SPC 2608 Final

Emotions evoked most often by public speakers

Fear, Compasion, Pride, Anger, Guilt, Reverence

Generating Emotional Appeal

Use emotional language Develop Vivid Examples Speak with sincerity and conviction

Abstract Words

Words that refer to ideas or concepts. Although necessary to express certain kinds of ideas, they are much easier to misinterpret than concrete words.

Words have 2 kinds of meanings

denotative and connotative

Clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

Concrete words to create imagery

enhances and clarifies speeches. They call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste.

Language appropriate to the speaker

every public speaker develops their own speaking style. Does not justify ignoring other needs for appropriateness.

Organization of speeches on questions of policy

1. Problem-solution order 2. problem- cause-solution order 3.comparative advantages order 4.Monroe's motivated sequence.

Guidelines for Online Speaking

1. Control the visual environment

Steps of Monroe's motivated sequence

1. Attention: gain attention of audience 2. Need: make the audience feel a need for change, state need clearly 3. Satisfaction: satisfy the audience's need for a solution by giving it to them. Present plan and show how it will work. 4. Visualization: Intensify desire for the solution by visualizing its benefits, use vivid imagery. 5. Action: Call for action, say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it.

Guidelines for Speeches of introduction

1. Be brief: focus attention on main speaker, no more than 2-3 mins 2. Make sure your remarks are completely accurate: check w/ speaker ahead of time to make sure your intro is accurate 3. Adapt Remarks to the occasion: constrained by nature of occasion. 4.Adapt your Remarks to the Main Speaker: Don't leave main speaker feeling uncomfortable (overpraise, embarrass) 5.Adapt your Remarks to the Audience: cater to the current audience. 6.Try to Create a Sense of Anticipation and Drama: Leave naming the main speaker till last line.

Factors of Credibility

1. Competence: how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise, ans knowledge on the subject 2. Character: How an audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the wellbeing of the audience.

Types of Credibility

1. Initial Credibility 2. Derived Credibility 3. Terminal Credibility

4 basic methods of reasoning

1. Reasoning from specific instances 2. Reasoning from principle 3. Causal Reasoning 4. Analogical Reasoning

Types of speeches on question of policy

1. Speech to gain passive agreement 2. Speeches to gain immediate action

Imagery

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

Tips for Using Evidence

1. Use specific evidence: speech will be more persuasive if specifics are used rather than general terms. 2.Use novel evidence: evidence more likely to be persuasive if its new to the audience.go beyond what the audience already knows. 3.Use evidence from credible sources: evidence from competent credible sources are more persuasive. Rely on objective nonpartisan sources. 4.Make clear the point of your evidence: Dont count on listerners to draw their own conclusion

Enhancing your Credibility

1. explaining your competence 2. establishing common ground with the audience 3. speaking with genuine conviction

2 types of online speeches

1. recorded online speeches 2.real time online speeches

Hast Generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

False Cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another the first event is the cause of the second. Correlation does not prove causation.

Ad Hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Either-Or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than 2 alternatives exist.

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attentions from the subject under discussion.

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Appeal to Novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Appeal to Tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Comparative advantages order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speakers solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. When audience already agrees that a problem exists you can devote speech to comparing the advantages and disadvantages of competing solutions.

Problem Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Problem Cause Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem , the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's motivated sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

Speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. Try to get audience to agree with you but not necessarily encourage the audience to do anything to enact the policy.

Speeches to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy. Want to motivate them to action Action reinforces belief and gains a more serious commitment. Make recommendations as specific as possible.

Questions of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Questions that can be answered absolutely. Answers are either right or wrong. Many cannot be answered absolutely, there is a true answer but we don't have enough info to know what it is so a prediction must be made.

Questions of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Involve not only matters of fact but also demand value judgements (judgements based on a person's belief about what is right and wrong).

Question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Questions of policy inevitably involve questions of fact. May also involve questions of value. Always go beyond questions of fact or value to decide whether something should or should not be done.

Deliver your speech with conviction

A speakers credibility is strongly affected by their delivery. Practice speech fully ahead of time so you can deliver it fluently and expressively. Deliver speeches with genuine conviction

Real time online speech

A speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered.

Speeches of introduction

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience. Need to accomplish 3 purposes: 1. Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker 2.Build enthusiasm for the speakers topic 3.Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speakers credibility.

Recorded online speech

A speech that is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to the Internet.

Commemorative Speech

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea. Fundamental purpose us nt to inform but to inspire people to heighten appreciation. Use language imaginatively

Creating common ground

A technique in which a speaker connects him/herself with the values attitudes or experiences of the audience.

Cliche

A trite or overused expression. avoid in speeches.

Invalid Analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Fallacies

An error in reasoning. 1. Hasty generalization 2.False Cause 3. Invalid Analogy 4. Bandwagon 5. Red Herring 6. Ad Hominem 7. Either-Or 8. Slippery Slope 9. Appeal to Tradition 10. Appeal to Novelty

Simile

An explicit comparison introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Metaphor

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Language appropriate to the audience

Avoid language that might offend your audience. speakers are expected to elevate and polish their language when addressing an audience. Err on the side of caution

What makes a speaker persuasive

Because: 1. they are perceived as having high credibility 2.they are won over by the speakers evidence 3. they are convinced by the speakers reasoning 4. their emotions are touched by the speakers ideas or language.

Dont forget your audience

Difficult to keep audience clearly in mind when online still aim to communicate with the audience. follow principles of audience analysis/adaptation

To be interesting and move people with with your speeches

use vivid animated language. Most important is imagery and rhythm.

Inclusive Language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or other factors. Use inclusive language that is respectful of the different groups that make up American society and avoids stereotypes.

Ethics and Emotional Appeal

Make sure emotional appeal is appropriate to the speech topic. Inappropriate in a persuasive speech on a question of fact. Always build persuasive speech on a firm foundation of facs and logic.

Analyzing questions of value

Not simply matters of personal personal opinion. You must justify your claim as an overall value. Define your claim, establish your standards for your claim.

Challenge of persuasive speaking

Objective is more ambitious and audience analysis and adaptation are more demanding. You deal with controversial topics increasing resistance to persuasion.

Appealing to Emotions

Pathos by adding pathos to your logical arguments you can become a more appealing speaker.

How Listeners process persuasive messages

Persuasion is something a speaker does with an audience. The audience engages in a mental give and take with the speaker, assessing the speakers credibility, delivery, language, etc. Must think of a persuasive speech as a mental dialogue w audience. put yourself in place of audience.

Organizing speeches on question of fact

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are organized topically

Organizing speeches on questions of vlaue

Persuasive speeches on questions of value are organized topically. Devote first main point to establishing standards for your value judgement Second point to applying those standards to the subject of the speech.

Degrees of persuasion

Range of persuasive responses. persuasion involves any movement by a listener along that scale.

Analogical Reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares 2 similar cases and infers that what is true first case is also true for the second. Find out if it has been done elsewhere

Reasoning from Principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. Begin w a general statement move to a minor premise, and end with a specific conclusion.

REasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. Never fool proof, dont jump to conclusions.

Causal Reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between cause and effects. Not always clear, correlation does not prove causation. Event may not have only one cause.

Repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. builds a strong cadence, unifies a sequence of ideas, emphasizes an idea by stating more than once, and helps create a strong emotional effect.

Evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. Listeners want speakers to justify their claims. It enhances credibility, increase immediate and long term persuasiveness, and inoculate listeners against counter persuasion. Also helpful when target audience opposes your point of view.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two main factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

Derived Credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

Online Environment

The elements of internet communication that influence an online speech, including the remote audience, factors of technology, and unique forms of interference. You have fundamentally different relationship w/ the audience. Interference can come from the technology

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy. Convince listeners that there is a serious problem with things as they are.

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

Connotative

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. More variable figurative and subjective. What the word suggests or implies. Gives words their intensity and emotional power.

Mental dialogue with audience

The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Logos

The name aristotle used for the logical appeal of a speaker. The 2 major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer as credibility.

Pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to emotional appeal.

Burden of proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Visual Environment

The on screen elements seen by the audience during an online speech.

Rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. enhances impact of words. Never emphasize sound and rhythm at the expense of meaning.

Target Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most want wants to persuade. Once you know the target audience through research you can tailor your speech to fit their values and concerns.

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. Vital to being an informed citizen and consumer. Acting as an advocate to get listeners to agree with you and maybe act on that belief.

Reasooning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy, if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem. Especially important if you call for a new policy.

Parallelism

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy, Will the speaker's plan solve the problem, Will it create new and more serious problems. Must show that plan will work. Listeners want assurance that the plan will solve the problem.

Speeches of Acceptance

To give thanks for a gift or an award. thank people bestowing award and recognize those who helped you

Analyzing Questions of policy

You will face 3 basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy- need, plan, practicality.

Language appropriate to the occasion

adjust language to different occasions

Technology of Real Time Online Speeches

an online speech requires the use of technology you have to choose/learn a software program

Practice

audience will assess your online performance differently than in person. Need more rehearsal time when online

Metaphors to create imagery

brings color to a speech to make abstract ideas concrete, to clarify the unknown , and to express feelings and emotion.

Similes to create imagery

clarify and vitalize ideas.

Learning the software for online speeches

give yourself plenty of time to master the speech software

Speeches of Presentation

given when someone receives a gift, award, public recognition. tells audience why the recipient is receiving the award

clutter forces listeners to

hack through a tangle of words to discover the meaning. Keep language lean and lively. Let ideas emerge sharply and firmly.

A speakers meaning must be...

immediately comprehensible, so clear that there is no chance of misunderstanding.

What are emotional appeals

intended to make listeners feel an emotion and passion.

Ethics in Persuasion

make sure goals are ethically sound and you can defend them if questioned and use ethical methods to communicate your ideas. Be honest in what you say. avoid quoting out of context, misinterpreting the facts, etc.

Adapt your nonverbal communication

nonverbal communication magnified dramatically when you speak via camera. straighten posture, appear professional, relaxed, and confident. Use natural and controlled gestures.

Adjust your pacing

online audiences have more ways to tune out than do in person listeners, pacing can help keep audience focused. alter what appears on the audience's screen keep moving at brisk pace

Control the visual environment

online speeches should not be informal. Major elements of visual environment: setting: choose place that will communicate level of professionalism needed. lighting: don't want room to be too dark or so light you are washed out. framing: revolves mainly around how far you sit from the webcam. Eye contact: look directly into webcam Personal Appearance: take personal appearance seriously, dress professional.

Practicing Real Time online speeches

practice with computer presentation software you will use use screen recording to help asses what audience will see. keep software stable

Denotative

precise, literal, objective. describes person place object idea or event; dictionary definition

Practicing Recorded online speeches

record practice sessions to gauge what audience will see

Alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. highlights the sound of words, catches attentions of listeners and can make ideas easier to remember.

Every word has distinct...

shades of meaning that distinguishes it.

Choosing software for online speeches

software programs designed for real time online speeches have diff features to learn.

You cannot assume...

that what is clear to you is clear to your audience.

Analyzing questions of fact

the situation for a persuasive speech on a question of fact is partisan. Speaker acts as an advocate to present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible.

Words are the tools of...

the speakers craft. They use words accurately and correctly. They also use clear vivid and appropriate language.

Have a back up plan for online speeches

there can be technological glitches at either end. Always have a back up plan: distribute outline of speech via email, move speech to audio only, share text of speech, record instead, etc.

Explain your competence

to enhance credibility advertise your experience on the speech topic.

One of the biggest barriers to clear speech is

using big, bloated words where short sharp ones will do the job better. especially true when it comes to technical language that may not be familiar to the audience.

Three ways to generate imagery are by

using concrete words, simile, and metaphor.

Ensure your words are understandable by

using familiar words, choosing concrete words over abstract words and by eliminating verbal clutter.

A speech dominated by concrete words...

will almost always be clearer, more interesting, and easier to recall.

Concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects. Much more likely to claim your listener's attention.

Revise outline until...

you recognize and cut out the clutter and your ideas emerge clearly and crisply.