Sonosym: Thyroid Module

Thyroid follicles __________. A are spherical structures with colloid-filled lumens B contain thyroglobulin, which the thyroid gland uses to synthesize calcitonin C are composed of C-cells D All of the above E A and B only

A

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the parathyroid glands? A They receive arterial blood from branches of the thyroid arteries. B They are uniform in shape and number across individuals. C Normal glands measure two to three centimeters in length. D All of the above E A and C only

A

Which of the following is a well-described application of sonography? A Assessment of the the functional status of the thyroid gland B Screening of the thyroid gland for cysts and solid masses C Image guidance for thyroid mass biopsies D All of the above E B and C only

E

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes parathyroid hormone? A It stimulates the release of calcium from bones. B It inhibits reabsorption of calcium within the kidney. C It increases the production of Vitamin D. D All of the above E A and C only

E

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the sonographic appearance of the thyroid gland? A Normal thyroid tissue has a homogeneous and moderately echogenic appearance. B Thyroid tissue has a similar echotexture to that of normal liver tissue. C Thyroid tissue is hyperechoic, compared to surrounding muscles. D The thyroid gland is encased in a thin, echogenic, fibrous capsule. E All of the above

E

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes thyroid hormone production and release? A The hypothalamus regulates thyroid hormone levels. B The thyroid gland synthesizes and releases thyroid hormones in response to TSH. C Low blood levels of thyroid hormone inhibit the release of TRH and TSH. D All of the above E A and B only

E

Which of the following statements regarding the sonographic anatomy of the thyroid gland and surrounding structures is correct? A The vagus nerve is typically found posterior to the strap muscles, sandwiched between the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein. B The vagus nerve typically has a honeycomb, heteroechoic appearance. C The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs adjacent and parallel to the vagus nerve. D All of the above E A and B only

E

What does parathyroid hormone do with calcium?

PTH increases Ca++ levels by increasing osteoclast activity, provokes increased kidney reabsorption of Ca++, and increased produciton of Vit D (which acts at GI to increase Ca++ absorption). PTH also causes decreased Phosphate levels, which = increased Ca++ levels. PTH is inhibited by increased serum Ca++.

90% of ectopic thyroid tissue is found where?

at the base of the tongue

The parathyroid glands are innervated by what?

cervical sympathetic ganglia

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the anatomic relationship of the thyroid gland to surrounding structures? A The thyroid gland directly overlies the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage. B The thyroid gland is normally found posterior to the trachea. C The thyroid gland is affixed to the cricoid cartilage and trachea. D All of the above E A and B only

C

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the thyroid gland? A It is an exocrine gland. B It secretes thyroid hormone through a duct. C It plays a role in body metabolism, growth, and development. D All of the above E A and C only

C

The thyroid's arterial supply typically originates from the __________. A external carotid artery B internal carotid artery C subclavian artery D A and C E B and C

D

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the anatomy of the thyroid gland and surrounding structures? A Each thyroid lobe is located between strap muscles (anteriorly) and the longus colli muscle (posteriorly). B The trachea is located along medial borders of the thyroid lobes. C The carotid artery and internal jugular vein are located along the lateral borders of the thyroid lobes. D All of the above E None of the above

D

Which of the following statements regarding thyroid sonography technique is correct? A A high-frequency linear transducer should generally be used for thyroid sonography. B A curvilinear, low-frequency transducer has no role in thyroid gland imaging. C The thyroid gland should be scanned in at least two orthogonal planes. D Patients should be scanned in a supine position with the neck hyperflexed. E A and C

E

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is seen as a circular, hypoechoic structure, with an echogenic rim in between the trachea, esophagus, and posterior aspect of the thyroid lobe. It controls laryngeal muscle movement and vocal cord movement. Where is the VAGUS nerve located?

The vagus nerve is visualized lateral to the thyroid lobe, between the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein. It has a honeycomb appearance, with hypoechoic, rounded fascicles surrounded by hyperechoic epineurium.

What changes to your probe can you make depending on the pt's weight?

Use standoff pads to improve views in very thin patients Use lower-frequency transducers in obese or very muscular patients

The ____________ lobe of the thyroid gland is a tapered, triangular-shaped extension of the isthmus or either thyroid lobe. It tapers and often extends superiorly towards the hyoid bone.

pyramidal

On a long-axis view of the thyroid, the muscle closest to the probe is ______________________, lying over the ______________. Posterior to the thyroid is the longus colli.

sternohyoid sternothyroid

The three areas where Ca++ enters the blood is when absorbed from bone, when abdsorbed into the gut, and when reabsorbed by the kidneys. What is the role of Calcitonin in this process?

to DECREASE blood calcium concentrations

Using standard image presets, red color indicates blood is flowing ______________ the transducer, while blue color indicates blood is flowing____________ the transducer. It is important to remember that the degree of flow seen in the gland depends on how the transducer is tilted, with respect to the gland itself. Doppler adjuncts only detect flow moving toward or away from the transducer, so movement that occurs at a ____________________ angle to the ultrasound beam will not be identified.

towards away from perpendicular, 90-degree