SOWK6520: HBSE I: A Lifecycle Perspective FINAL

When family members make choices based on freedom of action and search for meaning, this is an example of the _____ perspective. A. Behavioral B. Humanistic C. Developmental D. Psychodynamic

Humanistic

______ scores are used to measure the infant's adjustment to life outside the womb. A. WHO B. VLBW C. APGAR D. IVF

APGAR

According to Kohlberg, the development of individual ethics is ______. A. Ego identity B. Identity versus role confusion C. Post conventional morality D. Genital stage

Post conventional morality

Social workers should recognize how these two concepts intersect to create privilege and disadvantage. A. Innovation and folkways B. Power and culture C. Boundaries and genes D. Materialism and therapy

Power and Culture

______ refers to a practice where African Americans were forced to buy or rent homes in predominately Black neighborhoods. A. Hegemony B. Poverty C. Norms D. Redlining

Redlining

_____ theory focuses on the rational part of the mind and the human capacity for adaptation. A. Ego psychology B. Object relations C. Self-psychology D. Relational-cultural

Ego psychology

______ is a period of prolonged exploration of social and economic roles where young people try out new experiences without committing to any specific lasting plan. A. Novice adulthood B. Intimate adulthood C. Emerging adulthood D. Mature adulthood

Emerging adulthood

Tariq, a social worker, has been very effective with his clients. He can tell how they are feeling even when they do not express it. He also regulates his own feelings in dealings with others. Tariq is demonstrating which concept? A. Cognitive mediation B. Kinesthetic intelligence C. Emotional intelligence D. Emotion-focused coping

Emotional intelligence

Physiology has the most direct reciprocal influence on which aspects of the human experience? A. Research, educating, and advocating B. Intellectual, theoretical, and practice arenas C. Cognitive performance, emotional comfort, and overall well-being D. Assessment, intervention, and evaluation

Cognitive performance, emotional comfort, and overall well-being

Which is considered to be a source of anxiety for toddlers? A. Communication difficulty B. Perspective taking C. Overregularization D. Deferred imitation

Communication difficulty

Solving problems through the use of logical problem-solving strategies is the hallmark of which developmental stage? A. Zone of proximal development B. Autonomy C. Concrete operations D. Industry

Concrete operations

An individual who holds power in the family but little power in the labor market is an example of the ______ perspective. A. Social B. Systems C. Developmental D. Conflict

Conflict

The notion that all elements of nature and the physical environment are interconnected is part of _______. A. Stimulation theories B. Control theories C. Behavior theories D. Ecocritical theories

Ecocritical theories

How do off-time transitions impact the lifespan? A. When a transition occurs in an off-time, it is more difficult and momentous. B. Off-time transitions act as easier life event transitions than on-time transitions. C. The expectations associated with off-time transitions are easier to understand. D. There are more oppressive factors associated with on-time transitions than off-time.

When a transition occurs in an off-time, it is more difficult and momentous.

How are emotional states such as stress related to bias? A. Bias is the result of a lack of synthesis in regulating any and all human emotions. B. Emotions like anger and stress make critical thinking difficult which can lead to errors of bias. C. Negative emotions such as stress, increase our critical thinking catching errors of bias. D. Errors of bias are diversified and therefore not affected by positive or negative emotional states.

Emotions like anger and stress make critical thinking difficult which can lead to errors of bias.

Which process includes a careful, purposeful, and systematic observation of events with the intent to note and record them in terms of their attributes, to look for patterns in those events, and to make our methods and observations public? A. Empirical research B. Quantitative methods of research C. Qualitative methods of research D. Postpositivism

Empirical research

Which theories focus on the recognition of patterns of inequality and injustice while taking action to increase individuals' power? A. Classical conditioning B. Ecosystems C. Operant conditioning D. Empowerment

Empowerment

________ is thought to occur when all groups of people have an equal share of the harmful environmental effects of policies and operations of business and governments. A. Primary innovation B. Environmental justice C. Poststructuralism D. Hegemony

Environmental justice

The belief that one's culture is normal, natural, or even superior to the culture of others is known as ______. A. Ethnocentrism B. Ideology C. Symbolism D. Worldview

Ethnocentrism

One big idea of the exchange and choice perspective is that human consciousness and the sense of self are shaped by continual social interaction True or False?

False

One big idea of the humanistic perspective is that all behavior can be defined and changed. True or False?

False

One big idea of the psychodynamic perspective is that human development is a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. True and False?

False

One big idea of the psychodynamic perspective is that human development is a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. True or False?

False

The ______ perspective is based on the ABC-X model. A. Psychodynamic B. Family systems C. Feminist D: Family stress and coping

Family stress and coping

The multilevel family practice model is a subset of the ______ perspective. A. Psychodynamic B. Family systems C. Feminist D: Family stress and coping

Family systems

What impact has including fathers in the birth of their children had on outcomes? A. Temperament of neonates has been affected by having fathers involved in the birth. B. The inclusion of fathers in the delivery room has increased maternal depression. C. Fathers involved in the birthing process have experienced levels of increased attachment. D. Separation anxiety in the neonate has decreased with the inclusion of fathers during delivery.

Fathers involved in the birthing process have experienced levels of increased attachment.

Rick is a 19-year-old man. He is able to understand abstractions. He is in the ______ stage. A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operations D. Formal operations

Formal operations

Wilber explores human development across _______. A. Four quadrants B. The environment C. Integrative medicine D. Identities

Four quadrants

Claudia, a social worker, is listening to her clients explain their relationship with each other and with other members of their family. They also describe much of the past few weeks to Claudia. Which action is this scenario demonstrating about Claudia? A. Creating a positivist perspective B. Presenting a subjective reality C. Obtaining the historical era D. Gaining knowledge of the case

Gaining knowledge of the case

______ refers to how individuals express their socially constructed gender and may include how they dress, their general appearance, the way they speak, or the way they carry themselves. A. Gender roles B. Gender identity C. Gender expression D. Gender dysphoria

Gender expression

The most pronounced change in family life in the United States in the past 50 years is the change in ______. A. Gender roles B. Sexual orientation C. Transgender rights D. The number of people with disabilities

Gender roles

What impact does the life course perspective have on the study of old age? A. In the study of old age, the life course perspective is used to study the spiritual and social age of individuals. B. The life course perspective lends itself to gerontology in understanding and measuring the ecological development tradition. C. The population pyramid is understood through the life course perspective for those doctors who study aging in individuals. D. Gerontologists have been using this perspective to measure early life events and their impact on health in old age.

Gerontologists have been using this perspective to measure early life events and their impact on health in old age.

What is the impact of gender on socioemotional problems? A. Boys tend to develop depression while girls misuse substances. B. Behaviors such as self-injury are expressed by boys with girls involved in at risk behaviors. C. Girls are more likely to develop eating disorders while boys express at risk behaviors. D. Socioemotional problems develop the same way and express as substance abuse.

Girls are more likely to develop eating disorders while boys express at risk behaviors.

According to Fowler, faith serves to ______. A. Give people direction B. Perpetuate myths C. Confuse D. Bypass spirituality

Give people direction

Janet is different from you and you are different from Liam. This refers to _________. A. Diversity B. Inequality C. Heterogeneity D. Genetic factors

Heterogeneity

According to Marcia, which of the following tasks refers to exploration of roles and values followed by commitment? A. Identity diffusion B. Foreclosure C. Moratorium D. Identity achievement

Identity achievement

According to Erikson, the adolescent task of finding one's place in the world is ______. A. Ego identity B. Identity versus role confusion C. Post conventional morality D. Genital stage

Identity versus role confusion

______ is a set of shared ideas about the way things should work. A. Ethnocentrism B. Ideology C. Symbolism D. Worldview

Ideology

In the ABC-X model, X stands for ______. A. Event precipitating a crisis B. Resources C. Family's definition of the event D. Impact of stressors on family

Impact of stressors on family

Which would be considered the best definition of communities? A. Two persons bound together in the same way. B. People bound together either by geography or by network links C. Collections of people who interact with each other and perceive themselves to act interdependently D. A group of two or more persons connected by long-term commitments and interdependence

People bound together by either geography or by network links

______ methodology involves giving cameras to community residents and asking them to tell their stories. A. Equifinality B. Trickle-down C. Photovoice D. Vertical linkage

Photovoice

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the needs that must first be satisfied before higher needs can emerge are _____. A. Psychological needs B. Belongingness and love needs C. Physiological needs D. Self-actualization needS

Physiological needs

Children are most likely to experience ______ beginning in the middle childhood years. A. Attachment B. Spiritual development C. Precociousness D. Polyvictimization

Polyvictimization

Which would be considered an example of a dyad? A. Activist group B. Romantic partners C. Ethnic groups D. Historical Era

Romantic partners

Security is very important to Stanley. This represents which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A. Psychological needs B. Belongingness and love needs C. Safety needs D. Self-actualization needs

Safety needs

Which should social workers practice to bring purpose, meaning, and connection in their own lives? A. Integrative medicine B. Self-reflection C. Nondual mysticism D. Transcendence

Self-reflection

According to Piaget, the toddler is in the ______ stage of development. A. Preoperational B. Operational C. Sensorimotor D. Concrete Operations

Sensorimotor

Juan, an 18-month-old, has learned that objects are different than he is. He is likely in the ______ stage. A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operations D. Formal operations

Sensorimotor

Socioemotional selectivity theory proposes that social goals change over the life course based on ________. A. Shifts in perspectives about how much time one has to live B. Changes in social goals C. Changes in social networks D. The genetic changes as one ages

Shifts in perspectives about how much time one has to live

A family can be considered to be an example of a ________. A. Small group B. Community C. Formal organization D. Social movement

Small group

Which model of disability emphasizes the barriers people with impairments face as they interact with the physical structures and cultural mores? A. Social B. Traditional C. Medical D. Egalitarian

Social

An individual's participation in a support group for heart attack survivors has helped him modify his views about his situation by encouraging a solution-focused approach. This is an example of which perspective? A. Exchange B. Social Constructionist C. Rational Choice D. Humanistic

Social Constructionist

______ suggests that we each travel through life with a network of social relationships that protect, defend, aid, and socialize us. A. Intimacy versus isolation theory B. Socioemotional selectivity theory C. Social convoy theory D. Psychosocial crisis theory

Social convoy theory

_______ are ongoing, large-scale, collective efforts to bring about (or resist) social change. A. Social institutions B. Social classes C. Social movements D. Structures

Social movements

______ refers to interrelated social institutions developed by human beings to support and constrain human interaction for the purpose of the survival and well-being of the collectivity. A. Social structure B. Social organization C. Social institution D. Social status

Social structure

________, which is defined as help rendered by others than benefits an individual or collectivity, is an obvious element of interdependent lives. A. Fiscal support B. Mobilizing support C. Social support D. Human agency

Social support

The multidimensional approach is rooted in ___________. A. Research methods B. Commitment to economic justice C. Commitment to social justice D. Social work history and practice

Social work history and practice

Which concept refers to the process that consists of a search for meaning, relationship with oneself, and engaging a sense of transcendence? A. Mysticism B. Altruism C. Religiosity D. Spirituality

Spirituality

______ refers to a series of crises that may deplete the family's resources and expose the family to increasing risk of very negative outcomes. A. Family ecomap B. Genogram C. Conflicted structures D. Stress pileup

Stress pileup

Priya, a social worker, is meeting with the McKinley family. She intends to look at their interrelated lives as well as external factors such as health care and role definitions among others. All of these factors influence their individual and family behavior. Priya's approach can be explained using concepts from the _______ perspective. A. Systems B. Social exchange C. Rational choice D. Humanistic

Systems

______ is considered an instrumental activity of daily living. A. Using transportation B. Dressing C. Bathing D. Walking a short distance

Using transportation

Which of the following issues are important considerations when interpreting political trends? A. Voter turnout B. Religious institutions C. World systems D. Transnational corporations

Voter turnout

Adopted children are considered to be ______ family. A. Biological B. Legal C. Social D. Fictive

Legal

Shoshana, a 9-month-old, has been left alone to play in a room. When her caregiver returns, she continues to cry even as she is being held. Shoshana is demonstrated which type of attachment? A. Secure B. Disorganized C. Avoidant D. Anxious-ambivalent

Anxious-ambivalent

Research indicates that ______ families usually cope well with temporary separations during peacetime. A. Cohabiting B. Immigrant C. Active-duty D. Extended

Active-duty

______ are documents that give instructions about desired health care if, in the future, individuals cannot speak for themselves. A. Living will B. Limited power of attorney C. Advance directives D. Durable power of attorney

Advance directives

One big idea of the social constructionist perspective is that people interact on the basis of shared meanings. True or False?

True

_______ stresses the interdependence among God, community, family, and the individual. A. Sikhism B. Afrocentric spirituality C. Shinto D. Taoism

Afrocentric spirituality

According to Jung, a universally unconscious idea is a(n) ______. A. Preconvention B. Postconvention C. Archetype D. Deity

Archetype

A humiliating experience with public speaking may lead to a deep-seated and long-lasting fear of it. This is an example of ______. A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Modeling D. Social cognition

Classical conditioning

Self-psychology focuses on the individual need to organize the personality into a cohesive sense of self. True or False?

True

A parent who uses low warmth and high control can be described as utilizing a(n) ______ parenting style. A. Authoritarian B. Authoritative C. Permissive D. Disengaged

Authoritarian

The assumption that learning takes place as individuals interact with their environments is related to the ______ perspective. A. Behavioral B. Humanistic C. Developmental D. Psychodynamic

Behavioral

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, meeting one's needs for affection and intimacy refers to _______. A. Psychological needs B. Belongingness and love needs C. Physiological needs D. Self-actualization needs

Belongingness and love needs

______ involves a nonmajority group or its members mastering both the dominant culture and their own. A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Acculturation D. Bicultural socialization

Bicultural socialization

A theory that defines behavior as learned through association is _______. A. Classical conditioning B. Social cognitive C. Operant conditioning D. Empowerment

Classical conditioning

Within the systems perspective, which should social workers help clients to renegotiate? A. Reciprocity B. Reinforcement C. Boundaries D. Social capital

Boundaries

Genetic abnormalities that are not hereditary but rather caused by a genetic mishap during the development of the ovum or sperm cells are called ______. A. Multifactorial B. Proximodistal development C. Chromosomal aberration D. A Working model

Chromosomal aberration

______ can be defined as an ongoing process of reflection and knowledge-seeking about mechanisms and outcomes of social, political, and economic oppression that requires taking personal and collective action toward fairness and social justice. A. Critical consciousness B. Radical antithesis C. Bifurcation D. Cultural framing

Critical consciousness

It is through ______ that we construct meanings associated with the social and material world. A. Values B. Culture C. Traditions D. Ethnicity

Culture

Children who grow up in poverty, attend poor-quality schools, and have high crime in their neighborhood may experience _______. A. Agency B. Bifurcation C. Cumulative disadvantage D. Cumulative advantage

Cumulative disadvantage

When we become frustrated by events in our social world, Freud would say that we implement ______. A. Compassion stress B. Defense mechanisms C. Care interdependence D. Cognitive mediation

Defense mechanisms

______ is the demographic indicator that expresses degree of demand placed on society by the young and old combined. A. Old to young ratio B. Independence ratio C. Variable ratio D. Dependency ratio

Dependency ratio

Annette has a difficult time getting to the doctor's office as she has no vehicle and must save up for months to pay her deductible. Which effect of socioeconomic status does this scenario suggest Annette is struggling with? A. Differential access to health care B. Risky health behaviors C. Increased environmental D. Distal environmental influences from her community

Differential access to health care

The psychodynamic perspective is concerned with which of the following? A. Drives B. Roles C. Boundaries D. Feedback

Drives

A first responder who collapses would be in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A. Threat B. Harm C. Exhaustion D. Resistance

Exhaustion

Pondering about the meaning of your life is an example of which type of crisis? A. Developmental B. Existential C. Situational D. Adaptational

Existential

An open system is one where there is no exchange with external systems. True or False?

False

Delirium is the term for brain disease in which memory and cognitive abilities deteriorate over time. True or False?

False

______ occurs when the two hemispheres in the brain begin to operate separately. A. Blooming B. Pruning C. Lateralization D. Synaptogenesis

Lateralization

______ refers to services provided through families, friends, neighbors, churches, and so forth. A. Tangible resources B. Informal resources C. Formal resources D. Caregiver resources

Informal resources

Why is it important that social worker recognize the exterior environment's role in health? A. It allows social workers to reconcile a dualist perspective. B. It influences the values and socioemotional response to illness. C. Understanding the interconnectedness of interior environmental systems is impossible otherwise. D. It ultimately has little impact on individual and community health.

It influences the values and socioemotional response to illness.

As a social worker, it is part of your duty to pursue your _____ as a lifelong challenge. A. Boundaries B. Knowledge base C. Impression management D. Collective agency

Knowledge base

As an oppressed population, which people have suffered greatly at the hands of some groups affiliated with organized religion? A. Hindu B. Native Americans C. Mystics D. LGBTQ+

LGBTQ+

Failure to succeed in the ______ interferes with the ability to meet other adult transition markers such as living independently, marriage, and parenthood. A. Labor market B. Social convoy C. Generativity crisis D. Extraversion trait

Labor market

According to the ABC-X model, ______ refers to a permanent deterioration of a family's functioning. A. Recovery B. Maladaptation C. Bonadaptation D. Disequilibrium

Maladaptation

The ______ suggests that contemporary organizations cannot be successful unless they learn to manage diverse populations. A. Organizational culture model B. Organizations as multiple oppressions model C. Social action model D. Managing diversity model

Managing diversity model

Which term means to think about our thinking? A. Metacognition B. Determination C. Synthesis D. Subjective

Metacognition

What inference can be made about the struggles over cultural values? A. Deep ecology heals these struggles over values. B. Restricted environments result from these struggles. C. Innovation is lost through the disagreement over values. D. Most cultures are dualistic with competing values.

Most cultures are dualistic with competing values.

How does relational-cultural theory differ from other psychodynamic theories? A. Relational-cultural theory departs from the other psychodynamic theories in that it focuses on the association of variables. B. Psychodynamic theories hold individuals accountable for their behavior while the relational-cultural theory emphasizes the surrounding culture. C. Most psychodynamic theories see environments as sources of struggle while relational-cultural theory emphasizes supporting the growth of relationships. D. This perspective holds that the expectation of accomplishing goals happens through a struggle with relational-cultural theory directly contradicting that finding.

Most psychodynamic theories see environments as sources of struggle while relational-cultural theory emphasizes supporting the growth of relationships.

______ require(s) us to recognize myriad worldviews and ways of life, within the United States and globally. A. Modernism B. Multiculturalism C. Modern technologies of warfare

Multiculturalism

Humans engage in ________, meaning human behavior is a result of many causes. A. Multidetermined behavior B. Experiential behavior C. Timely behavior D. Cultural behavior

Multidetermined behavior

An ongoing group for survivors of testicular cancer that has individuals dropping in and out as they choose for this specific purpose would be considered a ______ group. A. Therapy B. Mutual aid C. Psychoeducational D. Self-help

Mutual aid

National survey data indicate that ______ adolescents (47.5%) have the highest prevalence of past year alcohol and other drug use of U.S. youth ages 12 to 17. A. Native American B. African American C. Hispanic/Latino D. White

Native American

What impact do experiences have on neuroplasticity? A. Neural pathways are strengthened and removed with their reaction to experiences. B. Experiences allow the social brain to create neuroplasticity in the infant years. C. Stressful experiences develop mistrust issues that are hardwired into the brain. D. Neuroplasticity halts after a certain number of experiences have shaped it.

Neural pathways are strengthened and removed with their reaction to experiences.

You, as a social worker, are trying to help your clients understand that their thoughts and feelings are shared by many others in the same situation. Which concept would you be participating in? A. Interdependence B. Positive stress C. Internalization D. Normalization

Normalization

______ theory focuses on how people develop attitudes toward others in the context of early nurturing relationships. A. Ego psychology B. Object relations C. Self-psychology D. Relational-cultural

Object relations

What impact has the opioid epidemic and parental substance abuse had on the extended family? A. Extended family have been found to be too strained with resources which puts all of these children in the foster care system. B. Parental substance abuse accounts for most of the removed children living with extended family members. C. Of the children removed from homes due to parental substance abuse about one-third have been placed with extended family. D. Children have moved to group homes over extended family residences due to the parental substance abuse and opioid epidemic.

Of the children removed from homes due to parental substance abuse about one-third have been placed with extended family.

A theory that defines behavior as the result of reinforcement is _____. A. Classical conditioning B. Psychodynamic C. Operant conditioning D. Empowerment

Operant conditioning

The ______ focuses on organizations as cultures whose members have shared experiences that produce shared meanings or interpretations. A. Organizational culture model B. Organizations as multiple oppressions model C. Social action model D. Managing diversity model

Organizational culture model

According to research, what is the relationship between early relational environments and brain development in terms of stress? A. Our early relational environments alter the central nervous system structural development which controls reactions to stress. B. Early relational environments increase problem-focused coping to stress but do not affect emotion-related coping to stress. C. The structures of the brain are solidified at birth with minimal change due to early relationships resulting in a decrease in the ability to cope with stress. D. Stress is affected by early relational environments due to protective mechanisms but does not change the structure or function of brain development.

Our early relational environments alter the central nervous system structural development which controls reactions to stress.

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of gray matter in the human brain thought to be responsible for complex, high-level intellectual functions such as memory, language, and reasoning. True or False?

True

Which concept would interrupt a negative trajectory for children experiencing cumulative disadvantage? A. Human agency B. Protective factors C. Risk factors D. Epigenetics

Protective factors

A perspective concerned with internal processes, including needs, drives, and emotions, is the _______ perspective. A. Systems B. Humanistic C. Developmental D. Psychodynamic

Psychodynamic

Jordan is figuring out who she is and who she wants to be. She is unsure of the direction she wants to take in her life as she approaches her high school graduation. Which perspective is this psychosocial crisis representing? A. Cognitive B. Relational C. Psychological D. Psychiatric

Psychological

According to Erikson, ______ are struggles or turning points defining a particular developmental stage. A. Adversity models B. Differentiations C. Collective unconscious D. Psychosocial crises

Psychosocial crises

Which of the following is true about families experiencing divorce? A. Five years post-divorce, stress levels are worse than at the time of separation. B. Children of divorced parents are less successful in adulthood. C. The economic well-being of mothers and children declines. D. After the financial divorce, all parties are better off.

The economic well-being of mothers and children declines.

How does harmonious parenting differ from authoritative parenting? A. Harmonious parenting is child-centered while authoritative is built upon family rules. B. Parenting differs by gender with harmonious structures for girls and authoritative for boys. C. The harmonious parent knows when to overlook some behaviors while authoritative stand by rules. D. Authoritative parents do not listen to the children while harmonious parents always listen.

The harmonious parent knows when to overlook some behaviors while authoritative stand by rules.

______ focuses on everyday ties between people. A. The network model B. The research model C. The social action model D. The diversity model

The network model

Ahamed has diabetes. Whenever he has low glucose levels, he also finds it harder to _________. A. Think B. Reproduce C. Use dopamine D. Sleep

Think

One big idea of the behavioral perspective is that all human problems can be formulated as undesirable behavior. True or False?

True

One big idea of the social constructionist perspective is that people interact on the basis of shared meanings. True and False?

True

________ force therapies are based in existential, humanistic, and experiential theories. A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth

Third

What is the function of a homogenous small group composition? A. This composition allows for members to have one dimension that is the same in order to provide support to one another. B. Homogenous groups allow members to understand that the group is time-limited in duration to achieve their goal. C. In choosing a homogenous group, people understand the differences among members to increase their understanding of diversity. D. Small groups achieve more cohesion in homogenous membership due to the evidence-based practices used to put it together.

This composition allows for members to have one dimension that is the same in order to provide support to one another.

Which concept can be understood as going beyond identity tied to the individual body, ego, or social roles to include spiritual experience or higher levels of consciousness? A. Transpersonal B. Neurotheology C. Intuitive D. Agnosticism

Transpersonal

A big idea of the developmental perspective is that human development occurs in clearly defined age-graded stages. True or False?

True

A big idea of the developmental perspective is that human development occurs in the clearly defined age-graded stages. True or False?

True

African American and Native American children are consistently overrepresented among confirmed maltreatment victims. True or False?

True

Comprehensive analysis requires knowledge of all biological systems, exterior environment conditions, and their reciprocal influence. True or False?

True

The ______ continues to divide and begins an approximately 7-day journey to the uterus. A. Embryo B. Zygote C. Teratogens D. Fetus

Zygote