Sonosim prostate

Which of the following statements regarding the inner anatomy of the prostate gland is correct? A. Glandular elements are divided into anatomic zones and lobes. B. It consists exclusively of glandular elements. C. It consists exclusively of fibromuscular stromal elements. D. A and C only E. B and C only

A. Glandular elements are divided into anatomic zones and lobes. Correct. The prostate gland contains glandular and nonglandular elements that consist of fibromuscular stroma and the prostatic urethra. The glandular elements of the prostate gland are anatomically divided and classified into lobes and zones. The zonal classification is frequently used in pathology and in describing sonographic findings.

Which of the following statements regarding transducer selection for prostate sonography is correct? A. High-frequency transducers (10 MHz or higher) are ideally suited for transabdominal visualization of the prostate gland. B. Accurate evaluation of the prostate gland requires an endorectal approach and a high-frequency transducer (6 MHz or higher). C. A low-frequency transducer (2 MHz) is ideally suited for prostate imaging. D. A and B only E. None of the above

B. Accurate evaluation of the prostate gland requires an endorectal approach and a high-frequency transducer (6 MHz or higher).

The sole indication for prostate ultrasound is prostate cancer screening. A. True B. False

B. False

The prostate gland is found anterior to the rectum and superior to the bladder. A. True B. False

B. False Correct. The prostate is found just below the level of the pubic symphysis and is positioned immediately inferior to the bladder. It surrounds the urethra and is palpable on digital rectal examination. Abutting the prostate posteriorly is the ampulla of the rectum, with the rectovesicular pouch of the peritoneum in between them.

The prostate consists of which of the following elements? A. Glandular tissue B. Non-glandular tissue C. Fibromuscular stromal tissue D. All of the above E. B and C only

D. All of the above

Which of the following statements regarding the prostate gland is correct? A. It is a walnut-sized organ. B. It is an intraperitoneal organ. C. It is an extraperitoneal organ. D. It is located superior to the bladder. E. A and C

E. A and C Correct. The prostate gland is a walnut-sized organ that is located within the extraperitoneal space of the pelvic cavity. Typical prostate glands measure approximately 3 x 4 x 2 centimeters: three centimeters in height (along a sagittal plane), four centimeters in width (along a transverse plane), and two centimeters in thickness (anteroposteriorly). It is positioned immediately inferior to the bladder.

The prostate gland is divided into right and left lateral lobes by the prostatic urethra. A. True B. False

A. True

The prostate gland should be scanned in its entirety from its base through its apex in orthogonal planes. A. True B. False

A. True Correct. The prostate should be imaged in its entirety. To accomplish this, the prostate must be scanned in two orthogonal planes (sagittal and transverse) from its apex to its base. The prostate should be evaluated for any focal changes.

The __________ is the largest zone of the prostate gland. A. peripheral zone B. transition zone C. central zone D. periurethral zone E. None of the above

A. peripheral zone

The site demarcated by the arrow in this ultrasound image of the prostate gland taken using an endorectal approach is called the __________. A. peripheral zone B. urethra C. bladder D. seminal vesicle E. None of the above

A. peripheral zone

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes prostate gland anatomy? A. The prostatic urethra runs along the lateral margin of the prostate gland. B. The membranous urethra is interposed between the prostatic urethra and penile urethra. C. The broad border of the prostate gland is called the apex. D. The narrow border of the prostate gland is called the base. E. All of the above

B. The membranous urethra is interposed between the prostatic urethra and penile urethra. Correct. The prostatic urethra eventually transitions to the membranous, also called the sphincteric urethra. The membranous, or sphincteric, urethra segment extends to the corpus spongiosum of the penis, where it transitions into the penile urethra. The superior margin of the prostate gland abuts the bladder. This broadened superior border of the prostate gland is called the base. The prostate is widest along its base, closest to the bladder. It is narrowest along its apex, giving it a conical shape.

This ultrasound image was taken in a __________ plane. (flip card to see picture but cover up answer with your hand) A. sagittal B. transverse C. oblique D. longitudinal E. A and D only

B. transverse Correct. This accompanying image was acquired using a transabdominal approach, along a transverse body plane. The prostate can be seen interposed between the anteriorly positioned bladder and the posteriorly positioned rectum.

An average-sized prostate gland in an adult male patient is __________. A. pea-sized B. walnut-sized C. the size of a grain of rice D. orange-sized E. None of the above

B. walnut-sized

Which of the following statements regarding the sonographic characteristics of the seminal vesicles is correct? A. They have a hyperechoic appearance. B. They are more readily visualized with an empty bladder. C. They have an ovoid, anechoic appearance when imaged along a sagittal plane. D. They are best seen using a transabdominal imaging approach. E. None of the above

C. They have an ovoid, anechoic appearance when imaged along a sagittal plane.

The prostate gland has __________. A. an anechoic appearance B. a hyperechoic appearance C. a homogenous mid-grey appearance D. a speckled black and white appearance E. None of the above

C. a homogenous mid-grey appearance

The prostate gland is __________. A. adjacent to the urethra B. found superior to the bladder C. located immediately inferior to the bladder D. located posterior to the rectum E. None of the above

C. located immediately inferior to the bladder

The __________ zone of the prostate gland is the site of a majority of prostate malignancies. A. transition B. fibromuscular C. peripheral D. central E. None of the above

C. peripheral Correct. The peripheral zone of the prostate is the largest zone of the prostate gland. The peripheral zone is the site of over 70 percent of prostate cancers (Verma).

The neurovascular bundle of the prostate gland courses along the __________ border. A. anterior B. inferior C. posterolateral D. superior E. None of the above

C. posterolateral

Which of the following conditions represents an indication for prostate sonography? A. Prostate cancer screening B. Image guidance for prostate biopsy C. Evaluation of congenital urogenital anomalies D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above Correct. Ultrasound of the prostate is a well-established practice dating back over 40 years. Prostate ultrasound is used for prostate cancer screening, prostate biopsy guidance, and monitoring of the prostate gland in response to treatments. Alternative indications include evaluation of congenital anomalies and management of conditions such as prostate abscesses.

Which of the following structures is demarcated by the arrow in this ultrasound image of the male pelvis? A. Colon B. Iliac crest C. Rectum D. Prostate E. Bladder

D. Prostate

Which of the following statements regarding the urethra is correct? A. The prostatic urethra is found at the center of the prostate gland. B. After the urethra exits the prostate gland, the ejaculatory ducts enter. C. The distal urethra exits the prostate gland along its apex. D. B and C only E. A and C only

E. A and C only

Which of the following transducers is ideally suited for scanning the prostate gland? A. Endorectal transducer (e.g., 6 MHz or higher) B. End-fire transducer C. Side-fire transducer D. Biplane transducer E. All of the above

E. All of the above Correct. Accurate evaluation of the prostate gland requires the use of a high-frequency endorectal transducer (6 MHz and higher). A variety of transducers, each with different technique requirements, have become available for endorectal prostate imaging (e.g., biplane probes, end-fire probes, and side-fire probes). A biplane transducer is ideally suited for simultaneously imaging the prostate in two orthogonal planes. Biplane transducers consist of two arrays, one linear, for sagittal plane imaging, and one annular-shaped curved array, for transverse plane imaging. Biplane transducers come with elaborate electronics that allow side-by-side simultaneous display of orthogonal plane imagery.

Which of the following statements regarding prostate gland secretions is correct? A. Prostatic fluid is highly acidic but performs no physiologic role. B. Prostatic fluid is alkaline. C. Prostatic fluid supports sperm survival. D. All the above E. B and C only

E. B and C only

Which of the following statements regarding the glandular zones of the prostate gland is correct? A. The peripheral zone is the site of prostatic enlargement with benign prostatic hyperplasia. B. The transition zone is the site of a majority of prostate malignancies. C. The fibromuscular zone is the site of a majority of prostate pathologies. D. The central zone is the largest glandular zone of the prostate gland. E. None of the above

E. None of the above