Speech

False Cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

preliminary bibliography

a list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech

catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

speech to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Symposium

a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

specific purpose

a single phrase that defines precisely what is to be accomplished in a speech

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

panel discussion

a structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience

Amalia needs to find information from scholarly journals for her persuasive speech on prescription drug shortages. The best resource for her would be a(n)

academic database such as JSTOR or Academic OneFile

Colin wants to find scholarly research on eating disorders. The best place for him to look is in

academic databases

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

Ethos

credibility

Sarah is listening to her roommate to provide emotional support in a time of distress. According to your textbook, Sarah is engaged in __________ listening.

empathic

Fallacy

error in reasoning

When Julia Wang quoted former U.S. Social Security Commissioner Dorcas Hardy in her speech on reforming the Social Security system, she was using what your textbook calls ____________ testimony.

expert

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Ramona is preparing a persuasive speech on environmental issues to present to members of the National Wildlife Federation. The most important factor Ramona should consider when analyzing her audience is probably its

group membership

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Parallelism

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses

According to your textbook global plagiarism occurs when a person

takes a speech entirely from one source and passes it off as her or his own

Diego needs to make an impromptu response to another speaker at a staff meeting. Your textbook recommends that he should do all of the following except

tell the audience how nervous he is about impromptu speaking.

Comparitave advantage

the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.

general purpose

the broad goal of a speech

Egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyest

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Adrenaline

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

rhetorical question

A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer

Carmen is a member of a student task force

A task need

Asad was giving an interesting speech about the earliest astronomical observatories—a subject he was very excited about—when he misidentified the founder of the Istanbul observatory. When he realized his mistake, he corrected it, but then he felt flustered and wasn't as confident for the rest of his speech. What advice from your textbook should Asad keep in mind?

All of these are correct

In his speech on the importance of regular exercise Aymail

Alliteration

od hominem

Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Monroe's motivated sequence

Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

When Sophia attended the first discussion section for her math class and heard her instructor begin speaking with an unfamiliar accent, she immediately decided, "I won't learn anything from this teacher." Sophia failed to uphold which guideline for ethical listening?

Avoid prejudging the speaker

Having spent two years working in a television newsroom, Madison decided to give her informative speech on that topic. Because she knew a lot about it and was comfortable speaking to an audience, she didn't spend much time preparing. As a result, her speech was poorly organized, ran overtime, and did not have a clear message. Which guideline for ethical public speaking discussed in your textbook did Madison fail to live up to?

Be fully prepared for each speech

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Antithesis

Direct opposite

When taking research notes, you should

Distinguish among quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas

As the Vice President for employee relations Johan

Implied leader

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement for a classroom speech: "To inform my audience about the solar system."

It is stated as a question rather than as an infinitive phrase

To explain the three major benefits of cycling

Lacks a reference to the audience

For this informative speech Douglas told his classmates

Make sure your goals are ethically sound

The U.S Secretary of State is giving a speech announcing

Manuscript

speeches about concepts

More complex

In her speech about child abuse kim included

Peer testimony

If max is designated to present the findings and recommendations

Prepare an oral report

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds

Ryan located three excellent sources for his persuasive speech. He copied long sections from each source word for word, strung them together with a few transitions, and mentioned the sources of his information in passing. Which of the following statements best describes Ryan's situation?

Ryan is guilty of patchwork plagiarism.

The Philippine islands look like huge pieces of broken emerald

Simile

To inform the audience about symptoms, causes, and treatment of Hodgkin disease

Specific purpose

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

Tanya went to the beach instead of staying in town and working on her speech. When she realized how soon the speech was due, she asked a friend who had already taken public speaking to loan her an old outline, which she used verbatim for her class speech. Which of the following statements best describes Tanya's actions?

Tanya is guilty of global plagiarism.

Heather was in the midst of an excellent speech on campus history when she made a minor mistake by giving the wrong date for the opening of a campus building. She suddenly stopped speaking and said, "Oh, I messed up." She then finished her speech, but all she could think about afterward was her mistake. What is the major piece of advice from your textbook that Heather needs to be reminded about?

There is no such thing as a perfect speech.

Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in

Topical

While doing research for his speech Aaron was not able to identify

Try to determine the sponsoring organization for the document

Dhavan

Yes dhavan should identify the documents author and sponsoring organization

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

crescendo statement

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

Jerome wants his audience to appreciate the harsh reality of life for migrant workers in the United States. In addition to using strong supporting materials, he decides to use words with connotative meanings because he knows they will help him

arouse an emotional response

Martina wants her audience to understand the fear and isolation experienced by people in the military who are victims of sexual assault. In additions to strong supporting materials, she has decided to use words with connotative meanings because they will help her

arouse an emotional response

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

Kinesics

body language

Because of his family's medical history, Alan decided to give his informative speech on sickle-cell anemia. When he finished work on the speech, it had the following main points. I. Sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary blood disease caused by abnormal blood cells. II. The effects of sickle-cell anemia include liver damage, blindness, paralysis, and early death. Alan's main points were arranged in __________ order

causal

If your specific purpose were "To inform my audience of the major steps in an effective job interview," you would probably organize your speech in __________ order.

chronological

Jackson had been a rodeo fan since childhood. In his informative speech, he gave a presentation with the following main points. Jackson's points were arranged in __________ order. I. Rodeos began in the Old West as contests of skill among cowboys during cattle roundups. II. By 1920, rodeos had become a popular spectator sport for the general public. III. Today, rodeos combine traditional western events with a circuslike atmosphere and the marketing techniques of big business

chronological

Natasha and Ramone are listening to a realtor who is encouraging them to buy a house they looked at earlier in the day. As they listen, they are trying to decide whether or not to purchase the house. According to your textbook, Natahsa and Ramone are engaged in __________ listening.

critical

As explained in your textbook, public speakers have an ethical obligation to avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language because such language

demeans the personal dignity of the groups or individuals being attacked.

After choosing a topic, what is the next step of speech preparation?

determining the general purpose

Delivery Ques

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

A landlord with a bad reputation among students for her high rent, deceptive advertising, and refusal to return security deposits is speaking to a campus group about how the city's new zoning law will affect students. The most important factor the landlord should consider in her situational audience analysis is probably her listeners'

disposition toward the speaker

Pathos

emotional appeal

Margaret is passionately committed to animal rights. At an evening lecture required for her biology class, she learned that the title of the speaker's talk was "The Importance of Animal Experimentation to Medical Advances." Offended and sure that the speaker had nothing ethical or interesting to say, Margaret paid no attention at all during the lecture. According to your textbook, the primary cause of Margaret's poor listening was

jumping to conclusions

Dimitri plans to give a speech to his classmates about the principles of physics behind the design of hybrid automobiles. The most important factor for Dimitri to consider when analyzing his audience is probably its

knowledge about the topic

Logos

logic

"In Italy, each meal is a journey, with fascinating destinations along the way" is an example of

metaphor

"Our mission is to right wrong, to do justice, and to serve humanity" is an example of

parallelism

Enrique was asked by the president of his company to prepare a visual aid showing the proportion of employees who get to work by driving, carpooling, public transportation, or some other method. The best kind of visual aid for him to use would be

pie graph

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

burden of proof

the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

spare "brain time"

the time available for your mind to wander due to your ability to process messages faster than it takes to construct them

Research has shown that the anxiety level of most speakers drops off significantly

when they are 30 to 60 seconds into the speech.

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech