SPEECH Mid-Term Chapters 14 & 15

Which type of presentation would work best if you were describing a new scientific discovery? Why?

exploratory because since its new the experts are still trying to understand the information and are tentative with their conclusions.

What would you do if you were trying to persuade a person who has already place your argument in the reject category?

show that your idea or portions of your idea fall in this person's latitude of acceptance. Might persuade the person to accept a small part of your argument.

Argument by example

when you use examples as your main support for your persuasive appeal. Inductive reasoning???

argument by definition

when you use the definition of an idea or concept as part of your persuasive appeal. Type of deductive reasoning.

The key to a successful informative presentation is

your ability to convey information in a way that connects and engages with the audience.

To stay on the right track of your presentation, ask yourself,

"What am I trying to do with this information?" "Do I want to give information about a particular topic, or do I have a specific way that I want my audience to use that knowledge?"

What 5 steps did Alan Monroe develop in 1935 for persuading an audience to take some course of action.

1. attention-make audience aware of problem and why problem matters to them; 2. need-after introducing topic, elaborate on need to address topic; 3. Satisfaction-proposed solution to problem. Asking audience to change their beliefs or behavior and telling them how to do it. 4. Visualization-shoe audience positive outcome of adopting proposal. 5. Action-directly ask audience to act on your proposal. Remind them of problem and why your solution is valid and effective. Then tell them exactly what you would like for them.

Strategy of informative presentation: Be aware of the 4 different learning styles.

1. auditory learning-will retain info better through hearing and speaking it. Podcasts 2. read/write learners-learn by reading and writing about a topic. Like reports, essays, handouts, and readings. Multimedia aids & suggested readings for more information. 3. visual learners-understand ideas and concepts through pictures, slides, maps, graphs, diagrams. Multimedia presentation aids so info can be visualized in meaningful ways. Charts, graphs, videos, pictures will suit these types of audiences. 4. kinesthetic learners-hands on demonstrations because these types need to be actively doing something related to message. Carefully crafted handouts of the presentation outline with fill-in-the-blanks at key point might help. Do best when they are touching, holding, or experiencing something.

Generally, persuasive topics revolve around three basic questions

1. questions of policy 2. questions of value 3. questions of fact

How many solutions to the problem do most persuasive presentations propose?

2

Monroe's Motivated Sequence organizational pattern used for persuasive presentations is a

pattern used to persuade about the need, solution, advantages, and audience actions about topic. Using this sequence you try to motivate the audience to support your claims by connecting their needs and wants to a plan that can satisfy those needs/wants.

Problem-cause-solution organizational pattern used for persuasive presentations is a

pattern used to show the problem and cause of a particular topic and then to persuade audience about a particular solution. First explain the problem and the cause and then propose our solution for the audience to be more likely to comply with your request. Explain why the problem is a problem.

At its core, ________________ is about helping meet the needs of your audience and future audience in ethical ways.

persuasion

Anytime you are asking what should be done to make a situation better you are using a claim of ______________.

policy

When trying to persuade an audience to change an existing attendance policy at your college, you would use questions of ________.

policy

Strategy to Persuade: Demonstrate Cost/Benefits

presenting audience with possible advantages of adopting your opinion, solution, point of view. Costs can be emotional, physical, environmental, financial, spiritual. Best way is by first predicting what the cost will be and then how to avoid costs and increase the positive outcome.

What are the two persuasive presentation patterns?

problem-cause-solution and Monroe's Motivated Sequence

What are the two specific types of organizational patterns used to make your persuasive presentation more effective?

problem-cause-solution pattern & Monroe's Motivated Sequence pattern.

Persuasive presentations based on questions of policy or questions of fact may best be organized in a

problem-cause-solution pattern.

Strategy to Persuade: Provide Sufficiency of Evidence

provide overwhelming evidence that any reasonable person would have to accept your position. Provide enough evidence that most people could understand your point of view & consider your position.

Sufficiency of evidence

providing overwhelming evidence so that any reasonable person would have to accept a position.

Policy suggestions need to be ___________ and ______________ and based on evidence.

real; sincere

information overload

refers to negative feelings of being given too much information to process about a particular topic. Associated with a variety of negative psychological outcomes, greater stress and poorer health.

Type of persuasive claim: Questions of Policy

refers to persuading for a change to an existing law, plan, or policy, or creating new policy. Adopt, support, or lobby for policy changes. Usually supported with questions of value and fact.

Learning Styles

refers to the different ways individuals like to obtain and process info; how people perceive info.

Say a recruiter uses the definition of the word loyalty to persuade an audience to join the army; that person is using argument by ___________.

relationship

Demonstrative Informative Presentation

shows the audience how to do something and sometimes gives the audience the chance to try what they've learned. Chronological pattern works will with this type of presentation.

Imagine you are trying to persuade an audience to adopt the position that the U.S. should significantly alter its immigration policy to allow for more migrant farm workers. Your job would be to

strengthen those who support the policy change, soften the position, of those who reject this position, and try to gain support from those who are in the region of non-commitment.

Persuasion

the altering or modifying of a person's attitudes, beliefs, values, or outlook about a topic.

Speaker's intent

the goal the speaker is trying to accomplish in a presentation.

Strategy of informative presentation: Reduce Audience Misunderstanding

the more you can repeat main points, the more the audience will remember; pay close attention to audience's non-verbal cues; try using audience's prior knowledge by comparing topic with something they are already familiar with; be sure audience can see logic of your organizational patterns. This helps listeners organize thoughts; limit amount of information you present. Trying to cover too much information will only lead to information overload; use transitions and signposts to help audience recognize important parts of the presentation.

What is the fundamental difference between an informative and persuasive presentation?

the speaker's intent.

How are informative and persuasive presentations alike?

they both need to provide credible and timely information about a topic in order to be effective.

Strategy to Persuade: Ask for Suspended Judgment

to decide not to make a firm decision or judgment about something until you know more about it. Acknowledge the audience's strong beliefs and opinions; listen to speakers speech without immediately judging.

informative presentation

to inform; to convey new information and increase your audience's understanding about a topic.

Which help guide you on the type of informative presentation needed to frame the information?

topic, specific purpose, organizational pattern

Edutainment

using entertainment to inform audiences about important social issues.

Persuading the audience that the relationship between ideas is strong, is the most important task for this type of argument.

Argument by Relationship

What do you need to do to make sure you do not cross over into persuasive territory?

Ask this basic question: "What am I trying to do with this information?" It will help keep you on track.

Explain the structure of a sample informative outline.

I. Attention Getter-statistics, story, quote, rhetorical question II. Thesis Statement-introduces topic; provides general purpose of presentation. Single sentence that encompasses the entirety of the chosen topic. III. Importance of Topic-establish credibility and relevance IV. Preview of Main Points-clear and concise; what you want to tell audience Body-2/3 2-3 Transitions-moving from one main point to another Conclusion-ends presentation with bang; no more than 10% of presentation; summarizes main points and drives home the purpose of speech; restate thesis

__________________ __________________refers to the different ways individuals prefer to obtain and process information.

Learning styles

_______________ is the altering or modifying of people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or outlook about a topic.

Persuasion

___________________ __________________ refers to the goal the speaker is trying to accomplish in the presentation.

Speaker's intent

Always be clear with the audience whether you are arguing for correlation or causation. Not doing so can lead to your audience questioning your credibility. T/F

TRUE

Always keep your general purpose in mind when creating an informative presentation. T/F

TRUE

Audience analysis helps to select a great informative topic. T/F

TRUE

By knowing your type of persuasive claim, you can find the right kind of evidence to build your argument. T/F

TRUE

Demonstrative, explanatory, and descriptive informative presentations assume that the audience has at least heard about the topic in some form. T/F

TRUE

Ethos, pathos, and logos all contribute to our ability to persuade and empower others. T/F

TRUE

Even if an audience does not adopt your position but understands it, some persuasion has taken place. T/F

TRUE

Giving your audience new information is an important part of persuading. T/F

TRUE

If you are telling the audience to believe or do something, you have most likely crossed over to a persuasive presentation. T/F

TRUE

It is best to use learning styles as a general idea and think about multiple ways you can reach an audience. T/F

TRUE

Keyword outline is what you would present in front of an audience. T/F

TRUE

One of the keys to a good demonstrative presentation is to be specific with your topic rather than too general. T/F

TRUE

Relying on just one type of strategy for a persuasive effort is not effective. T/F

TRUE

Using a variety of different types of arguments (example, analogy, definition, and relationship) enhance the persuasive appeal of the message. T/F

TRUE

_________________________ learners understand ideas and concepts through pictures, slides, maps, graphs, and diagrams.

Visual

Full-sentence outline

a formal outline that uses full and complete sentences.

Strategy of informative presentation: Give the audience incentives to listen

a reward can be anything mental or physical that your audience will obtain from your speech.

What are the types of opinions?

accept/reject

SJT argues that if you want to persuade someone, your argument must be in their latitude of ____________________.

acceptance.

Worst kinds of informative presentations occur when the audience members

already know (or think they know) about the topic.

Keyword outline

an outline that uses words and phrases and is often used for speaking notes.

Argument by __________ compares different ideas or examples to reach a certain conclusion.

analogy

Type of persuasive claim: Questions of Fact

are used when one person tries to persuade another that a fact is or is not true. Trying to convince. Trying to persuade an audience that something did or did not happen; true/false

Type of persuasive claim: Questions of Value

are used when trying to persuade the relative merits of a position-good/bad/moral/immoral. Focus on judging what is right/wrong. Sometimes use facts to support your values; at times these presentations will be more subjective; use of pathos-emotional appeal is usually quite effective. Supported by questions of fact.

Strategies

are ways to increase latitudes of acceptance and decrease latitudes of rejection. Using various strategies to craft persuasive presentations will help you have a greater impact and wider audience.

Strategy to Persuade: Seek Out Micro Changes

ask audience to make changes in their behavior.

What are the learning styles and why are they important?

auditory; kinesthetic, read/write; visual because of multiple ways to reach audience

What is the basic similarity between an informative and persuasive presentation?

both presentations need to provide credible and timely information about a topic to be effective.

Signposts

brief phrases or words that let the audience know exactly where you are in the presentation. Example: first, second

Type of Judgement: Latitude of Acceptance

close to the person's own held beliefs but not exactly the same belief.

The latitudes act as a

continuum of beliefs.

_________________ occurs when two ideas happen at the same time but do not cause one another, while __________________ occurs when one thing causes another.

correlation; causation

How do you keep the audience engaged in the presentation if the topic is complex?

define important terms; relating it to current events.

Strategy of informative presentation: Define the information

define new terms and ideas. Sometimes it may be easier to define a concept or idea by what it is not, rather than what it is.

Descriptive Informative Presentation

describes interesting people, places, or events. Lays out facts for audience in a vivid way. Allows audience to imagine interacting with the person, place, event. All organizational patters work as long as you paint picture with words to describe person, place, and event.

You would use a(n) ____________________ informative presentation to describe the interesting city of Boston.

descriptive

Which type of presentation would not work so well if you were describing a new scientific discovery? Why?

descriptive because the discovery is new and there are probably little facts to lay out to the audience in a vivid way.

Strategy to Persuade: Social Judgment Theory (SJT)

developed in 1961 by Yale professor Muzafer Sherif & Carl Hovland; maintains that individuals can be persuaded on a topic by being convinced to accept changes that are close to their already held beliefs.

The ability to engage in ______________ persuasion is an important part of being a member in a community.

ethical

Explanatory Informative Presentation

explains a concept, idea, or a phenomenon; allows speaker to investigate topic that they previously had not explored, or uncover new information already familiar with. Organizational pattern works will with this type of presentation.

The _______________________ informative presentation is meant the leave the audience with a sense of awe or wonderment after being invited to discover information on a topic.

exploratory

What do you do as a speaker if the audience knows a lot of information about the topic?

find new ways to apply the information; inform them about something that related to the topic that they had not considered; personalize information; approach topic from new angle so that the audience are curious and eager for your information.

Argument by relationship

general relationship or correlation of two ideas or concepts. Specific examples or cases are either related to or caused by each other.

Strategy of informative presentation: Get audience involved

great way to connect, engage participation; question and answer period at the end of presentation.

The negative feeling of being given too much information is called

information overload

What are the differences between informative and persuasive presentations?

informative is to inform; persuasive seeks to change, alter, modify a person's attitudes, beliefs, and outlook.

Latitudes of acceptance, rejection, and non-commitment are involved in all of our

likes/dislikes, beliefs and attitudes.

The audience will be more likely to comply with your request if the cost are _______ and the benefits are _____________.

low; high

Explain the basic idea behind social judgment theory.

maintains that individuals can be persuaded on a topic by being convinced to accept changes that are close to their already held beliefs.

You should not _____________ or _______________ your ideas.

mislead; oversell

Reducing audience ___________________ will lead to a more successful presentation.

misunderstaning

The best informative presentations give the audience ______ and _________ information that they are likely to remember and use.

new; relevant

Causation

occurs when one thing causes the other.

Type of Judgement: Latitude of Rejection

occurs when the new argument is still too close to the reject category.

Type of Judgement: Latitude of Non-commitment

occurs when the new information caused the person not to accept or reject the position but instead to maintain their original position.

Correlation

occurs when two ideas happen at the same time but do not cause each other.

Exploratory Informative Presentation

occurs when you invite the audience to learn or discover information about a topic. Sense of awe and wonder. One way to know this type of presentation is if experts on the subject are still trying to understand the information and are tentative with their conclusions. Exploring with audience. Most of the time, topical organizational pattern will work best with this type of presentation.

Strategy of informative presentation: Organize information

using organizational patterns: topical pattern-cluster info around central themes and ideas. Allows audience to easily remember things in chunks or grouping. chronological pattern-precise ordering of steps; "how to," used if describing past events; specific steps, one after the other in a logical way. spatial pattern-used when your info is grouped by space or location. May use this pattern when talking about various land features of your state and where they are located. cause-and-effect pattern-way to inform audience about topic's cause and effect.

Questions of ____________ are used when trying to persuade an audience that something is moral or immoral.

value

Any time you are trying to convince an audience that an idea or course of action is right or wrong you are persuading using questions of ______________ appealing to ______________.

value; morals