SPI COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
Which of the following is most relevant with regard to bio effects? A. Mechanical index B. Overall gain C. Output intensity D. Thermal index
Output intensity
What component of a transducer changes electrical to mechanical and mechanical back to electrial energy
PZT
What determines the frequency of a sound beam from a pulsed trasnducer? A. voltage applied to the PZT B. PZT thickness C. frequency of the system D. PRF of the pulser
PZT thickness
the creation of an image by scanning from different angles best describes ___ A. Spatial compounding B. Fill in interpolation C. Phase quadrature D. Persistence
Spatial compounding
The interaction of microscopic bubbles and ultrasound form the basis for cavitation bioeffects. Which of the following forms of cavitation are most likely to produce microstreaming in the intracellular fluid and shear stresses? A. Stable cavitation B. Normal cavitation C. Transient cavitation D. Inertial cavitation E. Active cavitation
Stable cavitation
A transducer with more then one active element is called A. Multipurpose B. Annular C. Mechanical D. Array
Array
Enhancement, multi path and side lobed result in: A. Image distortion B. Clearer images C. Artifact D. Resolution problems
Artifact
What is another name for longitudinal resolution? A. Axial B. Depth C. Lateral D. Transverse
Axial or Depth
The speed of US in soft tissue is closest to: A. 1,540 km/sec B. 1.54 km/msec C. 1,500 m/s D. 15,000 HZ
C. 1,500 m/s
The propagation speed of US in the AIUM test object is: A. 1 m/s B. 1.54 m/s C. 1.54 mm/ (u)s D. 1 km/s
C. 1.54 mm/us
Biologic effects have not been documented below what intensity (SPTA)? A. 100 W/cm B. 100 mW/m2 C. 100 mW/cm2 D. 100 mW/cm3
C. 100 mW/cm2
You enter a hospital room to perform an ultrasound exam. Which of the following should you do first? A. Check the room number B. Ask a nurse to confirm the patients name C. Ask the patients visitors to leave the room D. Politely check the patients wristband for identification
D
The region from the transducer to the minimum beam cross-sectional area is the A. Fraunhofer zone B. Fresnel zone C. focus D. Snell's length
Fresnel zone
Identify one of the advantages of coded excitation a) improved contrast resolution b) improved lateral resolution c) improved temporal resolution d) shorter pulse repetition period
Improved contrast resolution
Identify one of the advantages of coded excitation A. Improved contrast resolution B. Improved lateral resolution C. Improved temporal resolution D. Shorter puke repetition period
Improved contrast resolution
Where are harmonics created? A. In the receiver B. In the transducer C. In the tissues D. In the beam former
In the tissues
Which of the following is the first adjustment made when an entire image is too dark? A. Output power B. Decompensation C. Reject D. Gain
Gain
(T/F) the sonographer cannot change, directly or indirectly, the duty factor of an US machine.
Galse
Which if the following modalities has the lowest output power? A. Gray scale B. Pulsed Doppler C. Continuous Wave Doppler D. Elastography
Gray scale
At the focus, the beam diameter is ___ the transducer diameter. a. equal to b. half c. double d. one-fourth
Half
Al of the following are true of normal cavitation EXCEPT: A. Harmful bio effects are commonly observed B. It is also known as inertial cavitation C. Only a 10% increase in pressure is needed to convert to this from stable cavitation D. Temperatures in the thousands of degrees are created E. It is consistent with shock waves
Harmful bio effects are commonly observed
If the frequency is decreased, the numerical value of the radial resolution is A. Increased B. Decreased C. Unchanged
Increased
If the transfer aperture increases, the lateral resolution at its smallest dimension is: A. Increased B. Decreased C. Unchanged
Increased
If we increase the frequency, the near zone length is A. Increases B. Decreased C. Unchanged
Increased
____ is the distance covered by one cycle. A. Pulse length B. Wavelength C. Cycle distance D. Cycle duration
b. wavelength
Which has the greatest amount of attenuation? A. bone B. fat C. water D. muscle
bone
A transducer ______ one form of _____ into another.
converts energy
When the sound source and the receiver are not moving directly towards or away from each other, the ___ of the angle between them enters into the calculation of Doppler shift A. average B. slope C. sine D. cosine
cosine
(T/F) Axial resolution is affected by focusing
falsse
While scanning in a water tank, what location in a sound beam has the highest intensity A .focal point B. focal zone C. Fresnel Zone D. Fraunhofer zone E. half value depth
focal point
What is the loction of the minimum cross-sectional area of the US beam called A. focus B. Fraunhofer zone C. far zone D. near zone
focus
Which of the following is proportional to the square of the amplitude A. period B. attenuation C. power D. frequency E. speed
power
In soft tissue: distance traveled = _____ x round trip time A. propagation speed B. wavelength C. period D. PRF
propagation speed
What is the actual time that an US machine is creating a pulse A. duty factor B. period C. pulse period D. pulse duration
pulse duration
Which of the following choices best describes na ideal epidemiologic bioeffects study? A. randomized and prospective B. benefits outweigh the risks C. retrospective and optimized D. ideal and non-biased E. prudent and safe
randomized and prospective
The dB is defined as the ______ of two intensities A. sum B. difference C. product D. ratio
ratio
As the impedances of two media become vastly different the. A) reflection increases B) transmission increases C) refraction increases D) absorption increases
reflection increases
Multiple reflections that are equally spaced are called A. refractions B. reverberations C. shadows D. comets
reverberations
What component of the US unit contains the memory bank A. transducer B. receiver C. display D. scan converter
scan converter
what are attenuations three components
scattering, reflection, absorption
Which type of artifact appears most commonly with highly reflective objects A. reverberations B. mirroring C. shadowing D. enhancement E. defocusing
shadowing
Put in decreasing order of propagation speed A) gas B) liquid C) solid
solid, liquid, gas
What artifact has a grainy appearance and is caused by the interference effects of scattered sound? A. spackle B. reverberation C. slice thickness D. speckle E. section thickness
speckle
You are performing a quality assurance study on an ultrasound system using a tissue equivalent phantom. You make an adjustment using a knob on the system console that changes the appearance of reflector brightness from fully bright to barely visible. What are you evaluating? A. resolution B. dynamic range C. system sensitivity D. vertical calibration E. slice thickness
ststem sensitivity
In which of these biologic tissues will sound waves propogate most quickly A. tendon B. blood C. lung D. fat E. amniotic fluid
tendon
An ultrasound system is set at 0 dB and is transmitting at full intensity. What is the output power when the system is tansmitting at 10% of full intensity A. -3 dB B. -50 dB C. 10 dB D. 3 dB E. -10 dB
-10 dB
An ultrasound system is set at 0 dB and is transmitting at full intensity. What is the output power when the system is tansmitting at 50% of full intensity A. -3 dB B. -50 dB C. 10 dB D. 3 dB E. -10 dB
-3 dB
Which if the following is the best lateral resolution A. 15 mm B. 6 mm C. 0.06 cm D. 1 cm
0.06 cm
According to the AIUM statement on bioeffects, there have been no confirmed bioeffects below intensities of ____ watts per square cm SPTA. A. 10 B. 0.01 C. 0.1 D. 1 E. 100
0.1
If 300,000 cycles occur in a second, what is the wave's frequency A. 3 MHz B. 30 kHz C. 300 MHz D. 3 kHz E. 0.3 MHz
0.3 MHz
If the spatial pulse length is 10 mm, what is the axial resolution? A. 0.5 cm B. 5 cm C. 10 mm D. 1 cm
0.5 cm
What is the approximate attenuation coefficient of 1 MHz US in soft tissue? A. 0.5 dB/cm B. 1 cm C. 3 dB/cm D. 1 dB
0.5 dB/cm
The duty factor for continuous wave ultrasound if A. 10.0 B. 1% C. 1.0 D. 0.0%
1
How many bits are needed to represent 1024 gray shades A. 1024 B. 8 C. 10 D. 3 E. 512
10
A Doppler exam is performed with a 5 MHz probe and a PRF of 15 kHz. Which of these Doppler shifts will create aliasing A. 2 kHz B. 2.5 kHz C. 7.5 kHz D. 14 kHz
14 kHz
Decimal uses a base of 10, binary uses a base of A. 1 B. 2 C. 5 D. 10
2
What is the most typical Doppler shift measured clinically A. 3.5 MHz B. 3,500,000 Hz C. 2kHz D. 1,000 kHz E. 20,000 Hz
2 kHz
The distance to a target is doubled. The time-of-flight for a pulse to travel to the target and back is A. 4 times B. 8 times C. the same D. 2 times
2 times
What is the range of frequencies created by medial diagnostic Doppler transducers? A. 4-10 Hz B. 10-20 MHz C. 1-10 kHz D. 2-20 Hz E. 2-10 MHz
2-10 MHz
An object is located at a depth of 10 cm. The imaging depth is 7 cm. At what depth will a reflection from the object appear on the image? A. 10 cm B. 7 cm C. 17 cm D. 3 cm
3 cm
Which of the following is not preprocessing A. write magnification B. 3D rendering C. fill in interpolation D. spatial compounding
3d rendering
How many bits are needed to represent 16 shades of grey? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
4
Depth calibration of a machine measures 100mm spaced wires to be 90mm apart. Scanning reflectors 50mm apart, what will the machine calculate the distance to be? A. 40 mm B. 44 mm C. 60 mm D. 65 mm
45 mm
How many cm are in 60 millimeters? A. 600 B. 6 C. 0.6 D. 0.06
6
How many days bits are needed to represent 46 gray shades? A. 46 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8
6
Sound intensity is decreased by 75%. How many decibels of attenuation is this? A. 6 dB B. 9 dB C. 5dB D. 10 dB
6 dB
What Doppler angle is most inaccurate? A) 15-30 degrees B) 30-45 degrees C) 45-60 degrees D) 60-75 degrees
60--75 degrees
An US wave travels through attenuation of 3 dB in the first and 5 dB in the second. What is the total attenuation? A. 15 dB B. 8 dB C. 3/5 dB D. 5/8 dB
8 dB
For Doppler, which incident angle results in no shift? A. 180 B. 90 C. 0 D. 45
90
All of the following statements regarding in-viro bioeffects are true EXCEPT: A. In vitro bioeffects conclusions are clincally relevant B. In vitro bioeffects are always real C. In vitro bioeffects are very important D. In vitro bioeffects may not be applicable to clincal settings
A
Impedance is the ______ of ______ and ______. A. Product, propagation, density B. Sum, stiffness, density C. Quotient, stiffness, propagation speed D. Difference, attenuation, density
A
Under which circumstance is the mechanical index lowest? A. high frequency and low power B. high intensity and high frequency C. low intensity and low frequency D. low frequency and high signal amplitude
A
Under which of the following conditions is axial resolution improved? A. Decreased spatial pulse B. Decreased puke amplified C. Decrease pixel size D. Decreased beam diameter E. Decrease imaging depth
A
Which if the following is associated with power mode Doppler? A. Poor temporal resolution and flash artifact B. Lower sensitivity and good temporal resolution C. High sensitivity and high frame rates D. Flash artifact and reduced sensitivity E. Good temporal resolution and flash artifact
A
Which of the following best describes the features of a sound wave and medium that determine the speed of sound in the medium A. density of the medium and stiffness of the medium B. density of the medium and power of the sound beam C. elasticity of the medium and frequency of the sound beam D. stiffness of the medium and elasticity of the medium E. pulse repitition period of the sound wave and density of the medium
A
Which transducer would be best to image superficial images? A. Small diameter, high frequency B. Small diameter, low frequency C. Large diameter, high frequency D. Large diameter, low frequency
A
The list likely amount of reflection at a boundary between soft tissues is: A. 1% B. 22% C. 34% D. 99%
A 1%
All of the following are true EXCEPT: A. Two waves with identical frequencies must interfere constructively B. Constructive interference is associated with waves are in-phase C. Out-of-phase waves interfere destructively D. Waves of different frequencies may exhibit both constructive and destructive interference at different times
A.
A sound wave's frequency is 10 MHz. The wave is traveling in soft tissue. What is it's wavelength? A. 0.15 mm B. 1.54 mm C. 15.4 mm D. 0.77 min E. 10 MHz
A. 0.15 mm
What are typical clincal Doppler frequencies A. 1-10,000 Hz B. 1-10 MHz C. 2-1,000 kHz D. 40-45 kHz
A. 1-10,000 Hz
A pulse is remitted by a transducer and is traveling in soft tissue. The go-return time, or time-of-flight, of a sound pulse is 130 microseconds. What is the reflector depth? A. 10 cm B. 10 mm C. 10 m D. 130 mm E. 13 cm
A. 10 cm
Which of the following sound waves is ultrasonic and least useful in diagnostic imaging? A. 30 KHz B. 8 MHz C. 8,000 Hz D. 3,000 kHz E. 15 Hz
A. 30 KHz
What happens to the speed of sound in a medium when the bill modulus of the medium increases? A. Faster B. Slower C. Unchanged
A. Faster
How is range ambiguity artifact eliminated? A. Lower the PRF B. Raise the PRF C. Increase the gain D. Use a lower frequency transducer
A. Lower the PRF
The units of pulse repetition frequency are A. Per minute B. msec C. mm/(u)s D. MHx
A. Per minute
Which of the following tissues is most likely to create Rayleigh scattering? A. Red blood cells B. Muscle C. Fat D. Bone
A. RBC
____ resolution is determined by the spatial pulse length A. Radial B. Image C. Axial D. Angular
A. Radial or B. Axial
If wires in an AIUM test object do not appear in the same place as on the display, what is amiss? A. Registration accuracy B. Dynamic range accuracy C. Near gain D. Gray scale dynamic range
A. Registration accuracy
With the presence of ____ we see more boundaries than there are reflecting surfaces. A. Reverberations B. Shadowing C. Enhancement D. Arrays
A. Reverberationa
All of the following will improve temporal resolution EXCEPT: A. increased line density B. single rather than multifocus C. higher frame rate D. shallower depth of view E. slower speed of sound in a medium
A. increased line density
What is the significance of grat scale variation in the spectrum of a pulsed wave Doppler display A. it represents the number of red blood cells creating the reflection B. it represents the velocity of red blood cells C. it represents the speed of red blood cells D. it represents the convergence of red blood cell lamina E. it determines the ensemble length
A. it represents the number of red blood cells creating the reflection
From a safety standpoint, which one of the following methods is best? A. low output power and high gain B. high output power and low gain C. high near gain and low far gainm D. low near gain and high far gain E. high reject and high transmitter output
A. low output power and high gain
Which of the following has the greatest influence on tempmoral resolution A. propagation speed and the imaging depth B. frequency of sound and the propagation speed C. wavelength of sound and propagation speed D. output power and frequency
A. propagation speed and imaging depth
Which of the following choices determines the signal amplitude in the transducer of an ultrasound system A. reflected intensity of the sound beam B. post processing C. edge enhancement filtering D. persistence E. demodulation
A. reflected intensity of the sound beam
The angle of incidence of an US beam is perpendicular to an interface. The two media have the same propagation speeds. What process cannot occur A. refraction B. reflection C. transmission D. attenuation
A. refraction
Which is not a part of a transducer? A. Active crystal B. Matching layer C. A/D converter D. Wire
A/D converter
Post processing occurs when the image A. is played off of the VCR B. entered the A/D converter but before the display C. after it leaves the A/D converter D. after it leaves the scan converter
B
Reject is used to? A. Alter the appearance of highly reflective objects B. Alter the appearance of lowly reflective objects C. Improve axial resolution D. Improve digital scan converter sensitivity
B
Sound is traveling from medium 1 to medium 2. Propagation speeds of M1 and M2 are 1,600m/sec and 1,500m/s respectively. There is normal incidence. A. Angle of incidence > angle of reflection B. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection C. Angle of incidence < angle of reflection
B
Which has the correct unit speeds? Freq. Speed. Intens. Atten. A. Hz. mm/s. Joules. dB/cm B. MHz. M/sec. W/cm^2. dB C. kHz. mm/(u)s. W/cm^3. dB/ cm
B
A hydrophone is used to measure A. Velocity B. Frequency C. Intensity D. Phase
B or C
If a 5 MHz sound wave is traveling in the tissues listed below? Which will have the shortest wavelength? A. Fat B. Air C. Muscle D. Bone
B. Air
If the frequency of an US wave is doubled, what happens to the period? A. Doubles B. Halved C. Remains the same D. 4 times greater
B. Halved
In the same medium, if the frequency of US is increased from 0.77 MHz to 1.54 MHz, what happens to the wavelength? A. Doubles B. Halves C. Remains the same D. 4 times greater
B. Halved
Which if the following will eliminate range ambiguity artifact? A. Increase will filter B. Imaging deeper C. Lower frequency transducer D. Frequency compounding
B. Imaging deeper
The time front the beginning of a pulse until it's end is ____? A. Period B. Pulse duration C. Pulse length D. PRF
B. Pulse duration
What happens tit eh speed of sound in a medium when the bulk modules of the medium decrease? A. Faster B. Slower C. Unchanged
B. Slower
Images on videotape are stored using: A. Magic B. Magnetism C. Paper D. Computer memory
B. magnetism
How often should electrical safety checks by performed in a endocavitary transducer: A. Routinely B. Weekly C. Daily D. Before each exam
Before each exam
As a result of ___the propagation speed increases. A. Increasing stiffness and increasing density B. Increasing stiffness and increasing elasticity C. Decreasing compressibility and decreasing density D. Decreasing stiffness and decreasing density
C
Refraction only occurs if there are: A. Normal incidence and different impedances B. Indirect intensity and different propagation speeds C. Oblique incidence and different propagation speeds D. Oblique frequency and identical impedances
C
The Doppler shift is a measure of: A. Ratio of incident frequency to reflector frequency B. Sum of incident frequency and reflected frequency C. Difference between incident frequency and reflected frequency D. Product of incident and reflected frequencies
C
What is the frequency of a wave with 1 msec period? A. 10,000 Hz B. 1,000 kHz C. 1kHz D. 1 MHz
C. 1 kHz
What would be the brightest B-mode spot when scanning the following? *****INSERT PIC
C
The impedance of tissue is 3 x 10 [5] rayls and for the PZT crystal is 6 x 10 [6] rayls. What is the best impedance for the matching layer A. 36 x 10 [6] B. 3,600 C. 9.5 x 10 [5] D. 9 x 10 [4]
C. 9.5 x 10 [5]
The effects of soft tissue of US are called: A. Acoustic proliferation properties B. Dynamic effects C. Acoustic propagation properties D. Biological effects
C. Acoustic propagation propertiez
For soft tissue, the approximate attenuation coefficient in dB/cm is quell to one-half ____in ____ A. Wavelength, mm B. Frequency, Hz C. Frequency, MHz D. Impedance, rayls
C. Frequency, MHz
How is lateral resolution measured if this test object is scanned from the bottom? *** needs image *****
C. Measure the length of line B (shortest line)
____ is the time to complete one cycle A. Pulse duration B. Pulse period C. Period D. Duration period
C. Period
If the frequency of US is increased from 0.77 MHz to 1.54 MHz, what happens to the propagation speed? A. Doubles B. Halved C. Remains the same D. 4 times greater
C. Remains the swme
_____ is a redirection if US in many directions as a result of a rough boundary between two media. A. Refraction B. Rayleigh scattering C. Scattering D. Reflection
C. Scattering
The more bits per pixel: A. The better the resolution B. The higher the pixel density C. The more shades of gray D. Higher reliability
C. The more shades of gray
Power of wound has units of A. dB B. dB/cm C. watts D. watts/ cm^3
C. Watts
Put in increasing order of propagation speed: a) air, bone, water b) bone, water, air c) air, water, bone d) water, air, bone e) bone, air, water
C. air, water, bone
The curie temperature has which effect A. the backing material delaminates from the active element B. the glue binding the crystal and matchig layer melts C. the ferroelectric material is depolarized D. the matching layer changes its impedance
C. the ferroelectric material is depolarized
The range equation relates distance from the reflector to ___ and ___. A. time-of-flight, distance B. frequency, wavelength C. time-of-flight, propagation speed D. propagation speed, density
C. time-of-flight, propagation speed
You encounter a patient that does not speak English. Which of the following is best to obtain informed consent? A. Call for a hospital interpreter B. Use sign language C. Obtain it from a bilingual family member who is in the room D. Point to the signature line of the consent form and have the patient sign it
Call for a hospital interpreter
Which of the following best describes the mechanistic approach to the study of bio effects? A. Cause- effect B. Exposure-response C. Risk-benefit D. Causation-reaction E. Effect- micro streaming
Cause-effect
Which of these cannot be performed by a sonographer? A. Adjust gain B. Alter gray scale C. Clean pixels D. Adjust time gain compensation
Clean pixels
Circumferences mag be measured in units of A. Cm B. Can squares C. Cubic cm D. Cubits
Cm
Which of the following will eliminate range ambiguity artifact? A. Increase wall filter B. Coded excitation C. Lower frequency transducer D. Frequency compounding
Coded excitation
Under which circumstance is cavitation most likely to occur A. high frequency and low power B. high intensity and high frequency C. low intensity and low frequency D. low frequency and high signal amplitude
D
What is the minimum value of the duty factor? A. 10.0 B. 1% C. 1.0 D. 0.0%
D. 0.0%
The frequency closest to the lower limit of US is: a. 19,000 kHz b. 10,000 MHz c. 20,000 msec d. 15,000 Hz
D. 15,000 Hz
The just typical amount of transmission at a boundary in biologic media is: A. 1% B. 22% C. 34% D. 99%
D. 99%
Propagation speed = _____ x wavelength A. Pulse duration B. Period C. Number of cycles in the pulse D. Frequency
D. Frequency
Which of the following has the greatest output power? A. B-mode B. Gray scale imaging C. CW Doppler D. Pulsed Doppler
D. Pulsed Doppler
If a waves amplitude is doubled, what happens to the power? A. Nothing B. Halved C. Doubled D. Quadrupled
D. Quadrupled
Which if the following is determined by the source and the medium? A. Frequency B. Period C. Propagation speed D. Range resolution
D. Range resolution
which of these boundaries will create the weakest reflection a. air-lung b. air-soft tissue c. air-blood d. soft tissue-blood
D. Soft tissue-blood
The units of attenuation are ___ : this is a ___ scale A) mm/cm ; parametric B) dB/m ; multiplicative C) none ; relative D) dB ; logarithmic
D. dB, logarithmic
Changing which of the following would not cause any change in a hard copy image output A. TGC B. gain C. output power D. display brightness and contrast
D. display brightness and contrast
What is the standard for communication between medical imaging computers? A. ALARA B. PACS C. D-to-A conversion D. DICOM E. A-to-D conversion
DICOM
If we increase the transducer diameter, the beam diameter in the far zone is: A. Increased B. Decreased C. Unchanged
Decreased
If the frame rate increases and the lines per frame is unchanged, what else must happen? A. US speed increases B. Frequency increases C. Depth increases D. Depth decreases
Depth decreases
The process of changing gray scale image is called __
Dynamic range
Which one of the following sets of properties of a test phantom is most relevant when assessing depth calibration accuracy A. reflector spacing and reflection coefficient B. attenuation and speed of US in the medium C. reflector spacing and US attentuation in the medium D. reflector reflection coefficient and US attenuation in the medium E. reflector spacing and propagation speed
E. reflector spacing and propagation speed
Which if the following best describes the empirical approach to the study of bio effects? A. Exposure-response B. Cause-effect C. Risk-benefit D. Causation-reaction E. Effect- microstreaming
Exposure-respinse
(T/F) lateral Resolution also called longitudinal
Fade
(T/F) A sonographer's education ends when they become registered.
False
(T/F) Sonographers cannot affect a patient's exposure to acoustic energy
False
(T/F) The digital scan converter has a number of pixels assigned to each bit
False
(T/F) a mirror image artifact can appear along side of the true anatomy
False
(T/F) lateral Resolution also called axial
False
(T/F) lateral Resolution also called range
False
T/F There have not been biological effects from US found in the laboratory.
False
T/F: Doppler shifts always occur if the sound source and receiver are in motion
False
T/F: With right angle incidence, reflections are always generated at a boundary if the propagation speeds of the media are different.
False
T/F: With normal incidence the angle is 180 degrees.
Falsw
what is the Fraunhofer? A. Focus B. Near zone C. Far zone D. Penetration depth
Far zone
What are the units of longitudinal resolution A. Hertz B. Rayls C. m/s D. Feet
Feet
Lateral resolution can be improved by: A. Increasing gain B. Decreasing gain C. Focusing D. Smoothing
Focusing
Which if the following will eliminate range ambiguity artifact? A. Raising the PRF B. Lowering the PRF C. Lower frequency transducer D. Frequency compounding
Lowering the PRF
Which of the following is associated with cavitation? A. Thermal index B. Snell's Law C. Acafadro's Number D. Mechanical index
Mechanical index
The Fresnel is the: A. Focus B. Near zone C. Far zone D. Penetration depth
Near zone
The angle between an US puke and the boundary between two media is 56 degrees. This is called: A. Direst incidence B. Oblique incidence C. Indirect incidence D. Orthogonal incidence
Oblique incidence
The consolidation of many images into a single frame best describes which if the following? A. Dynamic range B. Fill in interpolation C. phase quadrature D. Persistence
Persistence
Which of the following is not a beam steering technique for a mechanical scanhead? A. Rotating Wheel B. Phased Beam C. Oscillating Disc D. Oscillating Mirror
Phased beam
The production of a voltage from the application of a pressure is called A. Piezoelectricity B. Impedance C. Congeneration D. Flux
Piezoelectricity
What is the production of deformation from voltage called? A. Piezoelectricity B. Impedance C. Congeneration D. Flux
Piezoelectricity
Which of the following modalities has the greatest output power? A. Gray scale B. Pulsed Doppler C. Continuous wave Doppler D. Elastrography
Pulsed Doppler
What artifact is created by an object that is located deeper than the image? A. Range ambiguity B. Shadowing C. Speckle D. Section thickness
Range ambiguity
Smells law describes physics of ___. A. Ultrasound B. Reflection C. Refraction D. Transmission
Refraction
What is the elimination of voltages that do not exceed a certain level? A. Gain B. Decompensation C. Reject D. Demodulation
Reject
Which of these intensities is smallest? A. SATP B. SPTP C. SATA
SATA
T/F: A sound wave is a pressure wave made of compressions and rarefactions.
Teue
Where does coded excitation originate? A. The demodulator B. The flux capacitor C. The transducer D. The pulser
The pukser
What is the meaning of a thermal index = 3? A. Tissue temperature may rise 3 degrees Fahrenheit B. Tissue temperature will rise 3 degrees Celsius C. Tissue temperature may rise 3 degrees Celsius D. Micro bubbles 3 mm in diameter will burst
Tissue temperature may rise 3 degrees Celsius
(T/F) lateral Resolution also called azimuthal
True
T/F: Shadowing may result from high amounts of reflection of US energy.
True
What is not the responsibility of the sonographer? A. clean the filters B. adjust the recorder C. adjust converter matrix D. narrow dynamic range
adjust teh converter matrix
With good images on the display but not on the printer, one should A. increase the gain B. check the scan head C. check scan converter D. adjust the recorder
adjust the recorder
Which of these boundaries will create the strongest reflection? a) air - lung b) air - soft tissue c) air - blood d) soft tissue - blood
air-soft tissue
Dynamic range is used to A. decrease the amplitude B. alter gray scale C. reduce speckle
alter gray scale
The dynamic range is the ratio of the smallest to the largest _____ that a system can process without distortion. A. amplitude B. frequency C. phase delay D. spatial length
amplitude
An US machine has a digital scan converter but has an analog input signal. The machine needs to have a A. hybrid multiplexer B. modem C. analog to digital converter D. digital monitor
analog to digital converter
When can a patient revoke consent A. at any time B. before the procedure begins C. never D. only prior to sedation
at any time
When may a patient revoke their ocnsent to be treated A. at any time B. when it is safe to terminate the procedure C. never
at any time
Which of the following best describes a sound beam A. electrical impulses B. a collection of mechanical vibrations is th eform of compressions and rarfactions C. a wave that man can hear D. electromechanical variations E. ionic vibrations
b
While propagating, a sound wave is refracted. Finally, it returns to the transducer. The system processes the sound wave as if it has: a) refracted and returned b) traveled in a straight line, reflected & returned c) traveled in a straight line, attenuated, reflected & returned
b) traveled in a straight line, reflected & returned
The more pixels per inch: A. The better the temporal resolution B. The better is the spatial resolution C. The more shades of gray D. The higher the reliability
b. The better is the spatial resolution
A single element transducer is focused A. by the manufacturer B. cannot be focused C. by increasing output power D. by the sonographer
by the manufacturer
The fundamental frequency of a transducer is 2.5 MHz. What is the second harmonic frequency? A. 1.25 MHz B. 4.5 MHz C. 5 MHz D. 5 cm
c. 5 MHz
What is the name of the receiver function that corrects for attenuation?
compensation
If the intensity of a sound beam remains unchanged while the beam area is reduced in half, what has happened to the power? A. Quadrupled B. Doubled C. Halved D. Unchanged
c. halved
If the lines per frame is increased while the imaging depth is unchanged then: A. Frame rate increases B. Number of shades of gray decreases C. The frame rate decreases D. This cannot happen
c. the frame rate decreases
What are the units of intensity? A. watts B. Decibels C. Watts/ cm squared D. Decibels
c. watts/cm squared
To measure the US beam intensity, use a A) calibrated hydrophone B) lateral oscilloscope C) water filled phantom D) tissue equivalent phantom
calibrated hydrophone
What may be the unit of amplitude? a) cm b) Hz c) msec d) watts e) none of the above
cm
Volume has which of the following units? a. cm b. cm^2 c. cm^3 d. cm^4
cm^3
attenuation of US in soft tissue is closest to: a. 3 dB/1 MHz b. 1 dB/cm/10 MHz c. 2 dB/cm d. 0.6 dB/cm/MHz
d. 0.6 dB/cm/MHz
What is propagation speed determined by A. wavelength B. intensity & density C. amplitude D. density & elasticity E. density & amplitude
d. density & elasticity
What measures the output of a transducer? a) receiver b) display c) hydrometer d) hydrophone
d. hydrophone
The rayl is the unit of A. Intensity B. Reflectance C. Density D. Impedance
d. impedance
Which is not an acoustic variable? A. Density B. Pressure C. Distance D. Intensity
d. intensity
Sound waves are: A. Electric B. Mechanical, Transverse C. Spectral D. Longitudinal, mechanical
d. longitudinal, mechanical
With normal incidence, what factors affect refraction of US? A) propagation speeds B) frequencies C) attenuation coefficients D) none of the above
d. none of the above
The angle between an US pulse and the boundary between two media is 90 degrees. What is this called? A. Direct incidence B. Oblique incidence C. Indirect incidence D. Orthogonal incidence
d. orthogonal incidence
Put in decreasing order: A) deca B) deci C) micro D) centi
deca, deci, centi, micro
What happens to venous return to the heart during expiration A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged
decreased
Under which of the following conditions is lateral resulution improved A. decreased beam diameter B. decreased pulse duration C. decreased imaging depth D. decreased pixel size E. decreased spatial pulse length
decreassed beam diameter
Impedance is the product of _____ and _____.
density and propagation speed
In a real time scanner, which of these choices determiens the maximum frame rate A. depth of view B. pixel size C. attenuation coefficient D. beam diameter E. lateral resolution
depth of view
The Doppler shift is the ____ of two frequencies A. sum B. difference C. product D. ratio
difference
Which of these factors has the greatest influence on pulse repitition period? A. display depth B. thickness of the PZT crystal C. attenuation of the sound beam D. impedance of the medium E. displays dynamic range
display depth
If a reflector is moved twice as far away from the transducer, how will this affect the time-of-flight of a sound pulse? A. quadruple it B. double it C. no change D. halve it
double it
If the intensity is increased by 3 dB, it: a. doubles b. triples c. halved d. quartered
doubles
What is the fraction of time that a transducer is transmitting A. duty factor B. pulse duration C. period D. PRF spatial duration
duty factor
(T/F) Doppler shifts always occur if the source and observer are in motion relative to each other and the angle between the motion and the sound beam is 90 degrees
false
(T/F) Doppler shifts always occur if the source and reciever are in motion relative to each other
false
(T/F) Doppler shifts are always created when the source and reciever are in motion relative to each other.
false
(T/F) Increasing the frequency increases the penetration depth
false
(T/F) The manufacturer increases the number of lines per frame. As a result, which of the following may have to be decreased? Frequency
false
(T/F) The manufacturer increases the number of lines per frame. As a result, which of the following may have to be decreased? Power Output
false
Which of the following improves the signal-to-noise ratio A. dynamic range B. frame averaging C. gray scale D. edge enhancement E. gain
frame averaging
If a manufacturer changed the lines per frame and kept the lines per frame imaging depth the same, what else would change A. PRF B. period C. frame rate
frame rate
Which of the following does not change temporal resolution A. frequency compounding B. persistence C. spatial compounding D. temporal resolution
frequency compounding
Fill-in of an anechoic structure such as a cyst is known as all of the following except: A. partial volume artifact B. slice thickness artifact C. section thickness artifact D. ghosting artifact
ghosting artifact
Which of the following clinical modalities has the lowest output intensity? A. pulsed Doppler B. continous wave Doppler C. power Doppler D. duplex scanning E. gray scale imagine
gray scale imaging
Traveling through the same medium, if the frequency is doubled, the wavelength is A. unchanged B. doubled C. halved D. quartered
halved
Where does coded excitation originate A. in the reciever B. in the tissues C. in contrast agents D. in the matching layer E. in the pulse
in the pulser
When the US machine displays only strong reflecting objects and nothing else, the sonographer should A. adjust far gain B. increase output power C. increase lateral resolution D. adjust TCG
increase output power
A quality assurance program: A. is not needed in small labs B. is very time consuming and expensive C. is needed by all labs D. cannot be performed by sonographers
is needed by all labs
Which of the following will result in the greatest number of shades of gray in a digital image display? A. large pixels with many bits/pixels B. small pixels with few bits/pixels C. many Tv lines per fram D. high contrast E. narrow dynamic range
large pixels with many bits/pixels
What can pulsed Doppler measure that continuous wave cannot? A. duration B. speed C. velocity D. location E. frequency
location
Which of the following will result in the highest mechanical index? A. high frequency and low power B. high intensity and high frequency C. low frequency and high signal amplitude D. low intensity and low frequency
low frequency and high signal amplitude
Which of the following has a propagation speed closet to "soft tissue" A. muscle B. fat C. bone D. air
muscle
In an air-tissue interface, what percentage of the ultrasound is reflected? a) 0% b) near 0% c) 50% d) near 100%
near 100%
The relative output of an US instrument is calibrated in dB and the operator increases the output by 60 dB. The beam intensity is increased by which of the following? a. 5% b. two times c. twenty times d. one hundred times e. one million times
one million times
In which way is an annular phase array transducer different than a linear phased array transducer A. the linear is steered mechanically B. the linear can have multiple focal zones C. the annular can create a rectanglar shaped image D. the linear has higher pulse repetition frequency E. the annular is steered mechanically
the annular is steered mechanically
Assuming a constant frequency, what happens if the diameter of an unfocused circular transducer is increased? A. the distance to the far field B. the beam width in the near field is reduced C. the beam width in the near field is increased D. the US wavelength is increased E. the sensitivity is reduced
the beam width in the near field is increasecd
(T/F) A system which was working well now does not display clear images in the far field. This may be a problem with the monitor.
true
(T/F) A system which was working well now does not display clear images in the far field. This may be a problem with the reciever.
true
(T/F) A system which was working well now does not display clear images in the far field. This may be a problem with the scan converter.
true
(T/F) A system which was working well now does not display clear images in the far field. This may be a problem with the transducer.
true
(T/F) Doppler shifts always occur if the source and observer are in motion relative to each other and the angle between the motion and the sound beam is not 90 degrees
true
(T/F) Gray scale can be changed by the songographer
true
(T/F) The manufacturer increases the number of lines per frame. As a result, which of the following may have to be decreased? Frame Rate
true
(T/F) The manufacturer increases the number of lines per frame. As a result, which of the following may have to be decreased? Imaging Depth
true
(T/F) The manufacturer increases the number of lines per frame. As a result, which of the following may have to be decreased? Sector Angle
true
Traveling through the same medium, if the frequency is doubled, the propagation speed is: A. unchanged B. doubled C. halved D. quartered
unchanged
What information does Doppler shift provide? A. Flow B. Cardiac output C. Velocity D. Speed
velocity
Pre-processing occurs A. when the patient is scanned B. when images are transferred to the VCR C. after the images are on the tape D. when the image exits the scan converter
when the patient is scanned
