c. competition d. deviation

46. Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity? a. Ku Klux Klan b. American Civil Liberties Union c. National Organization for Women d. Human Rights Campaign

46. Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________. a. status symbols b. conspicuous consumption c. social capital d. cultural capital

47. A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of __________. a. innovation b. retreatism c. rebellion d. ritualism

50. __________ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers. a. Expressive b. Instrumental c. Social d. Individual

55. Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________. a. role conflict b. role strain c. status symbol d. role expectation

57. A group composed of three members is termed a(n) __________. a. triad b. affiliation c. dyad d. accommodation

57. According to Cloward and Ohlin, __________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities. a. conflict b. retreatist c. criminal d. rebellist

58. Which of these is an example of a coalition? a. teachers in a school district work together to demand better wages b. a couple with a new baby, increasing the size of the family c. a married couple or domestic partnership of two people d. friends going out to dinner together

58. __________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance. a. Role distancing b. Role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Role strain

59. Drug use and addiction is prevalent within gangs that are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones. a. retreatist b. conflict c. rebellist d. criminal

63. A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of __________. a. the capitalist economic system b. the strain between the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals c. labeling d. socialization by people who have criminal backgrounds

63. __________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented. a. Instrumental b. Expressive c. Relational d. Transitional

64. During the mid-1970s, advocates of __________ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement. a. emancipation b. functionalist c. critical d. symbolic interaction

64. Which of these is the best example of a primary group? a. the people working together in the same department b. a sociology class c. a jury d. the people at a bus station

65. Although there is no single feminist perspective on deviance and crime, three schools of thought have emerged, including the___________________________. a. liberal feminist approach b. ultrafeminist approach c. conservative feminist approach d. Durkheimian feminist approach

66. Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups. a. secondary b. acting c. primary d. informal

67. The __________ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities. a. radical feminist approach b. conservative feminist approach c. liberal feminist approach d. Marxist (socialist) feminist approach

67. __________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed. a. Expressive b. Transitional c. Relational d. Instrumental

71. A dozen inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation. a. authoritarian b. democratic c. cooperative d. laissez-faire

72. __________ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family. a. Differential association b. Strain theory c. Control theory d. Labeling theory

73. Differential association explains________________________________. a. how one may be socialized into deviance b. why deviance is less likely to occur when one has long-term intense relationships with those who violate the law c. the role of loosely connected groups in learning deviance d. why some people who are heavily exposed to others who break the law still adhere to conventional behavior

73. The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________. a. social institutions b. working groups c. informal organizations d. social associations

75. Sociologist Walter Reckless suggests that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ containments such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions. a. inner b. formal c. outer d. informal

75. __________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society. a. Conflict b. Functionalist c. Symbolic interaction d. Postmodern

76. Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________. a. conformity b. anticipatory socialization c. social control d. groupthink

78. Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes__________________________. a. attachment to other people b. a lack of commitment to conformity c. involvement in unconventional activities d. willingness to rebel against authority

79. As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________. a. What holds societies together? b. Who benefits from the structure of society? c. What meanings do various symbols have for different groups of people? d. What is the experience of women and others with lower status in society?

82. A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance? a. primary b. career c. secondary d. tertiary

82. The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence. a. organic solidarity b. mechanical solidarity c. collective solidarity d. specialized solidarity

83. In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________. a. this research raises some questions concerning research ethics b. Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway c. despite problems, many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic d. Milgram's findings have never been supported by later research

84. Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. a. gemeinschaft b. verstehen c. gesellschaft d. bourgeoise

85. Chambliss's study of the "Saints" and the "Roughnecks," names he gave to two groups of boys in high school, is a now-classic example used to illustrate __________. a. labeling theory b. differential association c. strain theory d. control theory

88. Which of these is not characteristic of industrialized society? a. relationships based primarily on ascribed status b. large populations living in or near cities c. mechanized production of virtually all possessions d. a person is defined largely by his or her occupation

91. Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations. a. normative b. utilitarian c. coercive d. totalitarian

91. Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention. a. civil inattention b. selective attention c. passive rudeness d. reserved rejection

93. Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. a. social construction of reality b. objectification of social reality c. subjective assessment of reality d. recertification analysis of reality

95. More than 60 years ago, Sutherland coined the term __________ for what is now called occupational crime. a. white-collar crime b. political crime c. organizational crime d. blue-collar crime

95. If a person is told repeatedly that she or he is not a good student, eventually this person might come to believe it to be true, stop studying, and receive failing grades. This scenario is an illustration of __________. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. civil inattention c. survival of the fittest d. false consciousness

96. Which of these is an example of a utilitarian organization? a. a high school b. a parent-teacher organization c. a prison d. a social movement organization

99. Weber's term __________ refers to the process by which traditional informal and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures. a. rationality b. oligarchy c. transition d. assimilation

99. __________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit. a. Organized b. Political c. Corporate d. Occupational (white-collar)

102. The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power. a. occupational crime b. political crime c. index crime d. corporate crime

104. __________ is defined as "the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective." a. Socialism b. Terrorism c. Totalitarianism d. Imperialism

106. All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________. a. involve working with children and the elderly b. require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind c. are in the social work or mental health professions d. engage an audience in entertainment

107. The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of __________. a. impersonality b. informal structure c. rules and regulations d. hierarchy of authority

112. Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. This is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of __________. a. bureaucracy b. oligarchy c. trained incapacity d. goal displacement

112. __________ is based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence

113. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes________________________. a. a more rigid hierarchical structure b. a greater emphasis on sharing information c. helping employees focus on work d. a reduction in the amount of informal activity

116. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty __________. a. is unconstitutional b. is legal if imposed fairly and equally c. is cruel and unusual punishment d. may applied without limitations according to the laws of each state

117. The text argues that __________ are better able to address the problem of juvenile offenders than are military-style boot camps. a. punitive measures b. structural solutions c. correctional alternatives d. restorative principles

21. The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________. a. response patterns b. social interaction c. symbolic interactionism d. structural functionalism

25. At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms. a. mesolevel b. macrolevel c. metalevel d. microlevel

26. A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender). a. social group b. category c. aggregate d. secondary category

27. The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a __________. a. social group b. category c. aggregate d. formal organization

27. From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate_______________. a. in the specific behavior or condition b. with the people who witness or judge the behavior c. in legal and civil statutes or regulations d. with the identity of the person whose behavior is in question

28. Men with red hair, people who wear glasses, people over 6 feet tall, and college women who belong to a sorority are each an example of a(n) __________. a. social group b. category c. aggregate d. formal organization

29. Social structure consists of all of these, except __________. a. institutions b. values c. groups and organizations d. status and roles

31. __________ refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists. a. Socialization b. External social control c. Internal social control d. Stigmatization

33. The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________. a. personal others b. significant others c. formal others d. generalized others

33. The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________. a. deviance b. stigma c. anomie d. alienation

36. Which of these is not a function of deviance described by contemporary functionalists? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance prevents anomie. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance unites a group.

36. Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________. a. status grouping b. status set c. status category d. status diagram

38. A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility. a. ingroup b. outgroup c. formal group d. reference group

42. One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________ status. a. set b. master c. predetermined d. ascribed

46. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them. a. conformity b. innovation c. rebellion d. ritualism

48. From the __________ perspective, people form groups to meet instrumental and expressive needs. a. symbolic interaction b. functionalist c. postmodern d. conflict

48. The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________. a. status symbol b. role c. social status d. status conflict

49. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them. a. rebellion b. retreatism c. ritualism d. conformity

49. __________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal. a. Expressive b. Instrumental c. Social d. Individual

52. Which type of theorist is most concerned with the influence of group size on the interaction among members? a. conflict theorists b. symbolic interactionists c. functionalists d. postmodern theorists

53. Sociologists __________ suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures—circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels. a. Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales b. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin c. Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell d. Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte

56. Cloward and Ohlin identified three basic gang types based on the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. The __________ is devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income. a. retreatist gang b. criminal gang c. conflict gang d. rebellist gang

56. Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a __________. a. coalition b. dyad c. triad d. affiliation

59. A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal. a. affiliation b. coalition c. dyad d. accommodation

60. __________ argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Conflict theorists c. Functionalists d. Postmodern theorists

62. Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group? a. consists of two or more people b. interactions are emotion-based c. people who interact frequently d. shares a feeling of interdependence

66. The __________ feminist approach explains women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace. a. radical b. liberal c. Marxist (socialist) d. conservative

66. __________ leadership provides emotional support for members. a. Instrumental b. Expressive c. Relational d. Transitional

68. __________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time. a. Social networking b. Social solidarity c. Cultural bonding d. Cultural diffusion

69. __________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity—through engagement with others. a. Conflict theorists b. Symbolic interactionists c. Functionalists d. Postmodern theorists

70. The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes the ___________ theory. a. illegitimate opportunity b. status frustration c. control d. labeling

71. A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals. a. secondary organization b. formal organization c. social institution d. social organization

72. A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. The teacher is using a _________ leadership style. a. democratic b. laissez-faire c. authoritarian d. autocratic

74. __________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society. a. Conflict theorists b. Functionalists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Postmodernists

77. Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of __________ in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior. a. formal containments b. social bonding c. fear of reprisal d. social class

77. In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________. a. subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants b. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time c. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one‑half (50 percent) of the time d. subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants

79. Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly. a. strain b. labeling c. differential association d. social control

79. __________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority. a. Cohesion b. Obedience c. Symbolic response d. Learning

80. Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. a. significant others b. moral entrepreneurs c. reference groups d. power elite

80. According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by________________________. a. commonly held values and beliefs b. mutual dependence established through the division of labor c. the power of the elite to create social control d. networks of family and friends

81. Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. a. organic solidarity b. mechanical solidarity c. specialized solidarity d. collective solidarity

83. A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________. a. tertiary deviance b. secondary deviance c. career deviance d. primary deviance

85. __________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. a. Group conformity b. Groupthink c. Iron law of oligarchy d. Self-fulfilling prophecy

86. Relationships within a gemeinschaft society are largely based on __________. a. achieved status b. ascribed status c. master status d. social status

86. __________ are most likely to emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose. a. Functionalists b. Postmodern theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Conflict theorists

87. __________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies. a. Agrarian societies b. Industrial societies c. Horticultural and pastoral societies d. Hunting and gathering societies

88. A(n) __________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner. a. traditional b. formal c. secondary d. primary

88. A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death. a. sanction b. felony c. criminal tort d. misdemeanor

90. We voluntarily join __________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member. a. coercive b. normative c. totalitarian d. utilitarian

90. A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail. a. felony b. misdemeanor c. civil infraction d. tort

92. People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this. a. patterned interaction b. interaction order c. socially programmed interaction d. reasonable interaction expectation

94. Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations. a. normative b. coercive c. totalitarian d. utilitarian

94. We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly. a. reality impression b. definition of the situation c. interactionist dialogue d. self-fulfilling prophecy

94. __________ crimes are often referred to as "victimless crimes" because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults. a. Property b. Public order c. Violent d. Organized

96. According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking? a. conflict theorists b. ethnomethodologists c. functionalists d. rational choice theorists

97. Most government, business, education, and religious organizations are __________ in form. a. human rights b. bureaucratic c. democratic d. grassroots

97. __________ crime refers to illegal acts that are a result of deliberate decisions made by personnel of an organization to enhance resources or profits at the expense of competitors, consumers, and the general public. a. Occupational b. Corporate c. Politica d. Organizational

98. __________ consists of FBI-related scams, identity theft and advance fee fraud among other things. a. Organized b. Internet crime c. Political d. Corporate

98. The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________. a. ethnomethodology b. dramaturgical analysis c. impression management d. presentational analysis

100. Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation. a. studied nonobservance b. front and back stage behavior c. face-saving behavior d. social reconstruction

101. Organized crime thrives primarily because________________________. a. people are essentially dishonest, even on the job b. there is a high level of political corruption in the United States c. there is a great demand for illegal goods and services d. people without other job skills need to make a living

105. Sociologist George Ritzer applied Weber's theories to an examination of fast food restaurants such as McDonald's. In the process of "McDonaldization," he identified four dimensions of formal rationality. Which of the following is not one of these dimensions? a. efficiency b. predictability c. control through expressive leadership d. emphasis on quantity rather than quality

105. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed. a. emotional labors b. dramaturgical guidelines c. feeling rules d. socioemotional norms

106. People in which of these racial/ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics? a. Asian/Pacific Islanders b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. white European Americans

107. According to the National Crime Victims Survey, which of these groups had the lowest rates of violent and property crime victimization? a. Asian/Pacific Islanders b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. white European Americans

108. A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________. a. informal structure b. work culture c. goal displacement d. trained incapacity

108. Juveniles account for approximately __________ of arrests for violent crime? a. 1 percent b. 7 percent c. 12 percent d. 26 percent

110. "Bureaucratic personality" refers to_____________________________. a. the CEO or other person who comes to be associated with a bureaucratic organization b. the image a bureaucracy presents to the media c. an employee who is more concerned with following the rules than getting the job done d. employees' interaction with each other while at work

113. __________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence

115. Criminologists use the term __________ to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses. a. punishment b. incarceration c. corrections d. penal systems

118. The text uses the term __________ for the trafficking across nations' borders in drugs, weapons, and nuclear weapons. a. international b. corporate c. transnational d. cross-cultural

22. Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure? a. social institutions b. social institutions c. values and beliefs d. social roles

44. Which of these terms does not fit with the concept of ingroup as well as the others? a. consciousness of kind b. ethnocentrism c. cultural relativism d. closed relationship

23. The final police report for the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, Connecticut concluded that __________. a. Adam Lanza's mother raised him poorly b. bullying caused Adam Lanza to act violently c. there was no single, definitive cause d. better gun control laws would have stopped the shootings

24. A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. a. social group b. category c. aggregate d. primary group

24. Which of these is not considered one of the five traditional social institutions? a. family b. education c. military d. economy

25. When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions it is considered __________. a. conditional b. cultural c. behavioral d. conformist

29. The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is __________. a. policing b. justice c. social control d. conformity

30. __________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination. a. Differential association b. Symbolic interactionist c. Conflict d. Functionalist

31. __________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups. a. Alienation b. Stigmatization c. Social marginality d. Anomie

32. A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions. a. stigma b. deviant act c. crime d. stigma

34. __________ is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons. a. Sociology b. Ecology c. Criminology d. Ethnomethodology

34. A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position. a. role b. label c. status d. class

34. Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them __________. a. a primary group b. a formal group c. a secondary group d. an informal group

35. Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________. a. roles b. labels c. statuses d. classes

36. Sociologist __________ coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people's feelings toward members of their own and other groups. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. William Graham Sumner d. Charles H. Cooley

37. A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender. a. achieved b. central c. ascribed d. universal

39. Which function of deviance is illustrated by the recent Occupy Wall Street protesters? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance unites a group. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance prevents social chaos.

40. Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common? a. geographic boundaries b. social boundaries c. shared interests d. psychological detachment among members

40. Which of these is not an achieved status? a. teacher b. mother c. sister d. tennis coach

41. According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance unites a group. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance prevents social chaos.

43. Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status? a. father b. coach c. homeless d. male

44. In regard to media stories about the problem of homelessness, __________ is the term for news stories that focus primarily on statistics about the homeless population and recent trends in homelessness. a. sociological framing b. semantic framing c. thematic framing d. episodic framing

45. A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member. a. social group b. operational group c. reference group d. instrumental group

45. A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university, where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior is an example of __________. a. rebellion b. innovation c. conformity d. rejection

48. Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this __________. a. innovation b. retreatism c. ritualism d. conformity

49. For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role. a. role expectation b. symbolic performance c. role performance d. status expectation

50. Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of __________. a. rebellion b. ritualism c. retreatism d. innovation

51. __________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear. a. Role expectation b. Role relationality c. Role ambiguity d. Role alienation

51. __________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met. a. Postmodern theorists b. Functionalists c. Conflict theorists d. Symbolic interactionists

52. A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of __________. a. retreatism b. ritualism c. rebellion d. innovation

54. In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group? a. triad b. formal organization c. dyad d. secondary group

54. Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________. a. role performance b. role ambiguity c. role conflict d. role alienation

55. Gangs provide members with a means of attaining higher status and material rewards that may otherwise seem unavailable to them. Cloward and Ohlin have coined the concept of __________ to refer to this. a. strain theory b. criminal careers c. illegitimate opportunity structures d. differential opportunity theory

56. Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women. a. role conflict b. status inconsistency c. role strain d. status frustration

58. Members of __________ seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities. a. rebellist gangs b. criminal gangs c. conflict gangs d. retreatist gangs

59. A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________. a. role ambiguity b. role inconsistency c. role distancing d. role exiting

60. __________ size refers to the number of members a group actually has. a. Relative b. Numeric c. Absolute d. Interaction

60. __________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity. a. Status rejection b. Role ambiguity c. Role exit d. Role rejection

62. In the early twentieth century drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of __________. a. differential association theory b. illegitimate opportunity theory c. Marxist critical theory d. Merton's strain theory

65. Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Latisha is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Latisha would be considered the __________ leader of the group. a. laissez faire b. expressive c. instrumental d. authoritarian

65. Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. a. informal group b. primary group c. secondary group d. institution

68. Jeremy is a member of a group working on a project for his sociology class. Whenever the group meets, there is conflict among several group members, and this is upsetting to the others. Joe is continuously trying to improve group harmony and trying to reduce the conflict in the group. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group. a. transitional b. instrumental c. expressive d. laissez-faire

68. The __________ feminist approach is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy. From this approach, women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggle that often takes place in postindustrial societies. a. liberal b. radical c. Marxist (socialist) d. conservative

69. The three major styles of leadership of ingroups include __________ leadership. a. religious b. charismatic c. laissez-faire d. cooperative

69. The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________. a. social solidarity b. social support c. social network d. social institution

70. In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, __________ leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility. a. cooperative b. laissez-faire c. authoritarian d. democratic

72. A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. a. group b. social organization c. social institution d. working group

74. Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes. a. strain b. illegitimate opportunity c. differential reinforcement d. social bonding

74. Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions. a. democratic b. authoritarian c. laissez-faire d. cooperative

76. Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________. a. social institutions primarily serve the interests of the more powerful in a society b. social institutions work for the common good of all in society c. social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society d. all societies fulfill their basic needs in essentially the same ways

77. From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone. a. postmodern b. functionalist c. conflict d. symbolic interactionist

78. After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________. a. succumbing to group pressure is less common than many people would like to believe b. the size of the group has little influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure c. the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure d. when it comes to encouraging compliance, groups wield very little power over individuals

78. Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________. a. were interested in the economic system of a society b. were both more concerned with change than with stability c. developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies d. analyzed interpersonal interaction

114. The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and accounts for __________ of the world's prison population. a. 2 percent b. 5 percent c. 15 percent d. 25 percent

80. The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________. a. is relatively uncommon b. takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership c. may be more common than most people would like to believe d. occurs only in totalitarian situations

81. According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking. a. Career b. Secondary c. Primary d. Tertiary

81. In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts. a. 175 b. 225 c. 300 d. 450

82. Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real. a. one-quarter b. one-half c. two-thirds d. three-quarters

84. According to Lemert, some people engage in __________ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant. a. career b. primary c. tertiary d. secondary

84. Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity. a. Robert Merton b. Stanley Miligram c. Irving Janis d. Solomon Asch

85. Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values. a. gemeinschaft b. verstehen c. gesellschaft d. bourgeoise

87. In 2010, concern about cost over-runs and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of __________. a. false consciousness b. the iron law of oligarchy c. groupthink d. self-fulfilling prophecy

90. Which of these is not true about postindustrial society? a. there has been an information explosion b. most people work in service or information-related occupations c. mechanized production of goods within the society d. knowledge becomes a commodity

91. The __________ is compiled by the FBI and is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States. a. Law Enforcement Administration Analysis b. American Criminological Society Bulletin c. Uniform Crime Report d. U.S. Census Bureau Annual Report

92. A person's class (socioeconomic status based on a person's education, occupation, and income) is the most significant predictor of whether a person will participate in a mainstream __________ organization. a. totalitarian b. coercive c. normative d. utilitarian

92. __________ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and involves force or the threat of force against others. a. Organized b. Public order c. Violent d. Property

95. We voluntarily join __________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek. a. normative b. coercive c. utilitarian d. totalitarian

97. Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? a. Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? b. How does a society maintain order and stability? c. How do we know how to interact in a given situation? d. What is the economic structure of society?

100. Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to the study bureaucracies? a. Irving Janis b. Solomon Asch c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber

100. Organized crime is generally not associated with __________. a. drug trafficking b. prostitution c. money laundering d. insider trading

102. A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization. a. impersonality b. hierarchy of authority c. goal displacement d. division of labor

102. Which of these would not be considered a form of face-saving behavior? a. attributing the success of others to luck b. finding excuses for one's poor performance c. studied nonobservance of the mistakes or flaws of another d. attributing one's own success to preferential treatment by others

103. A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of __________. a. impersonality b. goal displacement c. rules and regulations d. hierarchy of authority

106. The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to __________. a. the organizational chart for a bureaucracy b. the formal structure of a bureaucracy c. bureaucracy's invisible quality d. the informal activities within a bureaucracy

107. Which of these statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false? a. In some occupations, employees are trained to show feelings that are not really their own. b. In any society, members must be socialized into what feelings to have and when they are appropriate. c. Race is a factor in determining the amount of emotional labor one expends. d. Middle- and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.

109. Several employees at a fast food restaurant call in sick at the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or broiler. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________. a. informal structure b. work culture c. goal displacement d. trained incapacity

110. Which of these statements about personal space is false? a. Physical space is an important component of communication. b. The amount of space that one prefers varies from one culture to another. c. Age, gender, and type of relationship are factors affecting the norms for personal space. d. Space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are easily ignored.

111. __________ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment in the general public. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence

26. The mass media is an example of a(n) _______ institution. a. traditional b. evolving c. primary d. emergent

26. The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is __________. a. clique b. deviance c. crime d. stigma

28. Which of these statements about social structure is false? a. Social structure gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter. b. A predictable social structure makes it easier to develop one's self-concept. c. Social structure creates stability within society. d. Social structure creates relationships that are generally equal.

29. Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. a. secondary group b. formal group c. informal group d. primary group

30. __________ social control takes place through the socialization process. a. External b. Interior c. Exterior d. Internal

35. In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that__________________. a. secondary and primary groups are always mutually exclusive b. all secondary groups are approximately the same size c. primary and secondary groups are equally likely to be specialized, but in different ways d. people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group

35. Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased. a. Robert Merton b. Edwin Sutherland c. Walter Reckless d. Emile Durkheim

38. Which of these statements is not part of Durkheim's perspective on deviance? a. Deviance is rooted in social factors like rapid social change. b. As social integration decreases, deviance increases. c. Deviance is functional for society. d. Deviance is only common in contemporary societies.

38. Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses. a. universal b. achieved c. central d. ascribed

39. Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered __________. a. formal groups b. ingroups c. reference groups d. outgroups

41. Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status. a. ascribed b. valued c. conspicuous d. master

42. According to Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. a. opportunity b. conflict c. developmental d. strain

45. __________ may focus on the problems of one homeless family, describing how the parents and kids live in a car and eat meals from a soup kitchen. These stories do not necessarily describe the larger context of homelessness. a. Semantic framing b. Thematic framing c. Procedural framing d. Episodic framing

47. Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to go to graduate school in sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________. a. outgroup b. significant others c. primary group d. reference group

47. A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. a. position b. character c. value d. role

50. Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational? a. It is not clear at what age children should no longer be expected to depend upon their parents for economic support. b. In times of rapid social change, the roles for various positions become somewhat unclear. c. One's role performance may not fit the role expectations for any particular status. d. In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student.

51. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means. a. retreatism b. ritualism c. innovation d. rebellion

52. It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________. a. role expectation b. role performance c. role alienation d. role ambiguity

53. When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles. a. role ambiguity b. role strain c. role performance d. role conflict

53. Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast food restaurant)? a. conflict theorists b. symbolic interactionists c. functionalists d. postmodern theorists

54. Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. Which of these is not one of the types they identified? a. criminal gang b. retreatist gang c. conflict gang d. rebellist gang

55. Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups? a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Herbert Spencer d. Georg Simmel

57. Cameron is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Jack is experiencing _________. a. role conflict b. role incompatibility c. role reversal d. role strain

61. Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts. a. young, single, rural males b. young, married, urban males c. young, married, rural males d. young, single, urban males

61. __________ size refers to the number of potential members a group has. a. Hypothetical b. Absolute c. Dyadic d. Relative

61. Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the first of which is __________, in which people experience frustration or burnout when they reflect on their existing roles. a. a search for alternatives b. the creation of a new identity c. the turning point d. doubt

62. From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs. a. premodern b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. functionalist

63. __________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups. a. Institutions b. Secondary groups c. Formal groups d. Primary groups

64. __________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal. a. Expressive b. Transitional c. Relational d. Instrumental

67. Which of these is the best example of a secondary group? a. the people working together in the same department b. a group of best friends c. a parent and child d. a sociology class

70. Which of these statements about social networks is false? a. Social networks include members of primary groups and secondary groups. b. Social networks link individuals to others. c. Social networks function differently for members of different categories of people. d. Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

71. Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. a. illegitimate opportunity b. strain c. status frustration d. differential association

73. Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis. a. authoritarian b. laissez-faire c. cooperative d. democratic

75. The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership? a. authoritarian b. cooperative c. democratic d. laissez-faire

76. Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________, which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others. a. formal containments b. inner containments c. informal containments d. outer containments

83. Durkheim believed that people in industrial societies rely on one another in much the same way that the organs of the human body function interdependently. Social interaction is less personal, more status oriented, and more focused on specific goals and objectives. He referred to this condition as __________. a. mechanical solidarity b. specialized solidarity c. collective solidarity d. organic solidarity

86. The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group has experienced __________. a. the iron law of oligarchy b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. collective unconscience d. groupthink

87. In the postmodern theory of Michel Foucault, the Panoptican refers to__________. a. a prison b. the court proceedings c. a device for physical punishment, even torture d. a structure that permits continuous observation of all prisoners

89. Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories. Which of these is not one of them? a. normative b. coercive c. utilitarian d. totalitarian

89. A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy. a. industrial society b. agrarian society c. horticultural and pastoral society d. postindustrial society

89. Which of the following crimes is not legally considered a felony? a. rape b. homicide c. aggravated assault d. driving under the influence

93. People do not voluntarily become members of __________ organizations. a. utilitarian b. normative c. totalitarian d. coercive

99. __________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image. a. Presentational analysis b. Dramaturgical presentation c. Ethnomethodological introduction d. Impression management

15. Even today, a majority of homes in the United States lack access to the Internet. a. True b. False

false

18. Impression management is equally important, regardless of the nature of the social interaction and the status of the participants. a. True b. False

false

20. The need for personal space appears to decrease as one ages. a. True b. False

false

12. In our rapidly changing society, formal organizations continually make significant changes in the way they are structured. a. True b. False

false: Formal organizations are highly structured secondary organizations. Because they are structured to achieve goals in the most efficient way possible, they maintain their basic structure over many years.

6. Functionalists and conflict theorists are in agreement that social norms and criminal law are directed primarily at protecting the interests of the powerful in a society. a. True b. False

false: Functionalists argue that there is broader consensus about what is desirable in society and what behavior should be punished. They point to the fact that the poor and less powerful are frequently the victims of the crimes that laws are meant to prevent.

11. In government and other high-level professional organizations, individuals are more likely to advocate for their own professional opinions rather than succumb to the pressure of the group. a. True b. False

false: According to Janis's research on "groupthink," even high-level professionals want be "team players." They may not want to be the ones who undermine the group's consensus or who challenge the group's leaders. Consequently, members often limit or withhold their opinions and focus on consensus rather than exploring all of the options and determining the best course of action.

19. Arrest statistics are an accurate reflection of the crimes committed in the United States. a. True b. False

false: Arrest statistics reflect the UCR focus on property and violent crimes, particularly crimes by low-income people. Statistics may not account for the greater amount of attention that law enforcement pays to some types of crimes and to different neighborhoods characterized as "high crime."

7. Only secondary group have leaders; primary groups do not. a. True b. False

false: Both primary and secondary groups have some type of leadership positions that enable some members to have some type of power over other members.

13. According to both Durkheim and Tӧnnies, social solidarity is impossible within industrialized societies. a. True b. False

false: Durkheim believed that mutual interdependence created by a complex division of labor creates solidarity within industrialized societies. Tӧnnies also described gesellschaft as a society based on impersonal relationships and logical calculation.

2. Sociologists believe that there is a set of behaviors within every society that is considered inherently deviant. a. True b. False

false: From a sociological perspective, deviance is relative—that is, an act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such. No behavior is inherently deviant. Definitions of deviance vary widely from place to place, from time to time, and from group to group.

5. From a functionalist perspective, deviance is always functional. a. True b. False

false: Functionalists acknowledge that deviance may be dysfunctional for society.

4. The existence of an outgroup creates a threat and is dysfunctional for the ingroup. a. True b. False

false: In fact, the existence of an outgroup serves to strengthen solidarity within the ingroup. The presence of a hostile or competing group draws ingroup members closer together.

8. In the United States there is little support for authoritarian leadership. a. True b. False

false: In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, authoritarian leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.

22. Juveniles are subject to the same legal process and types of punishment as adults, only in a different system. a. True b. False

false: Juveniles are less likely to have an attorney, and their cases are taken before a judge in a private hearing, not a courtroom or jury. The juvenile's age and physical, emotional, and social condition are given greater consideration than the offense. Juveniles are "remanded to custody" rather than "punished."

9. Labeling theory provides a comprehensive explanation of deviance and social control. a. True b. False

false: Labeling theory calls attention to the relationship between identity and social control. However, it does not explain why some accept the label of deviant whereas others do not. Nor does it explain the cause of the original acts of deviance.

1. People who are labeled deviant are generally regarded as deviant by all those around them. a. True b. False

false: People who are considered deviant by one group of people may be seen as conforming to the norms and values of another group.

8. Role conflict and role strain are essentially the same thing. a. True b. False

false: Role conflict refers to a situation in which the role expectations pertaining to two or more statuses are incompatible. Role strain occurs when incompatible demands stem from a single status a person occupies.

7. Role performance always matches role expectations. a. True b. False

false: Role performance does not always match role expectations. Role expectations are typically based on a range of acceptable behaviors rather than on strictly defined standards.

11. Social networks function equally well for members of all social classes. a. True b. False

false: Social networks are weak and unstable for poor and homeless individuals. The exit from homelessness is most dependent on large secondary organizations.

2. Sociologists are in agreement that virtual communities—that is online communities of various types—fit the sociological definition of a community. a. True b. False

false: Some sociologists argue that virtual communities are true communities, but others note that virtual communities do not have geographical or social boundaries and lack psychologically or emotionally close ties. Thus, they argue virtual communities are not true communities.

6. Role expectations tend to be very specific regardless of the type of status that they refer to. a. True b. False

false: Some statuses have highly specific expectations, such as those for surgeons or college professors; other statuses, such as friend or significant other, have less structured role expectations.

3. The expectations attached to any particular status depend on the person who occupies it at that time. a. True b. False

false: Statuses exist independently of the people who occupy them, so the expectations for any particular status are the same, regardless of who occupies it at that time.

18. The Uniform Crime Report is an accurate count of the types and numbers of crimes committed in the United States. a. True b. False

false: The Uniform Crime Report (UCR), compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, is the major source of information on index crimes reported in the United States. However, not all crime is reported to authorities. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics as a means of collecting statistics about crime that has not necessarily been reported. The NCVS estimates that 51 percent of violent crime and 60 percent of property crimes are not reported to the police.

17. Facebook, email, and other forms of newer media have weakened the informal structure that used to be a part of most bureaucratic organizations. a. True b. False

false: The informal structure of a bureaucracy is composed of those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy. Facebook, email, and other forms of media have increased workers' ability to communicate informally and behind the scenes.

17. Higher-income households are more likely than lower-income households to be the victims of property crimes and burglary. a. True b. False

false: The opposite is true. In fact, in the lowest-income households there is the overall highest rate of property victimization.

1. The social structure is essential for a society, but is not an essential part of any particular individual's life. a. True b. False

false: The social structure is essential for the well-being of individuals as well as society. It provides for the web of familial and social relationships that connects the individual to the larger society.

10. Violent crime accounts for less than 5 percent of arrests in the United States. a. True b. False

true

10. The Milgram study provides evidence that obedience to even seemingly unreasonable authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe. a. True b. False

true

11. Corporate crimes are often more costly in terms of money and lives lost than violent crimes. a. True b. False

true

12. Many people spend a majority of their time within formal organizations. a. True b. False

true

13. People are more likely to report crime when they believe that something can be done about it (for example, apprehension of the perpetrator or retrieval of their property). a. True b. False

true

13. A person's socioeconomic class is the most significant predictor of whether that person will join a mainstream normative organization. a. True b. False

true

14. The primary difference between organized crime and terrorism is motivation. a. True b. False

true

14. People do not voluntarily become members of coercive organizations. a. True b. False

true

14. Within industrial and postindustrial societies, a person's occupation is a key defining characteristic. a. True b. False

true

15. The three most common arrest categories for both men and women are driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI), larceny, and minor or criminal mischief types of offenses. a. True b. False

true

16. Violent crime in the United States increased from 2011 to 2012. a. True b. False

true

16. Social encounters and social interaction have different meaning for people based on their status and previous experience. a. True b. False

true

16. Weber's theory did not account for the informal side of bureaucracy. a. True b. False

true

17. According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. a. True b. False

true

18. Once a bureaucratic organization becomes established, it is very resistant to change. a. True b. False

true

19. Even in adulthood, women are touched more frequently than men. a. True b. False

true

2. Social structure creates stability and order in a society, but also creates boundaries and establishes unequal relations between groups of people. a. True b. False

true

20. Metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of minority and women police officers. a. True b. False

true

20. Gender and racial/ethnic inequalities tend to be perpetuated in bureaucracies. a. True b. False

true

21. The vast majority of criminal cases are never tried in court. a. True b. False

true

21. Within most bureaucratic organizations, there will be resistance to the iron law of oligarchy. a. True b. False

true

22. Workers in Japan have greater job security than do workers in the United States. a. True b. False

true

3. The primary interest of sociologists and criminologists is how societies create and sustain social control. a. True b. False

true

3. It is possible that people will accept the values of a reference group more than the values of the groups of which they are members. a. True b. False

true

4. From the functionalist perspective, a certain amount of deviance is necessary for the smooth functioning of society. a. True b. False

true

5. One of the most important characteristics of a group is its size. a. True b. False

true

5. The same status symbol may convey different meaning depending upon the status of the person who has it. a. True b. False

true

6. Larger groups typically have less solidarity and more formalized leadership than smaller groups. a. True b. False

true

7. Sociologists find that there are similarities between gangs and high school cliques. a. True b. False

true

8. Critics and supporters of Hirschi's control theory agree that there is a correlation between weak social bonds and engaging in deviant behavior. a. True b. False

true

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