Sociology Unit 2

The game of basketball is considered

A. a culture complex.

Two of the five types of interaction that take place in societies throughout the world are

A. conflict and accommodation. B. exchange and competition.

Linguist Benjamin Whorf extended the linguistic-relativity hypothesis which consisted of the following basic principle(s).

B. language shapes the way people think

Linguist _________ extended the linguistic-relativity hypothesis which consisted of the basic principle that language shapes the way people think.

Benjamin Whorf

____ help(s) sociologists and anthropologists understand practices that seem strange or different from those of their own culture.

Cultural relativism

Describe how subcultures and countercultures are related.

Cultural variations exist not only among societies but also within societies. Among the major sources of variation within a society are the unique cultural practices of various subgroups. As an American, you share a common culture with all other Americans. American culture is a collection of traits, complexes, and patterns that, by and large, are distinct from those of other societies. In addition to these broad cultural features, some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form a subculture. Most subcultures do not reject all of the values and practices of the larger society. Most subcultures do not present a threat to society. In some instances, however, subcultural practices are consciously intended to challenge the values of the larger society. Sometimes a group rejects the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns. Sociologists call the resulting subculture a counterculture.

____ are clusters if interrelated culture traits.

Culture complexes

A group that accepts the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society is a subculture sociologists refer to as a counterculture.

False

In a horticultural society animals are used to pull plows to till the fields.

False

In a preindustrial society much of the economy is involved in providing information and services.

False

Individual culture traits combine to form culture patterns.

False

Margaret Mead, in the 1940's, compiled a list of more than 65 cultural universals after examining hundreds of different cultures.

False

Mores are norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them.

False

The features of a culture can be divided into three levels of complexity: traits, folkways, and patterns.

False

The in-group represents people that interact with one another regularly on the Internet.

False

The most complex level of culture is the culture trait.

False

The out-group is the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people.

False

The physical objects that people create and use form a group's nonmaterial culture.

False

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.

False

Values are the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system.

False

Describe what sanctions are and why they are needed.

Most members of society follow norms without conscious thought. However, not everyone internalizes all of society's norms. Some people must be motivated by sanctions. These are rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms. There are positive sanctions, actions that reward a particular kind of behavior, and negative sanctions, punishments or the threats of punishment used to enforce conformity. In addition, there are formal and informal sanctions. Formal sanctions are rewards or punishments given by a formal organization or regulatory agency. Informal sanctions are spontaneous expressions of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group.

________ is the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in return.

Reciprocity

A sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life.

Robin M. Williams

A counterculture is a subculture.

True

All groups create norms to enforce their cultural values.

True

Criminologist Edwin Sutherland developed the idea of subcultures in the 1920's.

True

Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups.

True

Folkways are norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them.

True

Most subcultures do not reject all of the values and practices of the larger society.

True

Robin M. Williams analyzed American values and identified a set of values that are central to the American way of life.

True

Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.

True

Society consists of people, and culture consists of the material and nonmaterial products that people create.

True

A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is

accommodation

When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)

aggregate

In the 1950s, anthropologist Horace Miner examined some of the rituals of which culture group?

american

The exchange of a good or service for something of equal value is known as

barter

A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures is known as a

bureaucracy.

Cultural universals are

certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures.

________ is the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person.

conflict

Situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.

cultural lag

An attitude of ________ is the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture.

cultural relativism

The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture.

cultural revitalism

Certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures.

cultural universals

__________ are certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures.

cultural universals

All the shared products of human groups, including both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group.

culture

The process of spreading culture traits from one society to another.

diffusion

The specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities is known as

division of labor

The tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others.

ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior is called

ethnocentrism.

When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place.

exchange

Being financially responsible is an example of one of our culture's _______ .

folkways

Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them.

folkways

Sociologists distinguish between these two types of norms.

folkways and mores

The main form of food production in ____ is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals.

hunting and gathering societies

Which of the following are examples of preindustrial societies?

hunting and gathering. horticultural. pastoral.

A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society.

ideology

A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group.

informal sanction

The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations.

internalization

The organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system.

language

Socialization encompasses the following processes:

learning behavior patterns of society learning basic skills learning values and beliefs

The physical objects that people create and use form a group's

material culture

Norms that have great moral significance attached to them.

mores

Extreme self-centeredness.

narcissism

A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.

negative sanction

The shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.

norms

A master status is

one that tends to take rank above all others statuses.

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.

positive sanction

The process of adapting borrowed cultural traits.

reformulation

Which is NOT a traditional American value?

regression

Sociologists call the situation when fulfilling the expectations of one role making it difficult to to fulfill expectations of another role

role conflict

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called

role expectations.

The actual behaviors performed in a role are called

role performances

Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a

role set

A commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is

self fulfillment

A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status.

social category

A long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.

social movement

A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity is a

society

A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity.

society

Which of the following is not an example of an achieved status?

son

A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population.

subculture

Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form a

subculture

A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

subsistence strategy

The tendency to view one's own culture and group as _________ is called ethnocentrism.

superior

The knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.

technology

_________ is what sociologists sometimes refer to as the combination of objects and rules.

technology

A study of which two groups provided examples of how different value systems produce different cultures?

the Yanomamo and the San

An attitude of cultural relativism is

the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture.

Social control is

the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means.

Bartering is

the exchange of a good or service.

All of the following are examples of a counterculture except

the military

_________ is the concentration of the population in cities.

urbanization

Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.

values

A resistance to any change that threatens a person's security or standard of living.

vested interests

A typically nonprofit organization which is formed to pursue some common interest is a

voluntary association.

Technology is

what sociologists sometimes refer to as the combination of objects and rules.

Describe the study conducted in the 1930s by Margaret Mead.

In the 1930s anthropologist Margaret Mead conducted a study of cultural variation. Her purpose in the study was to determine whether differences in basic temperament result mainly from inherited characteristics or from cultural influences. To find out, she made firsthand observations of the shared, learned behaviors of several small societies in New Guinea. The desire for an in-depth understanding of cultural variation led Mead to live among the people of New Guinea and to participate in their activities. Two of the societies that Mead examined were the Arapesh and the Mundugumor. Mead found that although the two societies lived only about 100 miles apart and shared many social traits, their cultures were vastly different. At the time of Mead's study, the Arapesh lived in the mountains while the Mundugumor lived in a river valley. The Arapesh planted gardens while the Mundugumor were primarily food gatherers. For the Arapesh, food was usually scarce. The Mundugumor, on the other hand, had an abundance of food, and life was relatively easy. Based on her research, Mead concluded that temperament is mainly the result of culture rather than biology. She noted that differences in temperament were much greater between the two societies than between males and females in the same society. Among the Arapesh, men and women alike were gentle and cooperative. Similarly, among the Mundugumor, everyone was hostile and competitive. Mead's study vividly illustrates the wide variance among cultures.

Sociologist that suggested that values such as education might be considered core values.

James M. Henslin

Which of the following is not a traditional American value according to Robin Williams?

Love

The anthropologist that conducted a now-classic study of cultural variation in the 1930's was

Margaret Mead.

All of the following are examples of a subculture except

Miami's Little Havana. the Navajo of the Southwest. San Francisco's Chinatown. none of the above