Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, Reflexes

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The_______mater is just below (deep to) the dura mater.

Arachnoid

What is the structure between the arrows

Fascicle

Which meninx forms the terminal filum?

Pia mater

Which viral disease results in the destruction of motor neurons?

Poliomyelitis

The bundle of nerves inferior to the medullary cone of the spinal cord is called the

cauda equina

A_______nerve fiber innervates widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, and blood vessels.

general

__________ fibers are nerve fibers that innervate more localized organs in the head (eyes, ears, olfactory and taste receptors, etc.).

special

Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the_________motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem.

upper

Each spinal cord segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves. How many pairs of spinal nerves are typically present in an adult?

31

What is gray commissure of spinal cord?

A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side

Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata?

At the foramen magnum

External to the neurilemma of a nerve fiber is the layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fiber called a(n):

Endoneurium

What is the loose connective tissue surrounding an individual nerve fiber called?

Endoneurium

The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain somas of which neurons?

Sympathetic Motor

How many neurons are found in a descending tract?

Two

In descending pathways, which motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem?

Upper

______ fibers are nerve fibers that innervate blood vessels, glands, and internal organs.

Visceral

The ———median fissure is a longitudinal groove on the ventral surface of the spinal cord.

anterior

the__________horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons.

anterior

The__________space is located between the vertebrae and the dural sheath around the spinal cord.

epidural

The ______ motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle.

lower

The ______ enlargement is the area of spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis.

lumbosacral

The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord.

medullary cone

A ______ nerve is a peripheral nerve carrying nerve signals to the CNS.

sensory

What is the cauda equina?

A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

What is a nerve?

A cord of nerve fiber bundles bound together by connective tissue

Which describes a mixed nerve?

A nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers

What is a region of the spinal cord supplied by a pair of spinal nerves called?

A segment

What is a fasciculus in the spinal cord?

A tract of nerve fibers within a funiculus

In which disease does sclerosis of the lateral spinal cord occur, with destruction of motor neurons?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Which horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons?

Anterior

Which spinal cord areas are composed of gray matter?

Anterior horn Gray commissure Posterior horn

Which meninx is just below (deep to) the dura mater?

Arachnoid mater

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain?

Ascending

A nerve fiber refers to which part of a neuron?

Axon

Where is the epidural space around the spinal cord?

Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath

What is the white matter of the spinal cord?

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

In the spinal cord, what is the space within the gray commissure that contains CSF?

Central canal

Functions of the spinal cord include which of the following?

Conduction, locomotion, reflexes

The spinal cord contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the CNS and the periphery. This illustrates which function of the spinal cord?

Conduction.

Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body?

Contralateral

What factor accounts for the fact that the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa?

Decussation

What is the epineurium composed of?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What is the dural sheath around the spinal cord made of?

Dura mater

Place the meninges in order from superficial to deep. Instructions

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Pain during childbirth is often managed by injecting an anesthetic into which space?

Epidural

Which connective tissue layer is indicated by the arrow?

Epineurium

Which is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?

Epineurium

How are the spinal cord regions named?

For the level of vertebral column from which its spinal nerves emerge

What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies located outside of the CNS called?

Ganglion

What is the site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord?

Gray matter

Which nerve tracts do not decussate?

Ipsilateral

In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?

L1

In descending tracts, which motor neuron innervates the target organ?

Lower

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain somas of somatic ______ neurons.

Motor

The poliovirus destroys which neurons in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord?

Motor

Within the spinal cord, what type of information do the descending tracts carry?

Motor

Which are purely sensory nerves?

Olfactory and optic nerves

What are two examples of nerves that carry only sensory information?

Optic and Olfactory nerve

Which connective tissue layer is indicated by the arrow?

Perineurium

What are the three funiculi of white matter found in the spinal cord?

Posterior funiculus Ventral funiculus Lateral funiculus

Which is a somatic stimulus of a somatic reflex?

Pressure Stretch Temperature Touch Pain

In the PNS, the__________cells form a neurilemma and the myelin sheath around an axon.

Schwann

Nerve fibers of peripheral nerves are encased in which cells?

Schwann

Which pathways are made up of three neurons?

Sensory

Unlike visceral fibers that innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera, ______ nerve fibers innervate skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints.

Somatic

In which does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

Subarachnoid space

In the spinal cord, where is the white matter in relation to the gray matter?

Superficial

Where is the white matter in the spinal cord?

Superficial to the gray matter

The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord are found from segment_______to segment L1 of the spinal cord.

T2

The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord are found in which segments of the spinal cord?

T2 to L1

what is the arrow pointing to?

Terminal filum

What does contralateral mean?

That two points are on opposite sides of the body.

What does ipsilateral mean?

That two points are on the same side of the body

What is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs

What is the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord?

The longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord

What is the subarachnoid space?

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

Identify the regions of the spinal cord.

Thoracic Cervical Lumbar Sacral

How many neurons are typically found in an ascending pathway between the receptor and the brain?

Three

What is a bundle of nerve fibers within the white matter of the spinal cord called?

Tract

_________matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter

White

A(n) ______ fiber is a nerve fiber carrying nerve signals toward the central nervous system.

afferent

The middle layer of the meninges is the ______ mater.

arachnoid

In the spinal cord_______the canal is lined with ependymal cells and contains cerebrospinal fluid.

central

The ________ Enlargements of the spinal cord gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs.

cervical

spinal cord regions in order from superior to inferior. Instructions

cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum

The left and right sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord are connected by the gray

commissure

The end of the spinal cord indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure is the medullary_____________.

cone

Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo___________, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.

decussation

A ______ is a tract of nerve fibers within a column of the spinal cord.

fasciculus

The__________matter of the spinal cord contains the synapses and therefore is the site of synaptic integration.

gray

The ______ are a series of fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system.

meninges

A ______ nerve is a nerve containing only fibers carrying outgoing nerve signals from the CNS.

motor

The ______ mater is the meningeal layer that is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord.

pia

Which layer of the meninges is the most delicate and is composed of one or two layers of squamous to cuboidal cells and delicate collagenous and elastic fibers?

pia mater

The———median sulcus is a longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord.

posterior

The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the_________space between the meninges.

subarachnoid

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called the__________space.

subarachnoid

In the CNS, bundles of axons that make up white matter are called ______.

tracts


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