Speech Midterm

_____ occurs when one set of a person's behaviors says one thing and another set of his or her behaviors says something different.

Channel discrepancy

What term refers to a form of accommodation in which a communicator changes his or her regular language and slang to fit into a particular group?

Code Switching

Which of the following would be the least likely to be considered an interpersonal relationship? Your relationship with a A)college roommate. B)cousin. C)boyfriend or girlfriend. D)coffee shop barista.

Coffee Shop Barista

Individuals who have a high degree of ______ are able to consider multiple scenarios, formulate multiple theories, and make multiple interpretations when encoding and decoding messages.

Cognitive Complexity

_______ is the process by which individuals use symbols and behaviors to exchange information.

Communication

The _____ model presents a transactional perspective in which individuals send and receive messages within a relational context, a situational context, and a cultural context

Competent Communication

Your friend asks you how you're doing, and you say "Okay," while making a circle with your thumb and pointer finger. What reinforcing behavior are you using to clarify your message?

Complimenting

When Joe's roommate asks if she can bring her cat home after the winter holidays, Joe feels reluctant to say yes. He remembers that his aunt's house smelled like a soiled litter box and had cat hair all over the furniture. Joe's response is related to what kind of meaning for cat?

Connotative meaning

Critical listeners who carefully evaluate what they hear are referred to as

Content-oriented listeners

The ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others and the manner in which their relationships are conducted are called

Control

If you are at Best Buy and a salesperson is attempting to sell you a new home theater system, the type of listening that would be most important for you to employ would be

Critical listening

Failing to consider other cultural perspectives because of a belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people is associated with

Cultural Myopia

The shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people are their communication relationship.

Culture

The process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it is referred to as

Decoding

The term inference is best defined as

Deductions that are made based on observed facts

The consistently accepted definition of a word is referred to as its

Denotative meaning

While getting ready to go out for a night on the town, your roommate says, "You have a really great sense of style. You make any outfit look great." This compliment serves as ______ that you may choose to incorporate into your self-concept.

Direct Evidence

The act of putting yourself in another's place in an attempt to understand their experience is referred to as

Empathy

After looking into your book bag and realizing that you forgot to grab a pen, you lean over to one of your classmates and say, "Do you have a pen I can borrow for class today?" You engaged in what mental process as you constructed your message?

Encoding

Using abstract words that have unclear or misleading definitions to get out of an uncomfortable situation is referred to as euphemizing.

Equivocation

____ refers to the study of morals, specifically the moral choices that individuals make in their relationships with others.

Ethics

Jane says her cousin is "big boned" instead of saying that she's overweight, obese, or fat because she understands that those other terms might have insulting connotations. What type of language abstraction is Jane using?

Euphemism

Andy compliments his mother's new hairstyle just before he asks her for some money for the weekend, hoping that this will put her in a good mood and improve his chances of getting the money. His compliment is serving which functional communication competency?

Feeling

A/An ______ perspective on communication examines how we use communication to help us begin, maintain, and end relationships.

Functional

Joe meets his friends for dinner and explains that he is late because he was held up in rush-hour traffic. His friend Maggie reminds him that everyone drove in the same traffic but left early to accommodate the rush hour. The differences in their perception is best associated with

Fundamental attribution error

You're babysitting your niece when the toddler wakes up and cries out. You rush upstairs, pick up the child, and hold her in your lap until she calms down and falls back to sleep. What type of nonverbal communication are you using to communicate your caring toward your niece?

Haptics

The physiological process of perceiving sound is best associated with with which of the follwoing terms? A) listening B) hearing C) attending D) selecting

Hearing

12.When communication is appropriate, it A) helps you meet your goals. B)meets the demands of the situation and the expectations of one's communication partner and any other people present. C)has little or no potential for being misunderstood. D)produces some kind of product as a result of the exchange between the communicators.

Helps you meet your goals

During class, your goal as a listener is to comprehend the basic ideas, concepts, and theories that are communicated to you by your professors. We would characterize your listening as

Informational listening

After a long and disappointing day at work, Jackie vents her frustration to her husband. "I can't believe that I worked so hard for so long on this proposal and I'm not even going to get the chance to present it. I'll get no credit at all." Instead of hearing the frustration and hurt in her voice, Jackie's husband hears only the problem. Instead of offering support, he offers her advice: "Next time, you ought to get it in writing in advance that you'll get to make the pitch." We would characterize her husband's listening behavior as

Insensitive listening

Which theory helps explain how people change their attributions of another person's physical appearance as they communicate more with that person?

Interaction appearance Theory

Which of the following is not one of the spatial zones identified by Edward Hall? A) intimate B) interpersonal C) personal D) social

Interpersonal

Because she believes she is not good at speaking in public, Deanna puts off choosing and researching her topic and doesn't have adequate time to prepare and practice for her presentation. Ultimately, she scores very low on her speech and walks away with her perception confirmed: she's just not a good speaker. Unfortunately, Deanna's low opinion off her speaking ability

Is a self-fulfilling prophecy

Technical language that is specific to members of a particular profession, interest group, or hobby is referred to as

Jargon

What is commonly referred to as body language is actually the observation of ______, or the way that our body movements and gestures send messages.

Kinesics

____ is a system of symbols that is governed by grammatical rules and that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings.

Language

In which simple model of communication does a sender originate a message and send it through a channel to a receiver, without considering any kind of feedback? A) interaction model B) linear model C) transactional model D) competent communication model

Linear Model

The theory that holds that speakers of different languages have different views of the world is

Linguistic Relativity

The state of uneasiness, anxiety, fear, or dread that is associated with a listening opportunity is referred to as

Listening Apprehension

A deep affection for and attachment to another person involving emotional ties with varying degrees of passion, commitment, and intimacy defines which of the following terms?

Love

People in ______ cultures use direct language, and do not rely as much on the context of the communication situation for meaning.

Low-context

Which concept suggests that we are attracted to others who have comparable levels of physical attraction?

Matching Hypthesis

Which of the following is not true of gendered listening behaviors? A)Men are less likely to respond publicly with intense emotion. B)Women are more likely to nod and smile while listening. C)Women are more likely to offer verbal encouragers like "Really?" or " "Go on." D)Men are more likely to engage in pseudo-listening behaviors.

Men are more likely to engage in pseudo-listening behaviors

Reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, and uncritical evaluation are all signs that a state of ____ is challenging one's perception.

Mindlessness

Which of the following is true of listening barriers? A)Deaf people are unable to listen. B)Hearing does not decline with age. C)Multitasking interferes with listening. D)It's easier to listen when the subject is uninteresting.

Multitasking interferes with listening

The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words is called

Nonverbal Communication

Audiences prefer speakers who use eye contact behaviors that scan the audience and make all members of the audience feel like the speaker has addressed them specifically. This indicates the power of ________, or the use of the eyes in communication settings.

Oculesics

Elements like pitch, volume, rate, and other vocal qualities are referred to as

Paralanguage

The process of making guesses about your partner's thoughts and feelings and then restating back to the other person what you think that he or she has said is referred to as

Paraphrasing

"A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences, and come to our own unique understandings" is best associated with which of the following terms? A) perception B) selecting information C) mindfulness D) communication

Perception.

Joe watches other people's nonverbal behavior carefully for cues about topics that they find interesting and the personality traits that they consider desirable, and he modifies his behavior to create a positive impression on them. We would refer to Joe as a

Person who is a high self-monitor

Grammatical rules that dictate how words should be pronounced are referred to as

Phonological Rules

Which barrier to intercultural communication is considered to be the most severe because it involves deep-seated feelings of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups?

Prejudice

Angel wants to impress Vanessa by making her a mix CD for their third date, so he asks her roommate for information about her favorite musical artists. Angel is using which strategy for reducing uncertainty in their interaction?

Proactive strategies

This term refers to how physically near another person is to us, which influences how attractive they are to us a relational partner.

Proximity

You find yourself in a difficult position. You have to attend a sociology class to turn in an assignment, but you need to review your vocabulary words for a Spanish exam in the next period. You end up making eye contact and nodding your head while your sociology professor lectures, but instead of listening you're reviewing for the Spanish exam in your head. We would characterize your listening behavior as

Pseudo-Listening

Public displays of affection are sometimes upsetting to others because of a difference in various communicators' perceptions of the _________ of communication.

Public-private dimension

Homophobia and anti-Semitism are examples of ____ based on negative ____ about the groups.

Racism, Schemas

Nonverbal behaviors that coordinate verbal interaction by helping us to navigate the back-and-forth of communication in a constructive, appropriate manner are serving which function?

Regulating

Which of the following is not one of the steps in the listening process? A) selecting B) attending C) critiquing D) responding

Selecting

When Brad and his roommate Stan disagree about the charges on their telephone bill, Brad is certain that Stan is trying to weasel out of paying for calls that he made. Brad doesn't even hear Stan ask whether Brad's cousin might have made the calls when she visited a few weeks earlier. We would characterize Brad's listening behavior as

Selective Listening

Edgar, who is a sociology major, was disappointed in a film he saw with his friends. Everyone else enjoyed the film's action sequences and plot, but Edgar noticed its stereotypical portrayal of men of color as the "bad guys" and women as "helpless." The differences in these students' perceptions of the film can be attributed to

Selective Perception

When you feel as though you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possibly could, you experience

Self- Actualization

Your awareness and understanding of who you are—as interpreted and influenced by your thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, and ideals—is referred to as your

Self-Concept

The act of voluntarily revealing to others information that is not easily known about ourselves is called

Self-Disclosure

Jim chooses to invite two people from his English class to watch a movie at his apartment instead of going to a large party with his fraternity brothers. He says, "I just feel like I'm better one on one than I am in big groups." Jim's decision is based on his sense of

Self-Efficacy

This term refers to the way that a person feels about himself or herself, usually in a particular situation.

Self-Esteem

Intentional communication that is designed to show elements of our self for strategic purposes is referred to as

Self-Presentation

The relationship between (a) symbols, objects, people, and concepts and (b) the meanings that words have for people (either because of their definitions or their placement in a sentence) is called

Semantics

Suddenly Ashleigh looked at her watch and realized she needed to leave immediately to get to work on time. She turned to her friends and said, "Hey, I'm crazy late. Gotta bounce!" What language form did Ashleigh use?

Slang

Our tendency to internalize our admiration for film and TV stars, models, famous athletes, and political figures by comparing what we like about them to our own self-concept is addressed by which of the following theories?

Social Comparison Theory

Andy and Jeff have decided to move in together after being friends for a couple of years. Although moving into a larger apartment won't save them any money, they feel that with their busy schedules they'll benefit from sharing a living space and seeing each other more often. Which type of reward seems to be motivating their choice?

Social exchange of costs and benefits

This theory says that we make relationship choices by comparing the benefits of knowing another person against the things about that person that upset us, cause us stress, or damage our self-concept or lifestyle.

Social exchange of costs and benefits

"Republicans have better morals than Democrats," "Environmentalists are unreasonable," and "Old people drive slowly," are all examples of

Stereotyping

Fitting our perceptions of individuals into our existing schemas about the groups that they belong to is referred to as

Stereotyping

Jose recently moved to the United States from Costa Rica to attend college. He lives on a dormitory floor that is dedicated to international students and has made friends with several of the other guys who live on his floor. Lately, though, he's begun spending time on another floor of the dorm with students who speak English as their first language. Jose is probably seeking out these new friends to achieve which relationship function?

Stimulation

Elaine finds herself confused by the way that her relationship with Edward has changed. She feels like she loves him but isn't sure that she is still in love with him. She once felt great passion, but lately the romance and passion seem to be missing. What type of love best describes what Elaine currently feels toward Edward?

Storge

Which one of the following is not a way in which a nonverbal message might clarify the meaning of a verbal message by reinforcing it?

Substituting

You see a friend across the room at a crowded party, but it's too loud for you to say hello from this distance. Instead, you raise your glass in his direction as if to communicate "Cheers." What function has your nonverbal behavior served?

Substituting

The word dog is a ____ that arbitrarily refers to the canine companion that sleeps at the foot of your bed.

Symbol

"I might be way off base here, Brad, but it sounds to me like you're jealous." This statement includes which gendered language type?

Tag Question

Jason is perceived to be a valuable member of his office team. During meetings, he keeps the group members focused on the task that they are trying to accomplish rather than allowing them to become sidetracked by irrelevant details. Jason would be described as a

Task-oriented listener

Communication processing can be defined as

The means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate the information you receive

Which of the following would not be considered an artifact? A. The ring that your friend wears in her nostril B. The Chicago Cubs baseball cap that your friend wears wherever he watches a game C. The size and shape of your friends nose, which always bothered her D. The tattoo that your friend got when he spent the summer abroad in Spain

The size and shape of your friend's nose, which always bothered her

The term hyperpersonal communication is most closely related to which of the following definitions? A)self-disclosing too personal information early in a relationship, which may drive the other person away B)taking others' comments more personally than they were intended, which sometimes is caused by low self-esteem C)the tendency of online communicators to overexaggerate their perception of and comments to relational partners D)the changes in our culture that indicate people are more comfortable sharing deeply personal information about themselves in public these days than they were in the past

The tendency of online communicators to over-exaggerate their perception of and comments to rational partners

What do we believe to be true of low-self-monitors?

They are not sensitive to social cues

Communication involves two or more people who act in both sender and receiver roles, and their messages are dependent on and influenced by those of their partner—which means that communication is

Transactional

As Jennifer and Casey get to know more information about one another, each one is better able to predict how the other will respond to things that she does and says. Consequently, they begin to feel more comfortable when they spend time together. Which theory explains why they feel this way?

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

The step in the listening process where the listener focuses his or her attention on a particular message or sound is referred to as

Understanding

Deneesha is about to graduate with her associate's degree and is planning to transfer in the fall. She's considering applying to the state university that her favorite professor attended even though she doesn't know much else about the school. Which of the following appears to be challenging Deneesha's perception?

Undue Influence

What three actions can improve perception? A)Verify your perceptions, be thoughtful when you seek explanations, and look beyond first impressions. B)Narrow your perspective, verify your perceptions, and be careful of stereotyping. C)Remove barriers to your perception, be mindful of others' feelings, and consider your first impressions. D)Stick to the facts, ask questions, and adjust your perspective when needed.

Verify your perceptions, be thoughtful when you seek explanations and look beyond first impressions

In which of the following contexts would you most likely use high language? A. You meet your friends for coffee at Dunkin Donuts B. You interview for an internship at an advertising agency

You interview for an internship at an advertising agency

Which of the following is an example of a nonverbal behavior?

You wave to an old friend to come sit with you at lunch

The best definition of interdependence from the list below is A)what we do affects others, and what they do affects us. B)a person's self-esteem is dependent on whether another person needs him or her. C)being able to communicate effectively to meet one's needs. D)a reluctance to communicate with others.

A

People sometimes feel uncertain in new situations where they do not know what to expect. This uncertainty develops because the person does not have _____ to guide his or her perceptions of the new event.

A schema

While delivering your presentation, you begin to twist the ring on your right hand, and your right leg begins to shake. What category of body movement is illustrated in this example?

Adaptor

During a church service, you silently hold one finger up to your mouth to communicate nonverbally to your little brother that he must be quiet. What category of body movement are you using to communicate your message?

Affect DIsplay

The interconnection and interdependence between two individuals are referred to as

An interpersonal relationship

While sitting in class you are faced with competing stimuli (such as the sound of a classmate eating crackers and the sound of the AC unit fan blowing) and choose the sound of your professor's voice over the other sounds. This process is referred to as

Attending

Which one of the following is not one of the primary reasons why we communicate? A. To express affiliation B. To exchange information C. To achieve goals D. To influence others

B