SPEA-A 236 Final Review

Celebrity Economy

'Engineered' celebrity lives in the public eye, followed and hyped by celebrity media based on the principles of Barnum and Colonel Parker

Acuff-Rose

(1942)Publishing Company founded by Fred Rose and Roy Acuff in Nashville; very powerful, blacklisted the Everly Brothers for working with songwriters not signed to their company

Statue of Anne

1710; foundation of copyright law; vested all ownership rights to authors

Soundtrack albums

1938 release "Songs from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", 1997 "Men in Black" features unique content, can be additional income

Barry Fey

1965 - 90s, Colorado independent promoter of festivals and tours, successful and visionary at staging Rock'n Roll events

Pre-1972 sound recordings

1976 revision of copyright established federal protection for sound recording, pre-1972 sound recordings are under individual state laws - continued cause for legal battles

Rise of streaming music services

1999 TuneTo.com is launched, later Rhapsody, by 2002 first full streaming service with monthly subscription fees, now paired with Napster

C3

2007; Charles Attal, Charlie Jones, and Charlie Walker; revived Lollapalooza, intense awareness on branding and sponsorship

Rolling Stones

A British rock group who cultivated an image as "bad boys"; equally exploited income from touring, recording, licensing and merchandise, structured as a partnership between the 4 of them with 4 subsidiary companies

Bristol Sessions

A recording session run by Ralph Peer in 1927 in Bristol Tennessee; the session provided the first commercially successful recordings of the Carter Family - creating the country music style

MP3

A standard format for music files sent over the Internet that compresses music; 1982, Karlheinz Brandenburg

Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995

Added digital phono record delivery to mechanical licensing, and established the 3 payment tiers

Scott Joplin

American composer who was the first creator of ragtime, but was denied opportunities and recognition because racial tensions

P2P

An abbreviation of peer-to-peer. Software (often free) which allows you to download files directly from a single computer anywhere in the world that also has the same software installed. Sometimes known as P2P, this is a commonly used way of accessing music, software and films.

work for hire

An agreement specifying an employer's right to own any works of authorship produced for the company during working hours.

iTunes

Apple-owned online retail site for recorded music, now subject to cultural shift away from buying music

Piracy

Appropriation of things that don't belong to you that damage the industry and require legislation

What are the 3 forms of value?

Artistic, social, and economic

Digital Audio

Based on taking a large number of discrete samples of a sound wave, quality depends on sampling rate and determines the size of the file

H.C. Speir

Blues fan and music storeowner that referred local blues musicians to labels and made demos for them - earliest A&R

Talent shows

Chance for audiences to cross into the spotlight, hear the (non-)quality of peers, and put the A&R process into public hands - puts the traditional backstage process on stage with making-off, painful personal stories etc, ex. American Idol, America's Got Talent, X-Factor

Culture Business

Commercial success shapes cultural perception, see impact on pop culture

Promotional clip and music videos

Commercials as opportunities to align a brand with music to reach potential costumers and for musicians to reach new audiences, became promotional clips for songs and then music videos defined by MTV

Wired and wireless communications

Communication among distances, initially telegraph, wireless technology eliminates time lapse and costs of transmission

Stephen Foster

Composer of popular minstrel show tunes; He wasn't a performer, so his income balance sheet could not be achieved from publishing royalties alone

Mechanical License

Copyright Act of 1909; permission to record a composition for further reproductions, established royalties at $0.02/reproduction

Toby Keith

Country star that leverages all brands by promoting them through music and owning stake in their business, artist becomes their centerpiece

Thomas Edison's effect on the music industry

Created prototype of recording and playback device - eventually acquired by Lippincott for musical purposes

Madonna

Created single-name music star and supplements music offerings with brand lines

Collaborative aggregation

Deals struck with major music companies and large aggregators such as Youtube, negotiating terms in their favor and to the disadvantage of smaller, independent companies such widening the gap

Record charts

Define categories, also open up the barriers for success for those who cross over

Chet Helms

Devoted to the musicians and their art, believed in the importance of community, started with basement shows promoting psychedelic music with the psychedelic poster

Crossover

Disruption of defined categories for music and listeners that opens the opportunity for new styles and economic possibilities

Commercial concerts and musical entertainments

Economic viability requires appeal to many casual listeners over and over again, hence the need for popularity and rise of the artist/entrepreneur

Edison Records

Edison Speaking Phonograph Company 1878; focused on building playback and recording devices (the actual recordings themselves were side products)

Artist/Employee

Employed traditionally by aristocrat, now by company to produce for the employer

Producerism

Empowering aspiring producers of goods as customers of services, i.e. talent shows, broadcasting on youtube, become regular buyers and participants

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Established royalties to performers and labels for digital rebroadcast and allowed SoundExchange to negotiate and collect royalties

"Pay what you like" pricing

Example: In Rainbows release by Radiohead 2007 - success has not been replicated, principle of access and convenience overrides most other factors

Billboard

Founded in 1894 as trade magazine for Billboard signs, the sales charts defined musical categories

Crowdfunding

Going to the public to find financial backers for a creative project (Patreon)

Musical services and goods

Goods are tangible and transferred from person to person. Services are intangible and are provided through actions, not transferable and are unique to the moment

Music on Demand

Initially only by live performance, limited by availability and offerings until development of recording and broadcasting technology

Theme songs

Initially over open and ending credits, it's the music used to promote and brand the film and can become immensely popular and profitable and vice versa make a film popular

Aggregation

Institutions have the capacity to aggregate listeners and consumers on a larger scale than individual musicians

Celebrity Capital

Interaction of celebrity, media, public, and celebrity industry - also the components of branding - being known drives value as much as being talented

Guglielmo Marconi

Invented the radio in 1896

Audiam

Jeff Price and Peter Wells; a collection service for royalties from artist- and user- generated content

Spotify

Largest streaming service but still not profitable - debated for low royalty rates for artists

TuneCore

Launched 2005 by Jeff Price as service to empower bands to manage their own distribution while keeping all publishing rights

protective organizations (MPA, ASCAP)

MPA 1881, ASCAP 1914 - Performance Rights Organizations to compensate creators for public performance of their work

Scale and scalability

Managing a successful performance career depends on right scalability, meaning moving from the best suited small venues to larger venues and larger audiences, classical and jazz music needs subsidy, pop and rock is market driven

Owner / Producer

Many directors transition to owners/ producers of venues for year-round variety programming, often exploiting artists and ensembles

360 degree deal

Multi-rights contracts beyond traditional recording deal based on Motown structure in the 1960s, mostly skewed towards company rather than artist benefits

Blending "serious" music and showmanship

Music halls develop as centers for socialization and familiar music, developing music scenes; serious music > pop music; impresario > showman

Dramatic Rights

Music incorporated in the plot or to advance the narrative in a dramatic work - negotiations with publisher and/or composer

Murray "The K"

New York Rock'n Roll DJ, 1958-67, produced shows during school holiday breaks at Brooklyn Fox and Brooklyn Paramount theatres

What are the 3 Digital Sound Recording payment tiers?

Non-subscription broadcast (radio), non-interactive Internet transmission (Pandora), and interactive Internet transmission (non-compulsory)

Independent labels (Sun, Chess, Vee-Jay, etc)

Often are more connected to local music culture and are able to capture a particular sound and flavor of music

SoundExchange

Organization that issues licenses and collects fees for digital performances of sound recordings and distributes collections to artists, record companies, musicians, and BGVs

Hill and Range

Owner Julian Aberbach connected Elvis to Colonel Parker and signed him to an exclusive publishing deal retaining 50% of all royalties

What are the 3 socioeconomic concepts?

Ownership, access, and capital

What are the 3 transactional frameworks?

Performance, composition, and education

Synchronization Rights

Permission to synchronize video with the music - negotiations with owners of songwriting and recording copyrights

What was the first device to introduce the music recording era?

Phonograph

Director/ Entrepreneur

Professional manager - develop strategies for performance repertoire and presentation, often exploited artists and worked with various performers/ composers/ productions, ex. Frederick Gye

Bill Graham

Promoter/producer at the Fillmore in San Francisco; one of the most influential and successful promoters of the 20th century

Concert/ performance TV shows

Promotes records, tours, upcoming albums (Soul Train, American Bandstand, etc)

Piano rolls' affect on the industry

Provide bridge from amateurism to playback culture of recording era and are the reason for mechanical licensing

Ford Foundation

Provides funding support to support classical music and other fine arts organizations; prime business model for philanthropy

Tin Pan Alley

Publishing district in NYC in 1885 with songwriters on staff as work-for-hire; dominated popular music at the time

Early media conglomerates

Radio networks took everything from popular stage and concert hall and broadcast it, created new business paradigm as aggregator for live performances and selling recordings. Content was free to the public and radio exempt from paying for use of sound recordings - still in place (not for online radio). Unions rise to protect rights of performers: AFM, AGM, AFTRA)

Border blasters

Radio stations with powerful (illegal) transmitters placed outside the US Borders and broadcasting regional/ country/ Mexican music - also called clear channel stations

Major Labels

Represent more artists, have more resources, and have the relationships and the means to handle international distribution - function as massive aggregators and distributors of content

Performing Rights

Similar as radio, monitored and distributed by PROs ASCAP, BMI, SESAC

What are 3 examples of cultural convergence in the music industry?

Social migration, record distribution, and broadcasting

What are the 4 forms of capital?

Social, cultural, celebrity, and economic

Describe the 4 forms of capital

Social: size of social networks and resources from that network Cultural: enduring attitudes of feelings, physical artifacts, and forms of recognition (Grammys, degrees, etc) Celebrity: superstar society, creates fans, audience-performer relations Economic: assets convertible to property rights measured by sales figures and value of copyrights (all capitals are convertible into economic capital in limited ways)

Hybridity and commercialization of musical styles

Song collectors, such as Alan Lomax, searched out traditional music styles, labels commercialized those styles in order to reach new audiences

TV theme, montage, and closing credit songs

Standard now in TV as display of all credits; promotes artist recognition

what part of a composition cannot change when a compulsory license is issued?

The basic melody or fundamental character cannot change

P.T. Barnum

The famous and unscrupulous showman, opened the American Museum in New York in 1842, not a showcase for art or nature, but a great freak show; The Jenny Lind tour created the blueprint for performance payments based on percentages beyond fee

Music Supervisor

The individual who selects and secures the rights for songs to be used in films and TV

Payola

The practice of bribing someone to use their influence or position to promote a particular product or interest

Music Genome Project

The project by Pandora uses algorithms to focus on an individual's unique taste of music

What are the 3 performance transaction models?

Touring, tourism, and patronage

The "Bigs"

Universal, Sony, and Warner

Master Use Rights

Using a specific sound recording - to be negotiated with Master rights owner, mostly record label

Alan Freed

WJW Cleveland DJ who presented first rock concert, Moondog Coronation Ball on March 21, 1952, but his career came to an end when he was guilty of payola

Artist/ Entrepreneur

Willingness to invest into public activities in order to generate income

Live Nation

World's largest concert promoter, over 20,000 events internationally, more than 140 venues, owns Ticketmaster

AEG Live

World's second largest concert promotion organization - Anschutz Entertainment Group - 35 state-of-the-arts venues, Coachella, New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, subsidiaries manage 4,500 musical events, merchandise, multi-media platforms, some Las Vegas-based acts

why did patronage end?

growing middle class

Middle class social and economic implications for music

growth of concert opportunities, publishing, teaching, and diminished patronage

Cost-benefit factors in performance models

success depends on skill of leveraging cost of production against revenue generated

First Streaming Service

tuneto, latter rhapsody