Species of organisms

Convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

What eukaryotic kingdom contain large unicellular group organism?

Protista

All of the following are domain except a. Bacteria b. Archaea. c. Protists. d. Eukarya

Protists

What is International Code of Binomial Nomenclature (ICBN)?

Refers the rules and recommendations associated with the scientific naming of formal names given to the plants/animals. According to the ICBN, each taxonomic group of plants should have only one correct name, which is accepted worldwide

Homologous structure

Similar structures but different functions in different species which are suggested that they come from a common ancestry Ex: the arm of human and the wing of a bird/bat The leg of a dog and the flipper of a dolphin/whale They look different and have different purpose, but they are similar and share common traits

Archaea vs. eubacteria

Similarity: contains prokaryotes (single-called organisms that lack a true nucleus) Difference: they are different in structural, genetic, and biochemical characteristics

order

Similarly, families that share major characteristics are placed into the same ______.

How many kingdoms of organisms?

Six Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Swedish botanist, 18th century, modern taxonomy period His classification organized all plants and animals from the level of kingdoms all the way down to species. He invented Binomial Nomenclature ("Genus species", the rule for naming organisms) which is much simpler system of naming animals, plants, and other organisms

What is the ICZN? What does this stand for and why is it important to zoology?

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. It acts as an adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals.

Domain

The eighth (highest) level of classification The broadest and most inclusive taxa

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of an organism and its relationship to other species

Domain(s)

The highest rank in biological classification There are 3 ______. Archaea, bacteria, and Eukarya

Evolutionary relationship

The relationship between two species that have a common ancestor. It is also called phylogenic relationship

Taxonomists

______ use clues of appearance and behavior to identify and assign names to organisms

Homologous structures are structures that are similar in related organisms because they are inherited from ______. These structures may/may not have the same function in the descendants.

a common ancestor

Organisms that are closer together on a cladogram simple share ______ than those are farther apart.

a more recent common ancestor

In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes _____ species.

above

Scientists compare the ________ of living things to understand how they evolved.

anatomy, embryos, and DNA

Human embryos resemble those of many other species because all animals carry very _____. These genes date back to the origin of cells, which are expressed during a middle phase of embryonic development.

ancient genes

Bacteria are similar to Achaea in that they ______.

are prokaryotes

By Ray's definition, the offspring of a single mating were all considered to belong to the same species, even if they contained different-looking individuals, _______.

as long as these individuals could interbreed

The six kingdoms can be organized into three domains based on ______.

cell structure and DNA sequence

Some species resemble each other because they independently evolved similar structures in response to similar environments or ways of life, not because they share a recent common ancestor. This is called convergent evolution because _______.

distantly related species seem to converge in appearance (become more similar)

In addition to the genus and species names, an organism is also assigned to higher levels of classification. The most general category, _____, is the largest grouping, follow by _____.

domain Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Just as Darwin did many years ago, today's scientists study living species to learn about evolution. They compare the anatomy, _________ of modern organisms to understand how they evolved.

embryos, and DNA

It is thought that mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells came from ______.

endosymbiosis of bacteria

Similar DNA sequences are the strongest evidence for evolution from a common ancestor. More similarities in the DNA sequence is evidence for a closer ________.

evolutionary relationship Ex: the figure shows how humans and apes are related based on DNA sequences

Each _____ contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related through common decent

genus

All vertebrate embryos, for example, have ______. Most vertebrates, except fish, lose their gill slits by adulthood. Some of them also lose their tail.

gill slits and tails

In general, the _______ between two species, the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor.

greater the resemblance

Evidence for evolution is provided by ________. These are structures shared by related organisms that were inherited from a common ancestor.

homologous structures

In addition to organizing a great number of organisms, the study of taxonomy also gives us a glimpse of the evolutionary history of life on earth. Organisms with similar characteristics are ______.

more likely to be related to each other

There is ______ of all organisms that ever lived!

only 5%

Another way of showing the evolutionary relationship between organisms is in the form of ______.

phylogenetic tree The greater the distance, the more difference their appearance

vestigial structures

remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species. Ex: ear muscles and tail bones

The ______, are found in all organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals.

same biochemical building blocks, such as amino acids (building blocks of proteins) and nucleotides (building blocks of DNA and RNA).

Organisms that are closer together on a cladogram ________.

share a more recent common ancestor than those organisms that are farther apart

The classification system commonly used today is based on the Linnaean system and has eight levels of ______, from the most general to the most specific.

taxa/group

Biologists recognize _____ domains:

three bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya

Binomial Nomenclature

A system of naming plants and animals in which each species is given a name consisting two terms genus and species. Genus is capitalized, and species is not The two parts of the name are italicized.

What is Dichotomous keying used for?

An important scientific used to identify different organisms, based on the organism's observable traits. It consists of a series of paired statements/clues about features or characteristics providing a stepwise guide toward identifying each entity.

Who invented Latin Binomial Nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus. He was the first taxonomist who combined a hierarchy system of classification from kingdom to species with the method of binomial nomenclature, using it consistently to identify every species of both plants and animals

Which taxonomic group below the Phylum and above the Order?

Class

Modern taxonomy

Classification/grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships

Plantae kingdom

Include mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants, ... They are multicellular plants composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls They obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption

Animalia kingdom

Include sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates, ... They are multicellular animals composed of eukaryotic cells The cells are organized into tissues but lack of cell walls They obtain nutrients by ingestion

Taxon/group (taxa plural)

It is a category into which related organisms are placed

Homo

It is a genus that has only 1 species: modern humans

What is classification?

It is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similar characteristics It is also called taxonomy

Which kingdom of prokaryotes that is a diverse group and greatly differs from bacteria?

Kingdom archaea

Which kingdom of prokaryotes that cause disease or are used in industry?

Kingdom bacteria

What is classification system of the Middle Ages called?

Polynomial system

Taxonomy

The branch of biology that identifies and names such groups of organisms

Protista kingdom

include protozoans, simple alga, slime molds, bacteria, ... It is very diverse, and consists of large number of single-celled/unicellular organisms

One difference between the kingdom Protista and other three kingdoms in the domain Eukarya is that the other kingdoms are mostly _______.

unicellular

What are three domains?

1) Archaea 2) Eubacteria (Bacteria) 3) Eukarya Archaea & eubacteria contain prokaryotes (single-called organisms that lack a true nucleus) Eukarya contains Eukaryotes (organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles)

How was the classification system devised by Carolus Linnaeus different from previous systems?

1) Plants and animals were given Latin names. 2) Plants and animals were identified by genus and species.

Dichotomous keying

1) Used to identify organisms 2) Characteristics given in pairs 3) Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics or identify the organism

What are benefits of classifying/taxonomy?

1) use same language, Latin or some Greek, for all names which are understood by all taxonomists 2) prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that are not really fish 3) accurately & uniformly names organisms that help us easily communicate biological info

There are ____ known species of organisms

13 billions

How many kingdoms the domain Eukarya (consists of eukaryotic organisms) is divided into?

4 kingdoms: 1) Protista, (2) Fungi, (3) Plantae and (4) Animalia All organisms in these four kingdoms are made of eukaryotic cells

Genera (singular, genus)

<L. "group"

Cladogram

A branching diagram that represents the phylogeny It convey comparative info about relative relationships.

Genus vs. species

A genus is a group of animals that are very similar and most likely had a common ancestor. In contrast, a species is just one type of animal. Ex: the genus Canis, which is Latin for "dog", includes all domestic breeds of dog and their closet wild relatives, such as wolves, coyotes, jackals, and dingoes. However, all domestic dogs are belong to one species

Taxon (plural, taxa)

A group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system

Compare the first 30 amino acids of the insulin precursor protein in the different organisms below to help infer how closely two species are related.

A mouse is more closely related to humans than a chicken A pig more closely related to humans than a mouse

Polynomial system (mid-1700s)

A series of descriptive terms added to the name of the genus for a particular kind of organism, which is called species. These long phrases, starting the name of the genus, strings of Latin words, and phrases consisting of up to 12 or more words

species

All the individuals that belong to it can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring The basic biological unit in the Linnaean system of classification.

What are most familiar kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms (eukarya domain)?

Animalia and Plantae: both are multicellular organisms during most of their life cycle

What does "similar embryo development" mean?

Animals are similar, and they develop similarly. It implies that animalscare related and have common ancestors as they start out the same and gradually evolving different traits.

What is the difference between Archaea & eubacteria vs. Eukarya?

Archaea & eubacteria: unicellular prokaryotes, no nucleus, no membrane-bounded organelles Eukarya: more complex, multicellular eukaryotes, have nucleus, have membrane-bounded organelles

________ are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)

Archaea and Eubacteria

What are two remaining two kingdoms, consist of prokaryotic organisms?

Archaea and bacteria These organisms are vastly different from all other living things

What Carolus Linnaeus based on when he classified and named organisms?

Based on organisms' structure and similar characteristics

family

Biologists need more than 2 categories (genus and species) to classify all the world's living things. Taxonomists group the genera with similar properties into a cluster called a _____.

Who is the "Father of Taxonomy"?

Carolus Linnaeus His two-part naming system was eventually adopted by taxonomists worldwide.

What is Carolus Linnaeus famous for?

Creating a much simpler system of two-part naming for all living things. He grouped organisms into high-level categories based on their similar characteristics. Although he did not intend to show evolutionary connections between different organisms, this hierarchy system acknowledged that there were broad similarities shared by groups of species that distinguished them from other groups.

Darwin could compare only the anatomy and embryos of living things. Today, scientists can compare their DNA. Similar _______ are the strongest evidence for evolution from a common ancestor.

DNA sequences

What is the order of taxonomic ranking?

Did King Phillip come over for green spaghetti

Which domain has only one kingdom in each? Therefore, it's domain and kingdom's name is the same.

Domain archaea and bacteria, each has one one kingdom. On the other hand, domain eukarya has 4 kingdoms.

Early taxonomy vs. modern taxonomy

Early taxonomy: classification were simple and mostly functional. Organisms were compared based on physical features and phenotypic similarities Modern taxonomy: classification is based on phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships of organisms

John Ray (1627-1705)

English botanist, mid-1700s, Polynomial system He was the first to use Latin for naming organisms. His naming's were very long description telling everything about the plant.

_______ are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukarya

Even though, archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, _______ are more closely related to each other then bacteria?

Eukarya and archaea

Animalia kingdom's characteristics

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, heterotrophic, lacking of cell wall, and mostly motile They are ingestive heterotrophs: consume food and digest it inside their bodies/internal cavity Eat plants or other animals

What do "similar embryo development" suggest?

Evidence of an evolutionary common ancestor is seen in the similarity of embryos in markedly different species. Embryos and the development of embryos of various species within a class are similar even if their adult forms look nothing alike.

Which taxonomic group has one or more genera?

Family

Which kingdom do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients thru absorption?

Fungi kingdom Fungi digest their food by means of secreted extracellular enzymes

What eukaryotic kingdom contain single-called organism? a. Plantaea b. Fungi c. archaea d. Animalia

Fungi kingdom has yeast which is a single-called organism

Fungi kingdom vs. Plantae kingdom

Fungi: No photosynthesis, obtain food thru absorption, cell wall is made of chitin Plantae: make own food by photosynthesis, cell wall is made of cellulose (polysaccharides)

What are the 2 words called in a scientific name?

Genus species Genus is always capitalized, and species is never capitalized

Aristotle, 2000 years ago

Greek philosopher, during early taxonomy period 1);He categorized organisms as either plants and animals. 2) He divided plants into 3 kinds based on stem differences 3) He subdivided then by their habitats: land, sea, or air dwellers

Which genera/genus contains only one species? What is the name of that species?

Homo genus contains only 1 species. That species is modern humans

ICZN vs. ICNafp/ICN

ICZN for animals ICN for algae, fungi, and plants

Fungi kingdom

Include mushrooms, yeasts, sac fungi, club fungi, molds, ... They are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell types. The cells have cell walls made of chitin They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients thru absorption

Taxonomy

It is the study of naming, defining and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics There are 2 main periods. 1) early taxonomy: based on structural (size, shape, ...) similarities of organisms 2) modern taxonomy: based on evolutionary, and genetic relationships of organisms

Comparative embryology

It is the study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different species. Similarities in embryos are evidence of common ancestry.

Who was one of the first scientist to propose a general definition of species?

John Ray In 1700, he suggested a simple way to recognize a species: all the individuals that belong to it can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring. Ex: all domestic cats are one species because they cal all interbreed

What is the 2nd highest rank in biological classification?

Kingdom There are 4 kingdoms

By formal agreement among taxonomists throughout the world, no two organisms can have the same name. So that no one country is favored, a language spoken by no country. _______.

Latin-is-used for the names

What animals have "similar embryo development"?

Mice, fish, frogs and even humans look remarkably at early embryonic stages, and appear to share the same molecular instructions that are crucial to normal embryo development

What are genera which have only 1 species called?

Monotypes genera There are 438 monotypes genera

Protista kingdom's characteristics

Most are unicellular, and some are multicellular Some are autotrophic (using light to produce their own food by photosynthesis), while others are heterotrophic (can not produce their own food, rely on other organisms, and ingest food by phagocytosis)

Why it is valuable to compare organisms in the embryotic stage?

Most vertebrates, except for fish, lose their gill slits by adulthood. Some of them also lose their tails. In human, the tail is reduced to the tail bone. Thus, similarities organisms share as embryos may be gone by adulthood.

Plantae kingdom's characteristics

Multicellular Autotrophic (using sunlight to produce own food by photosynthesis) Absorb sunlight to make glucose (photosynthesis) Cell walls made of cellulose

Fungi kingdom's characteristics

Multicellular organisms: mushrooms and molds Unicellular organisms: yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body and then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin

Classification

Multilevel grouping of individuals

______ are still being found and identified.

New organisms

class

Orders with common properties are placed into the same ______.

What are homologous structures?

Organs, skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor. These structures do not have to look exactly the same, nor have the same function

Polynomial system vs. Binomial system

Polynomial system: names an organism using a list of adjectives that describe it Binomial system: names an organism using a two-part nam, it's use be one widespread

What are the 8 levels of classification from the most general to the most specific?

1) Domain 2) Kingdom 3) Phylum (Division - used for plants) 4) Class 5) Order 6) Family 7) Genus 8) Species