Sports in American History ch. 5-7

Josh Gibson

"Black Babe Ruth" great hitter and catcher for the homestead grays & pittsburgh crawfords from 1931-1940s

Jack Johnson

"Galveston Giant" First African American World Heavyweight Champion. Banned fight footage when he beat Jim Jeffries. Fought Jim Jeffries in Reno, NV. Lead to Mann Act.

Jim Thorpe

(1912 olympic team) captured the gold medals. Stripped of them because he played minor league ball for pay. Big-Time Football Player

1921 National Agreement

(1921) produced first commissioner of baseball (Judge Kennesaw Mountain Landis), Czar of baseball. Provided future of commissioners

1932 L.A Olympics

(1932) Economic Boost to build Olympic facilities to employ workers to build venues (Jobs). Transportation in U.S. Great advertising of games. Tourism in Southwest with Native American sites and exotic places. Campaigns for visitors. See the games, but go to New Mexico, Arizona, Hollywood. First Olympic village.

William Hulbert

(Father of National League) Founded the National League in 1876. President of the Chicago Whitestockings, challenged control of east coast baseball.

Deaths in football

18 deaths and 159 serious injuries occurred in 1905. in 1909 the death toll rose to 33 and casualty lists led to reforms. in 1905 Teddy Roosevelt calls a white house conference on fair play in college football. Big Three coaches. Roosevelt ="the strenuous life" =outdoor national parks leading up to football

Jackie Robinson

1947-1956 Brooklyn Dodger. Won Rookie of the Year Award in 1949. Lead Dodgers to 6 National League championships. Withstood nasty racial slurs.

1928 Olympics for Women

1st official track & Field competition for women. 800 meter disaster-controversy. distance for females and gender concerns in intense competition claims of exhaustion. Women not finishing race, exaggerated by media, out cry about women in olympic track. 800 meter dropped until 1960.

Theodore Roosevelt

Advocate of the "strenuous life". Sport and outdoors to prove manliness and courage. Rough contact sports (football) Preserved wilderness for national parks. Big game hunter. Advocate of wars to prove national courage. Rough Riders. Spanish American War. Use sport to Americanize the natives. Woodrow Wilson also huge on parks movement

Jesse Owens

African American triumphs winning 4 gold medals. Ohio State star. 400m Relay great controversy in U.S. Coach substituted him & Ralph Metcalfor for jews Sam Stoller & Marty Glickman who were the originals to run. Avery Brundage didn't want Hitler more embarrassed with other minorities winning.

Mildred "Babe" Didrikson

Amazing Women Athlete who was an All-American on national AAU basketball team from 1930-32. Star of 1932 L.A. Olympics. Gold medals in track & field for 80 meter hurdlers, the javelin throw with world record. Silver in High Jump. As a golfer drew attention to women's golf tour. she won 34 tournaments, 17 in a row (1946-1947). Her and Patty Berg helped to organize the Ladies Professional Golf Association

Walter Hagen

American Pro Golfer dominated in 1920s-1930s. Won 11 professional majors. P.G.A championship a record 5 times. First American to win the British Open.

Ice Skating

American Skating Congress (1868) International Skating Union (1892)

Capitalist entrepreneurs (Large Corporations)

Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J.P Morgan, John D. Rockefeller. Politics and sports go hand in hand by both seeking profit.

Columbia University

Banned the game for a time because didn't like injuries, and wanted academics to be first.

Japanese vs. America

Baseball rivalry throughout early 20th century. Japanese Hawaiin team traveled and beat 54 of 59 college teams

A.G. Spalding

Baseball, owner & sporting goods producer. Chicago White Stockings owner to rival Cinci team. projected a more acceptable middle class victorian. Forbid gambling and sunday games. Head of National League in 1882. Player in majors. Baseball Messiah.

Dr. John Harvey

Battle Creek Sanitarium- medical and business concern for health. Invented Corn Flakes in 1894.

Yale Football

Big powerhouse, Other schools hired players and coaches from Yale to boast programs. Yale system.

John L. Sullivan

Boston Strong Boy was the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing and also the last champion of bare-knuckle boxing.

Jackie Robinson

Brave and courageous in WWII. refused to sit at the back of the bus coming home from WWII. Outstanding athlete. Faced taunts, pressure of playing as the first African American in Major League baseball to continue to play (Fleetwood Walker true first African American in Baseball)

Bowling, Pool, and Saloon Culture

Brunswick organzied the American Bowling Congress (1895) Women's International Bowling Congress (1916)

Laissez Faire

Business without government regulation, No unions, worker's compensation, workers insurance, etc. No income tax=no social programs. Class of rich. Business owners Sport for wealthy at country clubs at Newport, RI

Eleanora Sears

Challenged man's ideals. She swam, played baseball, golf, and field hockey. Excelled in Racket sports. Won National Tennis titles. First women to play polo.

Black Sox Scandal

Chicago WhiteSox. Great team. Eddie Cicotte, Joe Jackson no pay because of Reserve Clause. Threw World Series for money

Back to Nature and Great Outdoors

Cities overcrowded, polluted and dirty lead to Back to Nature movement promoted outdoor activities and wilderness excursions as a way to regain health and for men to prove themselves. Adventure and danger in great outdoors to prove manliness

Sports & Colonialism

Conquered land, U.S became power in 1900. America introuduced sports to islands. Examples= Forbes instructed a polo field & golf course at the summer capital in Baguio-promoted phys ed. Phillipines-Basketball adopted as national sport.

Rube Foster

Created the Negro National League. Owner and manager of Chicago American Giants. Negro League Baseball. Black Stars Showcase abilities

Senda Berenson

Created women's basketball rules. Not as physically violent. Exercise, but not exhausting. Not as physically demanding. As many players as you can, but keep passing the ball.

Hank Greenberg

Detroit Tiger, Home run king. Challenged stereotype of weak immigrants-(Jews) Break ethnic barriers. Paves way for Jackie Robinson.

Military sport

Dr. Joesph Raycraft (Princeton Athletics)- Army Walter Camp (Yale)-Navy Military Academics set up baseball, football teams. 1916 creation of commission of training camp activities under the U.S War department. Good way to give service men something to do

Progressive Era Sports

Emphasis on winning. Shift from student control to faculty control and conferences. Progressive reformers respond to violence in sport.

Women's sport

Exercise for women, adaptation; new rules for some sports. Women's collegiate sport.

Fritz Pollard

First African American to play in the Rose Bowl, First African American head coach and QB.

Larry Doby

First Black Player in American League. Hired by Cleveland Indians. Boston Redsox became last team to integrate in 1959. Success of Black Baseball continued with a lot of MVPs.

James M. Toy

First Native American to reach the major league level. (pretended to be white)

Rutgers & Princeton

First intercollegiate football game on November 6th, 1869. , soccer style rules and longstanding rivals in collegiate competition

Early Collegiate Football

Followed pattern of crew in U.S, student rivalries promoted school pride.

Emergence of Football

Football became much bigger because of Walter Camp. New rules from NCAA. People began paying colleges to come play. Also, offered money for victories.

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

Formerly know as the Inter Collegiate Amateur Athletes of America (IC4As in 1883) which controlled faculty representatives, administrative control, and in 1905 the need for rules.

Luther Gulick

Founded the Public School Athletic League (PSAL) for both girls and boys. YMCA in high schools. Sports in high schools.

Suzanne Lenglen

French Tennis Star. Challenged traditional behaviour with tennis costume, style great media attention.

Resistance to Social Reform

Gangs in Chicago and others formed because of clubs. Industrial programs turned into pro football teams Each ethnic group tried to claim social status with sport.

Branch Rickey

General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers devised a plan to desegregate the game. Baseballs "Great Experiment" Signed Jackie Robinson from Kansas City Monarchs team in 1945.

Joe Louis

Golden Glove bouts gain start. Beat Italian Carnera. Fought Max Schmeling (German Nazi) twice. Lost in 1936. Boxing rematch knocked out schmeling in 1938. Radio listeners. Huge moment in sports history.

Parks

Golf introduced in parks, affordable to middle class.

Helen Wills

Great American Tennis Star. Queen of the nets. Dress reform on courts. Powerful Tennis stroke.

New Technology

Growth of college football & new stadiums, steel, lights. Large radio audience, cars with radios.

Isaac Murphy, Marshall "Mayor" Taylor, William Henry Lewis

He was Three time kentucky derby winner He was a Big Cyclist He was an All-American in football.

Yale vs. Harvard in the growth of football

Heated Rivalry strategies, new rules for football conferences. Walter Camp vs. Bill Reid (Harvard) in the quest to win & shaping football. Changes in equipment.

George "Babe" Ruth

Home run leader and Slugger for NYY. fans could relate to him because of his flaws-(drinking, smoking, and fat).

"White man's burden"

Idea that white Europeans/Americans have "better" more civilized way of life. View other peoples as savages & ignorant. think that they have the burden to civilize others. Imperialism. Missionaries, YMCA's and American officials tried to make conquered peoples accept WASP values.

Mayor William Strong

In New York city- (1896) built recreational piers. Unfortunately playgrounds for gang HQ.

Emergence of Football

Incentives,community pride, the emphasis on winning, & gambling led to the open proffessionalism vs. amateurism of football.

Women's challenges

Industrial League teams in basketball, bowling, softball for working class women, sponsored by companies.

Sport after WWI

Inter-allied Games held after the war for soldiers waiting to return to the U.S to keep soldiers out of trouble. Army vs. Navy strong rivals still

Thomas Edison

Kinetoscope in 1889=motion pictures soon followed. electric light in bars night games.

Gentlemen's Agreement

League/Team owners agree not to hire African Americans

John Montgomery Ward

Led the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball and formed the Players' National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs

1926 international match

Lenglen beat Wills in a narrow victory. Wills retained amateur status.

1908 London Games

Longest Olympics ever at 6 months. T. Roosevelt created an American National team for medal counts. Irish Amers refuse to dip Amer flag for Englands king Edward the 7th. English officials disqualify American athletes to promote British athletes. Runner Dorando Pietri is helped across the finish line. IOC uses multiple judges from nations

Boxing Jews

Marker of assimilation Benny Leonard was Jewish Stainslaw Kiecal was the Michigan Assassin and Jewish

Baseball

Marker of assimilation. Italian Ping Bodie one of First players. Honus Wagner=German Best World Series formed in 1903.

Charlotte Epstein

Mother of Women's swimming. Promoted equality and held suffrage events. Led many women's Olympic swimming teams to victory.Maccabiah Games were the Jewish Olympics.

Lou Gehrig

NYY Ruth's teammate. Remarkable career. known as the "Iron Horse". record for most games played. Horrible disease named after him

Outdoor Clubs

National Rifle Club (1858)- competitive matches, trapshooting. Boone and Crockett Club- Big game hunting and wilderness adventures.(Teddy Roosevelt part of Boone and Crockett Club) Mostly middle and upper class

1936 Berlin Olympics

Nazi Olympics, Olympic Boycott movement in U.S vs. Nazi olympics. discrimination, Anti-Semitism, racism. Seek fair play. Avery Brundage was the American Olympic president who campaigned against boycott. Olympic flame first introduce along with Parade of Nations.

Knute Rockne

Notre Dame Coach. Established an undefeated season, Challenge and Catholic views. His team beat Stanford in Rose Bowl in 1925. Coach as the Star and endorsed products like the car.

Cap Anson

One of the first superstars of baseball. First to tally over 3,000 hits. Big racist and huge part into promoting segregation of baseball.

Collegiate Football

Organized violence drew increasing number of spectators, game highlighted masculinity. Game spread to the midwest to the U of M, U of Wis, by 1886 reached california.Tramp athletes going from team to team.

Progressive Era Recreation

P.A.A-Playgrounds where WASP children can play under supervision. Social control teaching obedience to authority. Middle class wanted order and (Keep off the grass) vs Working Class desire usage of park space

Eugen Sandow

Perfect body. Idealized body

Dudley Sargent & Annie Oakley

Phys. ed for women in 1881 Trick Shot Rifle

James "Cool Papa" Bell

Played on St. Louis, on Pittsburgh Crawfords teams. Great speed. Outfielder, base running star. Maybe faster than Jesse Owens??

Players' National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs

Popularly known as the Players League, short-lived but star-studded. Emerged from the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball a.k.a the sport's first player's Union.

Alice Camp & Stella Stagg

Practices notes and plays from press box. Huge impact on football

James Wagner

President of Rose Parade committee in Pasadena offered a $3500 guarantee to meet Stanford in the first Rose Bowl game in 1902.

Bicycle Craze

Scorchers= fast riders. Safety bicycle=wheels of same size. Women had freedom of bicycle. Albert Pope manufacturer of bicycles=made them cheaper

Hiking Movement

Scout Movement=to train boy and girl scouts to become good citizens.

Walter Camp

Shaped modern rules of football-on Rules committee. Evolution of game from soccer to American football. Influenced role of Modern Athletics. Director at Yale-Gilded Age of Success

Tex Rickard

Skillfully promoted Dempsey into a boxing Sensation. Helped to make Madison Square Garden into huge sports center.

Gilded Age

Strategies to win, business practices, Survival of the fittest-strength (1870s-early 1900s) Rich, opulent, political deals, huge expansion of business, massive wealth of industrialists. Labor-management conflict, urban unrest, labor riots.

Jesse Owens

Success but racism in the U.S. The AAU denied him the Sullivan Award in 1936, denied access to hotels in NY for team celebration.

"Big" Bill Tilden

Tennis Star. Dominated the Tennis world. Drew Money to the sport. Davis Cup victories is the national tennis tournament for other countries.

1920s

The Golden Age of Sport. Media portrayed athletes as heroes. New Technology= Radio which broadcasted games. Stars sell products. Sports stars to movies. Johnny Weissmuller was an olympic swimming world champion turn movie star

Moses Fleetwood Walker

The first African American to play Major League Baseball

Charles Eliot

Tried to abolish football at the college level.

Harold "Red" Grange

U of Illinois running back & symbolized modern college football in 1920s. "The galloping ghost". He hired an agent, Charles C. Cash and Carry Pyle. He signed contract with Chicago Bears team. Earned endorsements left college after 1925.

Eleanor Holm

U.S Olympic Champion in 1920s. Star in L.A games swimming champion. Hollywood films.

John D. Rockefeller

University of Chicago, donated $3,000,000 for a win over wisconsin in 1895 to pres. William Rainey Harper.

Military sport

Walter Camp works with them to create dirk dozen exercise program. sporting skills adapted for training, prepare soldiers for combat. boxing= hand to hand combat. Baseball=throwing grenades. Track&Field = trench fighting.

Harvard, Princeton, and Yale

What were the big three colleges that shaped collegiate football.

Reserve Claus

When a players contract expire, their rights were retained by the team to which he had been signed. Prevented players equal rights in sports

Elaine Rosenthal

Womens top golfer. Also, Glenna Collett achieved star status from 1922-1935

Bernarr MacFadden

World's Strongest man, published "Physical Culture" Magazine. Proponent of women in sport fitness.

Ice Hockey

Yale adopted this in 1893. moved swiftly in sports world. Created in Canada

Walter Camp

Yale coach and the father of American Football. He was a player, coach, and later supervisor of athletics of yale from 1888-1906. played from 1876-1882. Added many rules to football. line of scrimmage. Four downs etc. Wrote many books on football

Baseball and College Football

bought over players to play to win. African Americans even brought in

Playground Association of America

call for parks and playgrounds.

Gartland Rice

claimed fame to sports leaders as Heroes.

Physical education of Youth

college= Americans adopted European gymnastic systems to improve the fitness levels of both males & females. (PSAL=Public schools Athletic League)

Football Reforms

control violence and problems, T-Roosevelt-gout rule to save football led to NCAA football dominant college sport Emphasis on team play vs. violence lead to forward pass vs brutal tactics.

Daniel Burnham

designed city plans incorporating open spaces for parks, playgrounds, forest preserves and waterfronts. "Chicago Model"

Leroy "Satchel" Paige

enjoyed international fame as greatest pitcher of all time. Baseball career spanned five decades. Made Major league debut with Cleveland Indians.

Assimilation of Ethnic groups

ethnic groups were forced to assimilate and face crude laws. Sport main Assimilation for Nat. Amers. Carlisle Indian School- (1879) Frank Hudso=First Nat. Amer to be All-American

Country Clubs

exclusively for elites-built in areas outside of the city. high membership fees. U.S National Golf Association (1895) U.S Open tournament. unusual because allowed minorities to play and there was a women's tournament. (John Shippen=African American, Oscar Bunn=Indian attended the open. Theodore Havenmeyer upheld open rights)

Lillian Copeland

famous discus thrower in 1932 olympics to win gold and shot putter.

Gertrude Ederle

first women to swim across english channel.

Womens All American Professional Baseball League

formed for fans and keeps baseball. Wrigley started league feminine, gender concern "Charm School" players in skirts.

American League

formed western league to promote a league which allowed gambling & beer-drinking in 1901. cheaper tickets, games on Sunday.

Amos Alonso Stagg

former Yale all-american hired at University of Chicago.

Walker and Ryder Cups

fostered Nationalism for foreign teams with golf tournaments during the 1920s.

James Naismith

invented basketball at YMCA. To give boys something to play in the winter. Indoor sport. Not as physically violent.

William Morgan

invented volleyball at YMCA

1904 St.Louis Olympic Games

joined with the 1904 world's fair. Washington University for facilities of Olympics. First in U.S.. 651 athletes competed from 12 nations. U.S vs U.K., very few international athletes. Archery (Women's only sport they could do), swimming, boxing, tug-o-war. track and field. The "Savage Olympics". ethnic groups compared to white athletes; unfair, racist. reinforced ideas of white supremacy.

Pierre de Coubertin

more peaceful world with sports. Invented the modern Olympic games

Native Americans in Football

offered an opportunity to exhibit racial pride (Revenge)

Mike "King" Kelly

player who did many tricks and drank. He called for a fly ball when he was in the dugout and caught it. A.G. spalding traded him the the boston red sox because he didn't like his drinking.

Charlotte Perkins

promoted athletics for women. Club in providence, RI Federation of Women's Athletic Clubs

Race Tracks

reinforcing class, Chicago's Washington Park Jockey Club- clubhouse, grandstands, railway lines, Attempts of regulating gambling-board of jockey club, New York State Racing Commission.

Bobby Jones

retained amateur status throughout competitive career. Grand Slam of golf in 1930. Built the Augustus golf course for the Masters tournament.

Annie Smith Peck

set Mountain Climbing records. climbed Mount Coropuna in Peru

settlement houses

social agencies located within immigrant neighborhoods. Hard times. mandatory schooling with phys. ed. To promote homogeneous society, education, sport. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago housed 70,000, promoted sports and open space. went to Bowen park in waukegan for outdoor sports.

Progressive Era

sport as a way to improve peoples lives. promotion to immigrants and working class. examples are Hull House in Chicago with Jane Addams. settlement houses with (YMCA/YWCA) and (YMHA/YWHA) with Playgrounds, supervised and play which teaches obedience, teamwork.

Rutgers and Princeton students

student spectators and local supporters---no admission fee and wearing school colors for uniforms. Student spirited school songs. Dinner for both teams after the game. Tailgate party-Cheers!

Chicago Hebrew Institute

trained jewish men and women to compete in sports. Olympic athletes.

Elaine Rosenthal

won the triple crown of Women's golf. toured east coast and Midwest with golf guests.raised money for the Red Cross by playing exhibition matches.

Jack Dempsey

working class heavyweight champion. "Manass Mauler" knocked down then champion Jess Willard