SPED PART 3
1. Dyslexia refers to a severe impairment in the ability to a. read. b. write. c. compute. d. use expressive language.
A
12. Research on the neurological basis of learning disabilities a. has been relatively consistent in pointing to the left temporal lobe as being involved. b. has made it possible to use neuroimaging as a screening tool for learning disabilities. c. has largely failed to find any connection between brain function and learning disabilities. d. has largely failed to find any connection between brain structure and learning disabilities.
A
15. John, Jim, and Ann are fifth-grade students with learning disabilities. Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of interindividual differences? a. John has problems with math, while Ann has problems with reading. b. In comparison to the nondisabled students in her class, Ann scores lower in reading and math. c. Jim does well in reading, but not in math. d. John has high intelligence, but low achievement in spelling.
A
16. Freda, Sam, and Liz are eighth-grade students with learning disabilities. Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of intraindividual variation? a. Freda scores high in math, but not in spelling. b. In comparison to eighth graders nationally, Sam scores lower in reading and written expression. c. In comparison to Freda and Sam, Liz has higher achievement in math. d. Liz has lower reading scores than any of the nondisabled students in her class.
A
16. Which statement about the brains of people with ADHD is TRUE? a. Neuroimaging techniques have shown there is a neurological basis for ADHD. b. Neuroimaging technology has shown there is no neurological basis for ADHD. c. Most people with ADHD show neurological signs of tissue damage to the brain. d. There is a diagnostic blood test now available for ADHD.
A
17. By definition, every student with learning disabilities has a. academic problems. b. brain damage. c. hyperactivity. d. deficits in all academic areas.
A
18. Which poses the most difficulty for most children with learning disabilities? a. reading b. spelling c. handwriting d. math
A
21. The classic "Marshmallow Experiment" and follow-up studies demonstrated that a. delay of gratification by young children was related to several negative outcomes in adulthood. b. sugar intake has little impact on children's hyperactivity. c. the more sweets young children with ADHD consume when unsupervised, the greater the likelihood that they will have traffic violations as adults. d. marshmallows are more reinforcing than Oreos for children with ADHD but not for nondisabled children.
A
21. When writing creatively, students with learning disabilities tend to a. use less complex sentence structures than their peers. b. write paragraphs that are generally as well organized as their peers. c. include about the same number of ideas as their peers. d. have the same type and degree of handwriting problems as their peers.
A
23. All of executive function EXCEPT the following are ways that people with ADHD can exhibit problems with a. They have difficulty telling right from wrong. b. They have difficulty with working memory. c. They have difficulty with inhibitory control. d. They have difficulty with mental flexibility.
A
25. Researchers have found that one of the major reasons that children with learning disabilities perform poorly on memory tasks is that a. they fail to use strategies. b. their working memory is much more advanced so it interferes with short term memory. c. they have been exposed to too much direct instruction. d. they are either auditory or visual learners but not both.
A
26. The negative social status experienced by students with ADHD is a. usually long lasting. b. usually overcome by early adulthood. c. largely a myth associated with the label. d. generally an issue only during high school.
A
3. Which of the following is a way that Still's cases were similar to today's population of persons with ADHD? a. Many had average intelligence. b. The condition was more prevalent in females than males. c. There was no evidence of a hereditary basis. d. Most of the children had no other psychological or physical problems.
A
30. Individuals who have a cluster of disabilities in social interaction, math, visual-spatial tasks, and tactual tasks are referred to as having a. nonverbal learning disabilities. b. motivational problems. c. social cognition problems. d. locus of control deficits.
A
31. Determining the antecedents, consequences, and setting events that maintain inappropriate behaviors is called a. functional behavioral assessment. b. functional deconstruction. c. behavioral self-awareness. d. behavioral contracting.
A
33. Making students aware of the stages of problem-solving tasks while they are performing them and bringing behavior under verbal control is a. self-instruction. b. self-monitoring. c. scaffolded instruction. d. reciprocal teaching.
A
34. A method in which assistance is provided to students when they are first learning tasks, then gradually reduced until the students do the tasks independently is a. scaffolded instruction. b. self-monitoring. c. prompted instruction. d. self-regulated strategy development.
A
35. A method in which the teacher-student relationship is similar to that of an expert and an apprentice is a. reciprocal teaching. b. scaffolded instruction. c. co-teaching. d. team teaching.
A
35. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, all of the following are recommendations for teaching children with ADHD EXCEPT a. Take advantage of their inherent fear of punishment. b. Follow the same routine every day. c. Have a place for everything, keep everything in its place. d. Have clear and consistent rules.
A
36. In one of the Video Examples, a teacher describes what her school did to integrate students with ADHD into the school. She stated that what was key was the overall school policy of... a. structure, discipline, and explicit expectations and instructions regarding student behavior. b. prohibiting school suspension. c. "one strike and you're out," i.e., after the first infraction of school rules, the student is suspended until the parent(s) or guardian(s) meet with the principal and the assistant principal for discipline. d. full inclusion.
A
38. Research has documented that adults with ADHD are prone to engage in... a. mind wandering. b. self-stimulation. c. self-denigration. d. mindfulness on their own.
A
4. The fact that measures of academic learning in the early grades are relatively insensitive to small gaps in skills a. has been used as a reason for criticizing the use of IQ-achievement discrepancy to identify students with learning disabilities. b. has been used as reason for using response to intervention to identify students with learning disabilities. c. makes it difficult to distinguish between motivation to learn versus fear of failure. d. has led to an artificial increase in the prevalence of learning disabilities.
A
44. Momentary time sampling is ________ used to capture a representative sample of a target behavior over a specified period of time. a. an interval recording procedure b. a contingency-based intervention c. a group contingency-based intervention d. a less effective way than simply asking the teacher to estimate the child's performance
A
47. The most common testing accommodations for students with learning disabilities are a. extended time and small group administration. b. dividing assessment into multiple sessions and individual assessment. c. having directions read aloud and group administration. d. extended time and group administration.
A
50. In addition to a transition plan, federal law now requires that schools develop a(n) a. summary of performance. b. exit interview. c. assessment review. d. list of ongoing accommodations
A
50. Research suggests that about ________% of those diagnosed as ADHD in childhood still persist with major symptoms as adults. a. 50 b. 80 c. 20 d. 13
A
8. Each of the following is a subdivision of ADHD according to the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual EXCEPT a. predominantly lethargic-inattentive type. b. predominantly inattentive type. c. predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type. d. combined type.
A
11. Which of the following is a reason why ADHD was not included when the federal government began tracking the prevalence of disabilities? a. There was a large body of research suggesting it is not a distinct disability. b. The advocacy base for children with ADHD was not yet well-developed. c. There was already a category for minimal brain injury. d. The federal government put a cap on the number of disability types to be served by public schools.
B
13. In the Video Example in the text, Author Hallahan refers to research suggesting that variability is the lowest from state to state in prevalence of students identified as a. emotionally disturbed. b. learning disabled. c. mentally retarded/intellectually disabled. d. blind.
B
15. Rating scales used for ADHD are generally filled out by each of the following EXCEPT a. parents. b. medical doctors. c. teachers. d. the child.
B
19. A neurotransmitter involved in sending messages between neurons and the brain that is found in abnormal levels in people with ADHD is a. histamine. b. dopamine. c. dexedrine. d. caladrine
B
19. The ability to understand that specific words can be broken down into individual sounds is referred to as a. phonological awareness. b. phonemic awareness. c. decoding. d. reading fluency.
B
2. A physician credited with being the first to address the issue of attention deficits in the professional literature is a. George Still. b. Melchior Adam Weikard. c. Alfred Strauss. d. Kurt Goldstein.
B
20. Students with poor phonological skills are most likely to have problems with which aspect of written language? a. handwriting b. spelling c. metacognitive strategies d. creative writing
B
26. What percentage of children with learning disabilities do recent estimates indicate also have attention problems? a. less than 10% b. about 50% c. about 80% d. 100%
B
29. Difficulties experienced by students with learning disabilities in interpreting the feeling and emotions of others reflects a problem with a. visual perception. b. social cognition. c. affective disorder. d. referential communication.
B
29. The National Institute of Health recommends all of the following for students with ADHD EXCEPT a. maintaining a daily schedule that is consistent. b. a strong emphasis on student-directed learning. c. use praise when rules are followed. d. use homework and notebook organizers.
B
31. In a Video Example, the teacher states the model she has seen that works best for students with learning disabilities is a. discovery learning. b. explicit instruction. c. universal design for learning (UDL). d. learning styles.
B
33. In contingency-based self-management, the "contingency" is usually a type of a. punishment. b. reward. c. aversive. d. contract.
B
36. Repeated readings is a technique specifically used to improve a. phonemic awareness. b. reading fluency. c. phonics. d. reading comprehension.
B
37. Effective writing instruction involves teaching systematic strategies for each of the following EXCEPT a. planning. b. handwriting skills. c. revising. d. editing.
B
37. In this model of co-teaching, the two teachers split the class into two groups and teach the same content to a smaller group of students. a. One Teach, One Drift b. Parallel Teaching c. Accommodation Teaching d. Alternative Teaching
B
40. Which of the following statements about Ritalin is TRUE? a. Research is overwhelmingly negative on its effectiveness in helping students have more normalized behavioral inhibition and executive functioning. b. Ritalin is not effective for about 30% of people who take it. c. Ritalin has no side effects. d. By taking Ritalin, children with ADHD are more likely to become abusers of drugs later in life.
B
42. Each of the following is TRUE of peer-assisted learning strategies (PALS) EXCEPT a. it involves pairing a higher-performing student with a lower-performing student. b. it is not effective for high school students without learning disabilities. c. students take turns being "coach" and "reader." d. students participate in three 35-minute-long tutoring sessions each week.
B
45. Which statement is TRUE about the Telephone Interview Probe (TIP)? a. It uses comprehensive, weekly telephone calls with parents to determine effects of intervention. b. It is particularly useful for determining the effects of psychostimulants at different times of the day c. It has a broader time frame than many other common rating scales. d. It is only used to provide ratings of inattention.
B
48. Rather than talking about identification of learning disabilities at the preschool level, educators emphasize a. causation/etiology. b. prediction. c. adaptive behavior. d. classification.
B
49. A therapeutic technique that involves identifying someone whom the person with ADHD can rely on for support is a. training. b. coaching. c. encouraging. d. directing.
B
5. According to law, states a. must require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement, but may permit the use of response to intervention. b. must not require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement, and must permit the use of response to intervention. c. must require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement, and must require the use of response to intervention. d. must not require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement, and must not require the use of response to intervention.
B
5. In addition to clinical observations, Werner and Strauss used an experimental task consisting of a. tests on sensitivity to light. b. figure/background slides that were presented at very brief exposure times. c. hyperactivity. d. examining perseveration.
B
7. All of the following have been identified as concerns about response to intervention EXCEPT a. Most of what is validated about RTI is focused just on reading. b. Most of the research on RTI has focused on grades 3-5, leaving a vacuum of what we know about its implementation in 1 and 2, where it is most important to intervene. c. Some students do well enough in Tier 2 to return to Tier 1, but then they experience difficulties, resulting in returning to Tier 2. d. Currently, many general education teachers are failing to use evidence-based instruction in Tier 1.
B
7. What do many authorities currently suggest should replace inattention as the primary deficit in ADHD? a. hyperactivity b. behavioral inhibition c. aggressiveness d. subtle brain damage
B
8. In a typical school of 1000 students, about how many students identified as learning disabled would you expect to find? a. 10 b. 50 c. 150 d. 250
B
9. Child guidance clinics a. rarely see clients who have ADHD. b. see children with ADHD more than they see children with most other types of disabilities. c. see many more girls than boys with ADHD. d. turn away more children with ADHD than they treat.
B
1. Authorities have used all of the following as a historical basis for the existence of ADHD EXCEPT a. Still's children with "defective moral control." b. Goldstein's brain-injured soldiers of World War I. c. Cruickshank's poems of children led astray by goblins and fairies. d. Weikard's chapter on "Lack of Attention."
C
11. Research using neuroimaging suggests that some cases of learning disability are caused by a. poor nutrition. b. brain damage. c. structural and functional differences in the brain. d. allergies to food additives.
C
14. All of the following are TRUE EXCEPT a. Learning disabilities tend to run in families. b. Premature birth can result in learning disabilities. c. Toxins have been ruled out as a potential cause of learning disabilities. d. Most geneticists agree that there is no single gene that causes learning disabilities.
C
14. All of the following are often used as part of the process of diagnosing children with ADHD EXCEPT a. a medical exam. b. a clinician interviewing parents and child. c. neuroimaging. d. teacher- and parent-rating scales.
C
18. The basal ganglia and cerebellum are responsible for a. regulating one's own behavior. b. executive functioning. c. coordination and control of motor behavior. d. communication between the hemispheres of the brain.
C
20. All of the following are TRUE EXCEPT a. It is highly unlikely that watching TV as a cause of ADHD. b. It is highly unlikely that playing video games as a cause of ADHD. c. There is some suggestive evidence that food allergies may cause ADHD for a very small subgroup of children. d. Exposure to lead and the abuse of alcohol by pregnant women increases the likelihood of ADHD.
C
22. All of the following are examples of behavioral inhibition EXCEPT... a. the ability to wait one's turn b. refraining from interrupting in conversations c. working for immediate gratification or short-term rewards d. resisting potential distractions while working
C
25. Compared to students with other disabilities, students with ADHD a. have fewer social skills problems. b. have more friends of the opposite gender. c. are more disliked by their peers. d. are viewed as less rude.
C
27. ADHD has been shown to often coexist with each of the following EXCEPT a. learning disabilities. b. emotional or behavioral disorders. c. giftedness. d. substance abuse.
C
27. Students with learning disabilities a. have problems with working memory but not long-term memory. b. have problems with long term memory but not working memory. c. can have problems in working memory and/or long-term memory. d. are no different in memory skills from nondisabled peers as long as they are motivated properly.
C
28. In Video Example 7.2, Hallahan states that his research showed that self-monitoring of attention was most useful for a. learning new material. b. science homework. c. math seatwork. d. expository writing.
C
3. Each of the following is an element of the NJCLD definition EXCEPT a. Learning disabilities are due to central nervous system dysfunction. b. Learning disabilities are a lifelong condition. c. Spelling is a specific manifestation of learning disabilities. d. Learning disabilities can occur concurrently with mental retardation.
C
32. Contingency-based self-management involves having persons a. take turns with other students in keeping track of their own behavior and then receive consequences based on an average of their behavior and the other student's behavior. b. predict how well they will do on a behavioral checklist scored by the teacher-the better they are able to predict, the greater the rewards they receive. c. keep track of their own behavior and then receive consequences based on that behavior. d. choose their own goals and their own rewards.
C
34. A teacher sets up a machine that beeps at random intervals; research has demonstrated that, if students check "yes" or "no" in answer to whether they were paying attention when the beeper beeps, a. their self-determination skills will decrease. b. their actual attention will decrease because of being distracted by the beeps. c. their actual attention will improve. d. their actual attention will improve, only if they are auditory-learners.
C
38. Which approach to mathematics instruction is most efficient for students with learning disabilities? a. constructivist b. discovery-oriented c. teacher-directed d. student-centered
C
39. Visual devices that employ lines, circles, and boxes to organize information are a. mnemonic organizers. b. linear organizers. c. graphic organizers. d. geometric organizers.
C
4. A person diagnosed as ADHD is more likely than most people to exhibit a. stubbornness. b. sociopathic tendencies. c. perseveration. d. artistic talents.
C
40. All of the following are features of Direct Instruction EXCEPT a. fast-paced lessons. b. emphasis on drill and practice. c. student-centered lessons. d. immediate corrective feedback.
C
42. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the treatment for ADHD that shows the most effective immediate results is a. medication management. b. behavioral management. c. combined medication management and behavioral management. d. community care.
C
44. The part of the graph typically used with curriculum-based measurement to depict where a student should be performing at a given point in time is the a. baseline data point. b. expected growth norm. c. aim line. d. goal.
C
45. All of the following practices are typical of curriculum-based assessment EXCEPT a. frequent observation of child's behavior. b. testing completed by classroom teacher. c. comparison of child to national norms. d. use of curriculum the student has been exposed to
C
46. Several of the Video Examples in this chapter emphasize the value of using ________ in teaching students with learning disabilities. a. technology b. social reinforcement c. explicit instruction d. mindfulness techniques
C
47. The best "test" for ADHD in adults is a. Conners behavior scales. b. an MRI to test for brain abnormalities. c. the person's life and medical history. d. referrals from past teachers.
C
48. Each of the following conclusions about adults with ADHD have been documented EXCEPT a. They finish fewer years of school. b. They have more automobile infractions. c. They have fewer marital problems. d. They have more addictive behaviors.
C
49. According to the Council for Exceptional Children, special education teachers of students with learning disabilities should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT a. address a variety of academic learning problems, such as reading, math, and spelling. b. help students apply these academic skills in the general education content areas, such as science and social studies. c. teach the exact same content as the general education teacher. d. teach academic skills in several different settings, such as individually or in small or large groups.
C
6. One of the major advantages of the response to intervention method of identifying learning disabilities is that a. it is easy to implement. b. it is not subject to the same "wait-to fail" criticism. c. it ensures that a student's low achievement is not simply due to ineffective instruction. d. a great deal of research has been done to show how best to implement RTI.
C
10. Each of the following is suggested as an explanation for why boys outnumber girls in the learning disabilities category EXCEPT a. greater biological vulnerability of boys. b. decrease in prevalence of intellectual disabilities. c. other behavior by boys (hyperactivity) leads to referral. d. lower academic expectations for girls.
D
10. What percentage of the school-age population does the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report as having ADHD? a. 1-2% b. 1-3% c. 2-4% d. 7-9%
D
12. Students with ADHD receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in which category? a. ADHD b. learning disabilities c. emotional or behavioral disorders d. other health impaired (OHI)
D
13. Each of the following is TRUE EXCEPT a. The growth of the Other Health Impaired category suggests that students with ADHD are identified as OHI. b. ADHD occurs much more frequently in boys than in girls. c. Gender differences in diagnosis of ADHD are likely due to biological differences. d. Statistics show that ADHD is largely a U.S. phenomenon.
D
17. The part of the brain responsible for executive functions such as the ability to regulate one's own behavior is the a. basal ganglia. b. cerebellum. c. corpus collosum. d. frontal lobes.
D
2. The most commonly used definition of learning disabilities is that endorsed by a. AAIDD. b. NJCLD. c. LDA. d. the federal government.
D
22. Gareth is a twelve-year-old with learning disabilities who makes many grammatical errors when speaking. Gareth has a problem with which aspect of language? a. phonology b. semantics c. pragmatics d. syntax
D
23. Pragmatics is the study of a. word order within sentences. b. the sound structure of words. c. the meaning of language. d. language use in social settings.
D
24. An academic area that comes closest to reading in causing as much trouble for students with learning disabilities is a. spoken language. b. science. c. written language. d. math.
D
24. An area of deficits that has traditionally been associated with persons with intellectual disabilities but is beginning to be of interest with respect to persons with ADHD is a. stereotypic behaviors. b. verbal intelligence. c. gullibility. d. adaptive behavior skills.
D
28. Which one of the following problems best illustrates difficulty in metacognition? a. Joelle reverses b and d. b. Simon is always active and out of his seat. c. Rita can't tell the difference between the spoken words think and thing. d. Oscar neglects to slow down when reading a difficult passage.
D
30. All of the following are suggestions for teaching students with ADHD EXCEPT... a. divide instruction into meaningful chunks. b. provide a rationale for each lesson. c. include opportunities for guided practice. d. avoid "thinking aloud" as this is very distracting.
D
32. Cognitive training involves all of the following EXCEPT a. changing thought processes. b. providing strategies for learning. c. teaching self-initiative. d. multisensory training.
D
39. The most frequently prescribed types of medication for students with ADHD are a. depressants. b. mood enhancers. c. psychotropics. d. psychostimulants.
D
41. A method involving breaking down academic problems into their component parts that can be taught separately and then combined is called a. direct instruction. b. scaffolded instruction. c. cognitive training. d. task analysis.
D
41. All of the following are cautions concerning Ritalin EXCEPT.... a. It should not be prescribed at the first sign of a behavioral problem. b. The results for academic outcomes are unclear. c. Proper dosage levels vary considerably. d. It is an over-the-counter substance with little chance of abuse.
D
43. For students with ADHD, assessment of progress a. should focus on attention, not academics. b. should focus on academics, not attention. c. is best accomplished by analyzing performance on standardized tests. d. is similar to the approaches used for students with learning disabilities.
D
43. The most common placement for students with learning disabilities is a. self-contained special classes. b. special schools. c. resource room. d. general education classroom.
D
46. Diagnosis of young children with ADHD is particularly difficult because a. there is no funding to do assessment in preschool. b. the symptoms usually do not appear before a child is eight years of age. c. preschool teachers have no training in identifying children with disabilities. d. many preschoolers without ADHD exhibit a great deal of activity and impulsivity.
D
6. Cruickshank's work was important with respect to ADHD for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. The children he studied had cerebral palsy, definitely caused by brain damage. b. Most of the children had average intelligence. c. He was among the first to have an educational program for children with characteristics of what is now called ADHD. d. He showed that hyperactivity could exist concomitantly with mental retardation.
D
9. Increases in the number of students in the learning disabilities category between 1975 and 2000 has been attributed to all of the following factors EXCEPT a. poor diagnostic procedures. b. teachers' reluctance to change teaching methods when students aren't doing well. c. increase in poverty and stress on families and children. d. increase in prevalence of mental retardation.
D