SPCE206 FINAL
The systematic application of positive reinforcement (and other behavioral principles covered) to workplace settings is called ____________________.
Organizational Behavior Management (OBM)
Mary Cover-Jones published a paper in the 1924 that revolutionized the treatment of phobias. What principle, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, did Cover-Jones use to decrease her client's fear of furry animals.
Pavlovian extinction
______________ are variables that are influencing behavior within an experiment, but are not controlled by the researcher.
Confounds
What does the individual have to learn before a conditioned reinforcer will function as a reinforcer?
It has to learn that the conditioned reinforcer signals a delay-reduction to the backup reinforcer
If someone says that a behavior is determined, what do they mean?
It means that behavior has a cause, or multiple causes.
If a behavior analyst conducts scientific research in a clinical setting, they are considered to be ___________.
Applied
_____________ behavior may be defined as a generic class of responses influenced by antecedents, with each response in the class producing the same consequence.
Operant
Jeremy is trying to teach his dog, Timber, to jump through a hoop. First he provides a reinforcer (click and treat) when Timber looks toward the hoop that Jeremy is holding. Jeremy reinforces this behavior several times but then he asks for a little bit more. Now Timber will earn a reinforcer only when she takes a step toward the hoop. Jeremy reinforcers a series of successive approximations to the terminal behavior he desires - Timber jumping through the hoop when it is held 3 feet off the ground. What technique is Jeremy using to train Timber?
Shaping
_________________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior.
Shaping
For most of us, money is an effective reinforcer when provided contingent upon a behavior. If your boss at offered you a $5 cash bonus provided right after you completed a dangerous job (which could result in serious injury), most of us would turn down the offer. Which of the four dimensions of reinforcer efficacy is useful in explaining why we would turn the boss down?
Size
Just because two variables tend to occur together (e.g., rate of sexual activity and personal income), that does not imply...
causation
When two variables tend to occur together (e.g., rate of sexual activity and personal income), they are...
correlated
In the data shown below, behavior is not stable. Instead there is a(n) ______________.
downward trend
Amaury works on his homework from 2pm to 6pm. The 4 hours spent doing homework is the ___________ of the behavior.
duration
When self-injurious behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement, it is impossible to use ________________ because there is no way to turn OFF the reinforcer.
extinction
In the movie, Office Space, office employees are repeatedly shown trying to print a document (operant behavior) but not getting what they want. Instead, they get paper jams and undecipherable error messages. As the movie audience shares in their frustration, the scene cuts to an orchestrated musical tirade in which the employees take the printer into a field where they beat it mercilessly with a baseball bat. This act of fictional violent frustration might be described as...
extinction-induced emotional behavior
One objection to using reinforcement to influence human behavior is that reinforcing a behavior with _____________ reinforcers may reduce the individual's ____________ motivation to engage in that behavior.
extrinsic; intrinsic
The change in a _______________ will systematically and reliably influence behavior.
functional variable
A behavior is reliably and systematically changed when behavior analysts change a(n) _____________ variable.
functional
A(n) ____________ variable is publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way.
independent
According to this theory of reinforcement, behavior is controlled by the likely future, as exemplified in the past.
information
IOA stands for...
inter-observer agreement
A consequence that functions as a reinforcer because it is important in sustaining the life of the individual or the continuation of the species is a _____________ reinforcer.
primary
If an experiment was repeated next week, or with new participants, or in a different setting, or by different researchers and the results were the same, we would say that the experiment was _________________.
replicated
During a stimulus preference assessment...
the individual makes a series of choices between several concurrently available items/activities. The things chosen most often appear at the top of the preference hierarchy, and are most likely to function as reinforcers.
In behavior analysis, the dependent variable is...
the objectively measured target behavior.
Malcolm and Kelli are direct observers and they agree on 34 of the behaviors they recorded, but they disagree on 6 of them. What is their IOA (you are free to use a calculator)?
85%
The book discusses two kinds of motivating operations (MOs). One of them temporarily decreases the value of a reinforcer and decreases behaviors that produce that reinforcer. Which MO is this describing?
Abolishing operations (AO)
After John B. Watson (the lead researcher in the "Little Albert" experiment) left his academic appointment at Johns Hopkins University, he used his knowledge of Pavlovian conditioning in what area of business?
Advertising
In the _________________________ design, the independent variable(s) is turned ON and OFF rapidly to evaluate if this systematically and repeatedly changes behavior.In the _________________________ design, the independent variable(s) is turned ON and OFF rapidly to evaluate if this systematically and repeatedly changes behavior.
Alternating-treatments design
The data in the below graph were collected using one of the single-subject experimental designs. Which one?
Alternating-treatments design
The diner takes a bite of the granola and yogurt as soon as it is delivered. The yogurt has soured, so it tastes terrible.
Antecedent: the yogurt and granola are delieverd Behavior: taking a bite of the granola Consequence: terrible taste in the mouth
Antecedent events happen _____________ behavior.
Before
The book discusses 6 principles of effective shaping. Which of the following is NOT one of those principles?
If the next approximation proves too difficult (extinction), lower the reinforcement criterion until responding is earning reinforcers again. Differential reinforcement: Reinforce the current response-approximation and extinguish everything else, including old response-approximations. Be sure the learner has mastered each response-approximation before advancing to the next one. *****Diminishing marginal utility: Change up the reinforcer periodically. This will increase the individual's interest in learning.
Pavlovian generalization occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is evoked by a(n) _____________ stimulus because that stimulus resembles a conditioned stimulus (CS).
Novel
There are two beliefs that guide the science of behavior analysis. Which of the following in NOT one of these beliefs?
Public behavior is determined but private behavior is outside the domain of science
In a time-series graph, like the one shown below, behavior is judged to be ______________ when, over repeated observations, there is little "bounce" and no systematic trend.
Stable
A singular thing that you experience through your senses (sight, smell, sound, taste, or tactile sensation) is called a ___________.
Stimulus
The book discusses three things learned during Pavlovian conditioning. The first of these was discussed while referring to the below graph. What is the first thing learned during Pavlovian conditioning?
The CS signals a delay-reduction to the US. The larger the delay-reduction, the faster Pavlovian learning occurs.
The book discusses three things learned during Pavlovian conditioning. The second of these was discussed while referring to the inset figure. What is the second thing learned during Pavlovian conditioning?
The CS signals when the US will occur.
A mother is running behind and needs her children to help her straighten up the living room. Company will be here soon but her children are notorious for not being very helpful. Mom calls the children together and explains that if they help straighten up the living room (a very low probability behavior), she will let them play their favorite video games for an extra hour (a high-probability behavior). Mom has intuitively used which behavioral principle to enlist the aid of her children?
The Premack principle
Which of the following is a weakness of group experimental designs? Select all that apply.
The behavior of the experimental and control groups will differ before the experiment even begins; this is because the individuals assigned to the two groups are different. This makes these designs noisy, which can only be overcome by recruiting large groups of participants. To evaluate if the independent variable changed behavior, the group experimental designs must rely upon inferential statistical analyses, which can be misused. Focusing on the behavior of the group means that we are not studying the behavior of the individual. Behavior is something that individuals do.
There are three components of a behavioral experiment. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?
The dependent variable is behavior A falsifiable hypothesis Testing the purification of the pharmacological dependent measure- Manipulation of the independent variable
Which of the following is a reason that behavioral analysts conduct a functional analysis of behavior?
To determine whether a problem behavior is an operant behavior
Jeremy is training his dog (Timber) to jump through a hoop. Jeremy is going to use a conditioned reinforcer so that he can reinforce the behavior as soon as it happens. Timber walks toward the hoop and Jeremy clicks his clicker. Timber immediately looks toward the clicker and then Jeremy scratches Timber's belly. Jeremy rarely scratches Timber's belly and she seems to enjoy it, but she never approaches the hoop again. Using your knowledge of the principles of effective conditioned reinforcement, what advice would you give Jeremy?
Try to find a more effective backup reinforcer (like a highly preferred treat).
Use your memory of the book's flowchart to decide if the stimulus change (bolded) is a reinforcer or not. The behavior if interest is underlined. Anderson received his package after placing his order with an international online retailer. Although Anderson hates that this retailer treats their fulfillment center employees badly, he buys a lot of stuff from them. It's just so convenient! However, if Anderson's orders were never delivered to his house, he would eventually stop buying things from this retailer.
Yes, this is a reinforcer
The single-subject experimental design used when conducting a functional analysis of behavior is the _____________________ design.
alternating-treatments
When extinction produces a temporary increase in the rate, magnitude, or duration of the previously reinforced response, this is referred to as ____________________________.
an extinction burst
Scratching a mosquito bite produces a consequence that is not provided by another person. If we determine that the feeling produced by scratching the bite is a reinforcer, we would classify it as a(n) ________________________.
automatic reinforcer
This form of negative reinforcement is defined as a consequent prevention of a stimulus change, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.
avoidance
A ________________ is a precise specification of the topography of the target behavior, allowing observers to reliably identify instances and non-instances of that behavior.
behavioral definition
Some behavior analysts provide behavioral services which are informed by prior research conducted in laboratory and/or clinical settings. These individuals work in the field of _________.
behavioral service delivery
What are the two broad categories of functional variables in behavior analysis?
biological; environmental
A useful measure of a reinforcer's efficacy is the maximum amount of behavior it will maintain. Behavior analysts refer to this measure as a ______________
breakpoint
One measure of reinforcer efficacy is choice - if salted caramels are chosen more often than Laffy Taffy, then, for this individual, salted caramels are the more effective of the two reinforcers. But choice does not tell us how much more reinforcing salted caramels are than Laffy Taffy, for this individual. For this we need to measure the maximum amount of behavior the reinforcer will maintain, a measure known as the ____________.
breakpoint
A token economy is a set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent ___________ reinforcers that may be later exchanged for one or more _____________ reinforcers.
conditioned, backup
Behavior analysts believe that behavior has a knowable cause (or causes). This assumption is known as _____________.
determinism
In the procedure known as __________________ __________________, a previously reinforced behavior is placed on extinction, while a second behavior is reinforced. This is a useful procedure when the goal is to reduce a problem behavior and replace it with a more adaptive behavior.
differential reinforcement
Charlie's dog jumps up on the legs of his guests as they enter his apartment. The guests always pet the dog. Charlie decides to address this problem behavior using a technique he learned in his behavior analysis class. Each day, when he enters his apartment and his dog jumps up on his legs, he does not pet the dog (extinction). Instead, he leads the dog 10 feet away, to a carpet square in the corner, and pets the dog enthusiastically when it sits on the square. Charlie practices this every day, when he arrives home. About two weeks into this training, Charlie comes home to find his dog already sitting on his carpet square as Charlie walks into the room. Charlie proudly reinforces this behavior. Later, when some friends come over to watch a movie, the dog runs to the carpet square as the guests arrive. Charlie instructs his friends to reinforce this behavior. What technique did Charlie use to teach his dog to sit on the carpet square, instead of jumping on the legs of his guests?
differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
At Google (Alphabet), Apple computers, and other high-tech firms, they use a differential reinforcement of ________________ contingency. Novel ideas are reinforced and old ideas are extinguished. This increases innovation and helps these companies remain on top.
differential reinforcement of variability
This form of negative reinforcement is defined as a consequent removal or reduction of a stimulus, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level.
escape
It is important that a scientific hypotheses is specific enough to be proven wrong. A scientific hypothesis is not ___________________ if it cannot be proven wrong,
falsifiable
When a conditioned reinforcer signals a delay reduction to more than one backup reinforcer it is referred to as a ________________________________.
generalized conditioned reinforcer
An operant behavior, like turning on the AC, is a _______________ class of behavior comprised of lots of topographically (physically) different responses, all of which produce the same consequence.
generic
Positive reinforcers increase behavior above its baseline (no reinforcement) level. Negative reinforcers ______________ behavior _______________ its baseline level.
increase; above
In the below figure, there is a clear ______________ change after the intervention was introduced
level
In panel A of the below figure, the change in __________ is much more convincing because there is ______________.
level; less "bounce"
Explaining a public behavior (I went to the dance with my partner...) by appealing to a private behavior (...because I felt like going to a dance) is a _____________ explanation. The "explanation" tries to explain a public behavior with a private behavior.
mentalistic
In our everyday lives, we often talk about motivation as though it were an inner essence that can explain behavior. Those who perform very well in school or on the job are said to have high motivation (lots of that inner essence).Those who perform poorly are said to have low motivation. When we explain behavior is this way, we are appealing to...
mentalistic explanations of behavior
A ______________ _______________is an environmental and/or biological event that (1) temporarily alters the value of a specific reinforcer and (2) increases/decreases the probability of behaviors yielding that reinforcer.
motivating operation (MO)
Laura is going to make fried chicken for dinner. They buy a whole chicken at the grocery store and then uses their poultry scissors to cut out the backbone. Backbone removed, Laura soaks the chicken in buttermilk before applying the flour and frying it up. This is the way Laura has always made fried chicken. Assuming that this stimulus removal functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a...
negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-)**** positive reinforcer (SR+) negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-)
Loss aversion refers to the phenomenon of placing more value on ______ than ______
negative reinforcers - avoidance (SRA-); positive reinforcers (SR+)
A(n) ___________________ consequence occurs after a response, but not because the response caused it to occur.
non-contingent
One predictor of how quickly operant extinction will decrease a response is the prior rate of reinforcement. The more frequently the response had been reinforced, the more quickly the response will undergo extinction. This direct relation between prior reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction is call the...
partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE
When using the direct-observation technique known as _________________ recording, we will record if the behavior does or does not occur during any portion of the contiguous observation periods.
partial-interval
The warmth provided by a coat on a freezing day can function as a ______________ reinforcer, whereas a gift card that allows you to purchase a coat can only function as a _________________ reinforcer.
primary, conditioned
Behavior can be classified as "Private" (unobservable by others; behaviors such as thinking) or "______" (what others can directly observe)
public
When IOA is low, the analyst will need to...
refine the behavioral definition
A single instance of behavior is referred to as a(n)...
response
The second principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to ensure that the CS is a(n) ______________ event.
salient (something easily noticed)
When he was 6, Iliad asked is mother whether or not the Tooth Fairy existed. His mother (a scientist) asked him to develop a(n) ___________________ prediction. Iliad replied, "The Tooth Fairy lives in a fairy hole in the woods behind our house and if we go there we will find her home." His mother replied, "And if we go there and we find no fairy home, no fairy dust, no coins, and no Tooth Fairy, will that mean that the Tooth Fairy does not exist as a human, and only as a mythical spirit of giving?" Iliad agreed, "Yes, that is what it would mean".
scalable determined falsifiable- heuristic
The textbook describes two general methods used to measure behavior in the behavioral and social sciences. One of these methods, the _____________ method, involves asking people to tell you if they have engaged in the behavior.
self-report
Reinforcer surveys cannot be completed by nonverbal humans or nonhuman animals. When working with these populations, behavior analysts will instead identify potential reinforcer by using a(n) __________________________.
stimulus preference assessment
In the 1980s, the New York Islanders hockey team started the tradition of growing their beards until they won the Stanley Cup (the biggest prize in professional hockey). We would classify this as _______________ behavior because the players behaved as though a response-consequence contingency existed (IF you grow your beard THEN you will win the Stanley Cup) when in fact the relation between this response and this consequence is noncontingent.
superstitious
___________ ____________ learning occurs when at food or drink acquires CS properties because, after it is consumed, the individual experiences a nauseous, gastro-intestinal illness (the US)
taste aversion
Some behavior analysts conduct research in controlled laboratory settings, where confounding variables are prevented from occurring. These individuals work in _________.
the experimental analysis of behavior
Some behavior analysts conduct their research and interventions in workplace settings; targeting behaviors related to employee performance and satisfaction. These individuals work in ____________.
the experimental analysis of behavior behavioral service delivery You Answered operational behavior management None of the above-
Behavior analysts frequently will ask their clients, employees, etc. to complete a reinforcer survey. The purpose of the survey is...
to identify consequences that would probably function as a reinforcer, if made contingent upon a desired performance.
A(n) _______________________is a set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent conditioned reinforcers that may be later exchanged for one or more backup reinforcers.
token economy
When using the direct-observation technique known as _________________ recording, we will record if the behavior does or does not occur throughout each of the contiguous observation periods.
whole-interval
