Speech Final

extemporaneous speech

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

crescendo ending

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

dissolve ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

monotone

A constant pitch or tone of voice.

slippery slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Good Introduction

A good introduction will get your speech off to a strong start. To be most effective, it should relate the topic to the audience and be delivered from a minimum of notes.

problem-solution order

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

spatial order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

chronological order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

causal order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

pause

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

vocalized pause

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

rhetorical question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

impromptu speech

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

manuscript speech

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

internal summary

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.

preview statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

dialect

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

signpost

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

fallacy

An error in reasoning.

key-word outline

An outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.

Materials that help your introduction

As you research your speeches, keep an eye out for quotations, stories, and other materials you can use to craft an introduction that will capture the attention of your listeners.

vocal variety

Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

inflections

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.

The most important factors affecting a speakers credibility?

Competence—how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. Character—how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Effective Listening

Effective listeners take their task seriously. If you approach listening as an active process, you will significantly sharpen your powers of concentration and comprehension.

Active Listening

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.

speech organization

In addition, using a clear, specific method of speech organization can boost your confidence as a speaker and improve your ability to deliver a message fluently.

Good delivery

It conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience.

appreciative listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

critical listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

empathic listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

comprehensive listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

listening

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

how many words are spoken per minute by people in the us?

People in the United States usually speak at a rate between 120 and 150 words per minute, but there is no uniform rate for effective speechmaking.

conversational quality

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.Extemporaneous speeches are prepared ahead of time, but the exact words are chosen at the moment of presentation. This allows for more direct delivery than does reading from a manuscript.

strategic organization

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Effective notes

Research confirms that listening carefully and taking effective notes are vital skills for success in college. They will also benefit you in countless situations throughout life.

Clear Organization

Research studies confirm that clear organization is vital to effective public speaking. Listeners must be able to follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end.

pronunciation

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

Duration on Main point

The amount of time spent on each main point depends on the amount and complexity of supporting materials for each point.

credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

spare "brain time"

The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute).

pitch

The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.

Volume

The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.

Main Points of speech

The main points of a speech should be organized to communicate the speaker's message. Chronological order would work very well for a speech on the history of Mount Rushmore.

Main Points How many?

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

articulation

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

non partisan, partisan

The situation for an informative speech is nonpartisan. The speaker acts as a lecturer or a teacher. The aim is to give information as impartially as possible, not to argue for a particular point of view. On the other hand, the situation for a persuasive speech on a question of fact is partisan. The speaker acts as an advocate. The aim is not to be impartial, but to present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible. The speaker may mention competing views of the facts, but only to refute them.

rate

The speed at which a person speaks.

hearing

The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.

Ethics and Persuasion

be ethical and dont lie and change the facts around

Experienced Speakers

experienced speakers include transitions and other connectives to help listeners keep track of their ideas.

signal the end of the conclusion

in conclusion