SPEA-V181 Test 3

what makes implementation difficult?

poorly communicated directives in the wrong structure can aggravate preexisting dispositions agasint the policy leading to wasted resources and ineffective implementation.

Multiple Streams approach

process in which we can think of the politics, the problem, and the policy streams coming together in a "window of opportunity" for policy change

social construction

process of defining problems and of selling a broad population on this definition.

Adjudication

specifically refers to the process and decision issued by a government-appointed (or elected) judge, as opposed to a decision issued by an arbitrator in a private proceeding or arbitration.

welfare state

state liable to ensure basic existence and social security for its citizens

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution -antifederalist contribution.

helplessness and control

something that couldn't be done in the past, but it can now

focusing event

something that grabs attention immediately and puts an issue on the public agenda

free riders

those who enjoy the benefits of collective goods but did not participate in acquiring them

Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)

-group coalescence and strategies for change -disadvantaged groups are not all passive and elite groups are not all the same. -pro-change groups will often coalesce into advocacy coalitions -brings countervailing power to bear

what doesn't help environmental policy?

-human behavior geared toward short term interests -media has short attention span -politicians act out of own short-term interests.

venue shopping examples

-institutional- executive (rulemaking), judicial (litigation), legislative (hearings) - vertical-federal (scope expansion), state, local (grassroots).

5 forms of health policy

-laws -rules/regulations -operational decisions -judicial decisions -macro policies

1st wave of environmental policy

-management of public lands. 1970's- late 1800's. -displaced millions of native Americans

what are the civil war amendments?

-13th-abolish slavery -14th-equal protection under law -15th-voting rights for black men

Actions of Implementation

-Acquire resources. -Interpret statutes, laws, decisions and plan activities. -Organize. -Extend benefits or restrictions.

2 examples of organized groups

-NAACP-raided funds -National Womens Party

unpopularity of environmental policy

-environmental policy involves govt regulations -businesses and individuals view laws as overly restrictive and unresponsive to human needs.

social insurance

-funded through payroll taxes -old age, survivors, disability insurance benefits, medicare benefits, unemployment benefits.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

-a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination. -bans literacy test

two civil rights acts

-act of 1964-provided equal protection of laws (desegregated schools, facilities, outlawed discrimination in employment) -Obergefell V. Hodges- allows same sex marriage

2 groups of Public Health Policy

-allocative -regulatory

medicare

-allocative policy -federal program -for elderly and disablitties

examples of right to privacy

-birth control -abortion -homosexuality -right to die

conditions that influence implementation

-communication- gotta be clear and consistent -resources- adequate resources are essential. (staff is the most essential) -dispositions- attitudes -bureaucratic structure- standard operating procedures. (SOP's)

implementation activites

-disbursing funds -awarding grants -signing loans -collecting data -analyzing problems

3rd wave of environmental policy

-mid late 20th century -economy good, pollution much worse -increased awareness of environmental problems -1962 "Silent Spring" (Rachel Carson describes problems with pesticides and industrial chemicals) -1970 began modern era of environmental policy. -NEPA signed by Nixon - National environmental policy act -created council on environmental policy. -Nixon created Environmental Policy Agency (EPA)

4 elements of using symbols

-narrative stories -helplessness control -synecdoche -casual stories

difficulties of implementation

-new policies -decentralized implementation -controversial -complex -crisis -judicial decisions -combination of above factors

actors of implementation

-numbers and identity - how groups at all levels can and will be involved. -private actors (interest groups, bureaucracies) -role of courts- decisions that limit, channel, mandate implementation. -lack of hierarchy- promotes bargaining, competition, compromise. -conflict and compromise- conflict reduced or resolved through a series of compromises that allow legislation to pass.

Whats the problem with science and policy?

-policymakers ignore the science and let political ideology determine the policies and when taxpayer-funded research is suppressed or distorted for political ends, everyone loses.

overcoming the power deficit

-powerful groups lose their control of the agenda, less powerful groups can enter policy debates and gain attention to their issues. -greater attention tends to increase negative attitudes towards status quo, which then allows lasting institutional and agenda changes.

14th Amendment

-prohibits denying "equal protection of its laws" -basis for environmental justice movement

political speech

-protected by strict legal standards -actions expressing political ideas -protected unless leads to immediate harm -few time and place limitations

2nd wave of environmental policy

-public perception and govt policy shifted -Yellowstone opens 1872 -other protected areas created (wildlife refugees, parks, forests)

5 categories of regulatory health policy

-social regulations -quality control on provision of health services -market-entry decisions -rate or price-setting controls on health -market-preseving controls

medicaid

-state and federal program -for people with low income

Two types of civil liberties

-substantive -procedural

3 factors allowing major advances in 1960's and 1970's.

-wide evidence of environmental problems -visualize polices to deal with problems -political climate was ripe, with supportive public and leaders who were willing to act.

two types of political power

1. coercive power 2. blocking power

key ways that disadvantage groups expand the scope of conflict

1. going public by using symbols and images to increase media and public sympathy 2. appeal to a higher decision level

What amendments are involved with the rights of the accused?

4th, 5th, 6th, 8th.

Policy Window

A figurative description of the opportunity - often brief, measured in days or weeks rather than years - to pass a bill in Congress or a state legislature

distrubutive policy

A type of policy that provides benefits to all Americans.

redistributive policy

A type of policy that takes benefits (usually through taxes) from one group of Americans and gives them to another (usually through spending).

ACA

Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)

Agenda Universe

All possible legitimate issues that could be brought to the attention of the public and possibly of policymakers

Civil Service Reform

Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.

discretionary spending

Federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process -national defense, transportation, science

Promotional policy

Policy that seeks to foster or discourage various economic or social activities, typically through subsidies and tax breaks. Ex. Tax credit for buying a fuel efficient car.

Problem Stream

Refers to the various bits of information available on the problem, whom it affects, and in what ways

Policy Stream

Refers to what might be done about the problem-that is, the possible alternative policies

2nd amandment

Right to bear arms

automatic stabilizers

Tax revenues and transfer payments automatically expand or contract in ways that reduce the intensity of business fluctuations without any overt action by Congress or other policymakers.

decision agenda

The agenda that contains items that are about to be acted upon by a governmental body, such as bills, court cases, or regulations.

Agenda Setting

The process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public and elite attention

implementation

The process of putting a law into practice through bureaucratic rules or spending.

Iron Triangle

The three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests.

Synecdoche

a figure of speech in which the whole is represented by one of its parts. use of anecdotes or prototypical cases ex: cheating welfare queens.

social policy

a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

systemic agenda

all public issues that are viewed as requiring governmental attention; a discussion agenda

policy entrepreneurs

an individual who takes advantage of opportunities to influence policy outcomes to increase their self-interests

symbols

anything that stands for something else

mandatory spending

authorized by permanent laws and doesn't go through the same appropriation process as discretionary spending. to change these entitlements, congress must change the law (social security, national debt)

5th amendment

bans literal taking of private property

who barrows punctuated equilibrium?

baumgartner and jones

what levels of government are involved with environmental policy?

both state and local levels. California, New York, and Massachusetts all have strong environmental laws.

market failure

businesses or individuals dont minimize environmental impact

Regulatory Health Policy

designed to influence actions, behaviors, and decisions of others to ensure that public objectives are met.

Allocative Health Policy

designed to provide net benefits to some distinct group of class of individuals to ensure that public objectives are met. (come in forms of subsidies)

what happens to aggregate demand with expansionary spending?

employment, up aggregate price, up

Politics Stream

encompasses the state of politics and public opinion

casual stories

four categories of causes -mechanical -accidental -intentional -inadvertent

Externalities

harmful impacts result from market transaction but are borne by people not involved in the transaction

whats hard to ban and why?

hate speech, its an expression of political ideas.

social regulation

help achieve socially desirable outcomes

policy networks

leaders and organized interests (such as lobbies) that form temporary alliances to influence a particular foreign policy decision

Substantive civil liberties

limits on what the government can or cannot do

what is the social construction of a problem linked to?

linked to the existing social, political, and ideological structures at the time.

AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children)

more than half (55%) of money funded by federal govt.

Tragedy of the Commons

must develop guidelines for commonly held resources

monopoly power

n economics, a government monopoly or public monopoly is a form of coercive monopoly in which a government agency or government corporation is the sole provider of a particular good or service and competition is prohibited by law. It is a monopoly created by the government.

social construction Deborah stone

people tell stories about how problems come to be by using symbols, numbers, and stories about causes.

environmental policy

pertains to human interactions with the environment

punctuated equilibrium

policy change is characterized by long-run stability punctuated with short-term shocks that make policy change more likely

Regulatory Policy

policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples include protection of the environment and consumer protection

Types of Policies

redistributive, promotional, distributive, regulatory

contractionary spending

reduce govt spending, transfer payments, or raising taxes. (helps reduce inflationary pressures)

what is not explicitly written in the constitution?

right to privacy

procedural civil liberties

rules regarding how the government must act

venue shopping

seeking out government institution where you're most likely to be successful

affirmative action

set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices "intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination" -Quotas are illegal since Bakke -1978

are most environmental problems short-term or long-term?

short term

blocking power

the ability to keep a person form doing what he or she wants to do

environmental justice

the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

institutions agenda

the list of items explicitly up for the active and serious consideration of authoritative discussion-makers

coercive power

the power to compel people to do things, even when against their will.

policy implementation

the stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. It involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program.

Elite Theory

theory that upper class elites exercise great influence over public policy

Role of bureaucracies in policymaking

to shape/help create new laws

narrative stories

told about how things good or bad happen. things are getting worse or declining. simple solutions to complex problems

dominant group

work to limit the scope of conflict

libel

written defamation