Sociology Unit 2: Ch. 4,5,and 7
What are the three major types of formal organizations?
utilitarian organization, normative, coercive
What is Master Status?
a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life (flashy, visible status like president or celebrity)
What is Presentation of Self?
an individual's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others. The process is sometimes called impression management
What is a Bureaucracy?
an organization model designed to perform tasks efficiently
What is Ethnomethodology?
explores the process of making sense in social encounters
T or F: Most people arrested for property crime and violent crimes are female.
false
T or F: by definition all deviance is inherently bad.
false
T or F: The U.S. has one of the lowest criminal recidivism rates in the world.
false; highest
What is a common phenomena that happens in group?
group-think
What is Status Set?
refers to all the statuses that a person holds at a given time
T or F: The u.s. incarcerates more of its citizens than any country in the world
true
Tor F: The U.s. Has one of the highest crime rates in the world
true
What is a social group?
two or more people who identify and interact with one another
What is Group Think?
The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
T or F At some time during their life, the majority of citizens will be victimized by crime.
True
T or F: Approximately 97% of criminal cases are resolved through plea bargaining.
True
T or F: Who or what is labeled deviant depends on which categories of people hold power in society
True
What is a primary group?
a small social group whose members share personal an enduring relationships
What is a Reference Group?
a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
What is an Out-Group?
a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition
What is Achieved Status?
a social position a person assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and choice
What is Ascribed Status?
a social position a person receives at birth or assumes involuntarily later in life (male vs. female, sister vs. brother, royalty, disabled)
What is Status?
a social position that an individual occupies. Status is part of our social identity and defines our relationship to others.
What is rehabilitation?
theory of punishment is that of rehabilitation—the idea that the purpose of punishment is to apply treatment and training to the offender so that he is made capable of returning to society and functioning as a law-abiding member of the community
What are some points that describe the social foundations of deviance?
- deviance varies according to cultural norms - people become deviant as others define them that way -both norms and the way people define situations involve social power
What are some key elements of the criminal justice system?
1. Law Enforcement(police) - "Point of contact" --> how do we determine what's going to happen 2. Courts - Social Justice 3. Correctional System - Punishment
What are the 3 major explanations of deviance?
1. Biological context - attempted to link deviance with biological/genetic characteristics 2. Personality factors - attempts to determine what psychological/personality factors resulted in deviances 3. Societal factors - deviance is shaped by society
What are the problems in Organizations?
1. Bureaucratic Alienation --> cubicles, don't waste company time 2. Bureaucratic ritualism --> having a routine, can or can't you think outside the box 3. Bureaucratic inertia--> keeping the organization going 3. Oligarchy --> the pyramid of power, the top don't know what its like on the work floor or in the parking lot...they are detached from the day to day operations 4.
What are the four organizational principles when it comes to the McDonaldization of society?(LOOK AT MCDONALDIZATION)
1. Efficiency 2. Predictability 3. Uniformity 4. Control
What are 4 justifications for punishment?
1. Retribution - "Moral Vengeance" --> an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 2. Deterrence - Discourage criminality through punishment 3. Rehabilitation - Reform of the offender 4. Societal protection - Render offender incapable of further offenses through imprisonment
What are the 6 key elements of an Ideal Bureaucratic Organization?
1. specialization --> people are assigned highly specialized duties 2. Hierarchy of Offices --> a vertical ranking of offices forming a pyramid of power 3. Rules and regulations --> designed to help the organization operate in a completely predictable fashion 4. Technical competence --> impersonal evaluation of performances 5. Impersonality --> rules ahead of personal whims so that everyone is treated formally 6. Formal, written communication (paperwork) --> heart is not people, but paperwork
How many serious crimes are recorded in the us each year?
12 million
What is an In-group?
: a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty("we")
What is Dramaturgical Analysis?
: the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
In relation to population size, which group of people are arrested more ?
African americans
Which group has a lower than average rate of arrest?
Asians Americans
According to hirschi's control theory what are the four ways to reduce criminal behavior?
Attachment--> family and relationships commitment --> what have we got to lose? if we have good job, committing crime risks that belief --> were they brought up with good morals like honesty, responsibility, etc involvement --> engrossment in conventional activities
What is deterrence?
Deterrence refers to preventing crime, and general deterrence is punishing one person as a way to prevent the crimes of others. Here in the United States, punishing criminals is also viewed as a general deterrent
T or F: Albert Cohen's research suggests that delinquency is more common among upper-class youths because they have the least opportunity to achieve conventional success.
F
T or F: Every collection of individuals forms a group
F
T or F: Humor is found everywhere because it works as a safety valve for potentially disruptive sentiments.
F
T or F: Japanese organizations reflect the nation's strong individual spirit.
F
T or F: Large groups are more likely to turn outward.
F
T or F: Recent research suggests that physical traits like the prominence of one's jaw and cheek bones can be used to distinguish criminals from non-criminals.
F
T or F: Shifting eye contact is a definitive indicator that someone is lying.
F
T or F: Stanley Milgram's research on conformity using electric shock is widely recognized as a model of the ethical treatment of human subjects.
F
T or F: The ideal organization in the information age is more structured and guided from the top down.
F
T or F: The majority of people who live in poor communities have criminal records.
F
T or F: The spread in the use of emails has increased the hierarchy in many organizations between the lowest and highest-ranking members of an organization.
F
T or F: U.S. culture has traditionally measured femininity by how much space women occupy.
F
T or F: By definition, a master status is always positive.
F; take handicapped people for example
T or F: Role strain describes the process by which people disengage from important social roles.
F; that is role exit
T or F: Demeanor refers to helping someone "save face" in embarrassing situations.
F; this is describing tact
T or F: A secondary group can never turn into a primary group.
False
T or F: Deviance is not linked to social inequality.
False
T or F Street crime is more common among people of higher social-economic position
False, lower economic positions
T or F: age has no influence on arrest rates.
False. Official statistics show that arrest rates peak in late adolescence and drop steadily with advancing age
What is the core group in our society?
Family
What is an undercurrent that runs through all of our lives?
In group and out group dynamics
What are the two leadership groups?
Instrumental and expressive leadership
Which leadership style is the best?
It depends on the circumstances; it depends on what is going on in that particular group. (We're being attacked, we need to fight back--> which leadership do we need? you have terminal cancer --> what leader do you want in that setting?)
What is a major influence of socialization?
Peer groups
What are the two major types of social groups?
Primary group and secondary group
What Is retribution?
Punishment administered in return for a wrong committed; revenge--> an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth
T or F: A stigma operates as a master status, overpowering other aspects of social identity so that a person is discredited in the minds of others and often becomes socially isolated.
T
T or F: By defining some individuals as deviant, people draw a boundary between right and wrong.
T
T or F: Emile Durkheim claimed that deviance is a necessary element of social organization and serves several important functions.
T
T or F: Every state has laws that give citizens the right to examine some records about themselves kept by employers, banks, and credit bureaus.
T
T or F: Karl Marx argued that the law and all other social institutions support the interests of the rich.
T
T or F: Modern organizations often present more flexibility for better-off workers, but often means the threat of downsizing and job loss for many rank-and-file employees.
T
T or F: Not all deviance involves action or even choice.
T
T or F: Paul Ekman's research reveals that people in every society use the same facial expressions to show the six basic emotions.
T
T or F: Some sociologists believe that the rise of social media has connected people in new ways but weakened social ties among people who share physical space.
T
T or F: Status is part of our social identity and helps define our relationships to others.
T
T or F: The basic tenet of Thomas theorem is that situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences.
T
T or F: The postindustrial economy has created two very different types of work: high-skill creative work and low-skill service work.
T
T or F: Virtually every society in world places stricter controls on women than on men.
T
T or F: When white-collar criminals are charged and convicted, they usually escape punishment as compared to other categories of crime.
T
What is the criminal justice system?
a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violation of the law
What is a secondary group?
a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
What is plea bargaining? What are the pros and cons?
a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea has the advantage of efficiency but it raises serious questions about social justice and due process
Describe a coercive organization.
an organization where people are forced to join; involuntary membership
Describe a utilitarian organization.
an organization which includes work, income-based organizations; one that pays people for their efforts (organizations that involve the work space)
Describe a normative organization.
an organization which some join to pursue some goal they think is morally worthwhile. Voluntary. Community Service.
What is social control?
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors
What is Role?
behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status (different from status)
What are the three types of stigma?
character, physical and group association.
Role Conflict?:
conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses
What is white collar crime?
crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation a non-violent crime where the primary motive is typically financial in nature. White-collar criminals usually occupy a professional position of power and/or prestige, and one that commands well above average compensation
What is a Formal Organization?
large secondary groups that are organized to achieve their goals sufficiently
Which sex has the higher arrest and conviction rates?
males
What is social structure?
social patterns that guide our everyday lives. SS provides guidelines for behavior, making everyday life understandable and predictable.
What is stigma?
something that prevents a person from being accepted into normal society
What is hirschi's control theory?
states that "delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken (weak or broken bonds does not cause deviance, rather it allows for deviance) assumes all humans have the potential to commit crime developed by travis hirschi in 1969
T or F: A triad is more stable than a dyad because one member can act as a mediator should the relationship between the other two become strained.
t
What is Role Strain?
tension among roles connected to a single status
What is a social interaction?
the process by which people act and react in relation to others. Through social interaction we create the reality we perceive
What is Social Construction of Reality?
the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction. We present ourselves in terms that suit the setting and our purposes and, as others do the same, reality emerges. Our perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning we attribute to an experience. → the heart of the symbolic interaction perspective(Unit 1)
What is McDonaldization?
the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as the rest of the world it's an example of rationalization-the most efficient means to achieve a given end
What is Deviance?
the recognized violation of cultural norms
Which race is arrested more in the U.S. for street crimes?
whites
