Sports Psych Final Exam

A sport psychologist who provides basic mental health care would be which of the following types of sport psychologist?

therapist/clinical psychologist

In the Flett, Gould, Griffes, & Lauer (2013) article, 'most effective' coaches are/were defined as_________.

those who did a better job of teaching, role modeling, and creating purpose in players

How might attribution styles vary between athletes from the United States and athletes from Japan?

U.S. athletes may be more likely to focus on internal attributions for success Japanese athletes may be more likely to attribute success to help from their coaches and teammates U.S. athletes may be more likely to mention their own hard work and desire to win All of the above

A psychodynamic theory of personality is based upon_______.

Unconscious drives and motives

How can coaches motivate young or new athletes, who may experience a lot of frustration as they are learning new skills?

Use the appropriate kind of reinforcement Reward behavior that is close to the desired behavior Provide frequent reinforcement All of the above

What could a coach do in order to create a mastery-focused environment?

Value each other's role Emphasize hard work Emphasize showing improvement over time All the above are correct

Believing that most individuals could be trained to be leaders is most consistent which with leadership theory?

behavioral theories

Which of the following is a leadership factor that is correlated with team cohesion?

being a clear communicator

Which of the following is not a common physiological indicator used in biofeedback?

blood chemistry

Which of the following athletes is MOST LIKELY to have their success attributed to athletic ability?

A white, American female A Chinese female A black, American female None of the above

If a coach is well-liked and her players are well-motivated, trained, and have excellent sportsmanship, which aspect of coaching efficacy may be lacking?

Ability to make critical decisions during competition

How can a sociogram help a coach pull his or her team together into a more cohesive unit?

A sociogram analyzes the relationships of the team and can point to cliques and outsiders

In one study of 3500 soccer fans, _____ of fans reported opposition to homophobia.

93%

Which of the following athletes is most likely to experience flow?

A highly skilled, confident athlete

What is the relationship between arousal and anxiety?

Anxiety is the term for being negatively aroused

Which of the following behaviors is an initiating structure behavior?

Asking that group members follow rules

In the study by Amorose & Horn (2000), what was discovered about students who were on athletic scholarships?

Athletes on scholarship reported higher levels of intrinsic motivation Athletes who see their coach as less controlling show a positive relationship between scholarship status and perceived competence Athletes with coaches who used positive feedback and emphasized training showed higher levels of intrinsic motivation that athletes with coaches who used other styles All the above

Why are athletes who use an associative attentional style more successful than athletes who use a dissociative or distraction attentional style?

Athletes who use an associative style focus on their bodily functions and feelings, and are thus more in tune with their body

What is a possible explanation as to why athletes who participate in risky sports might show a different personality profile from those who participate in "safe", or traditional sports?

Athletes with high levels of extraversion and openness are drawn to riskier sports Athletes who complete in riskier sports change over time into more risk-seeking, extraverted people These athletes have genes that are linked with fearlessness and susceptibility to boredom All above

The conceptual model of team cohesion describes the importance of distinguishing between an athlete's _________ verses feelings about the group as a whole.

Attraction to the group

In a study by Radel, Sarrazin, & Pelletier (2009), participants were primed with either autonomous words, controlling words, or strings of letters before performing a task. What was their finding?

Autonomous choice may play an important role in enhancing intrinsic motivation, effort, and performance

One group of researchers reported that sports with more _____ athletes than _____ athletes were viewed as more masculine.

Black; Asian

A study of college football coaches reported that after viewing identical game film and resumes, college coaches rated _____ high school athletes more highly than _____ athletes.

Black; White

How are behavioral indicators of stress best measured?

By observation

An ice skater is starting to feel very nervous about the competition she is participating in next week. She has practiced hard, but her routine is difficult. Which type of anxiety is she likely to be feeling, in increasing amounts, as the competition draws closer?

Cognitive

_______ is the belief that team members will act together to reach performance goals.

Cognitive efficacy

Who is considered the father of American sport psychology?

Coleman Griffith

If Lindsay and Aisha both believe that their team will work together to win their game this afternoon, they are displaying________.

Collective efficacy

An examination of media coverage of the 2010 Olympic Games shows that commentators are more likely to attribute American athletes' success to ________ than they were for non-American athletes.

Commitment and intelligence

Compared to male soccer players, researchers reported that female players were more likely to be punished for aggressive behaviors, possible due to______.

Contrast Effect

If 300 successful athletes take a personality test, and 70% of the athletes score high on resilience, we can assume that resilience may be ____ athletic success.

Correlated with

A player is reluctant to express any opinions about a coach's proposed strategy, because she is afraid of ridicule. What is the best way for the coach to encourage candid feedback?

Develop trust with the players

Who started the first graduate sport psychology specialization?

Dorothy Harris

Which of the following is NOT included in the four dimensional model of attribution theory?

Efficacy

How might a coach best decrease prejudices that have developed between two groups of players?

Encourage them to work together to solve a common task

In Impact on Youth, researchers surveyed boys aged 12 to 15, and asked about the motivational climate of their team, as well as their own self-esteem. What was the researchers' conclusion?

Environments created by teammates, coaches, and parents have an impact on children's athletic experience

A basketball player who feels as though they barely have to think, and know exactly what to do, and feel as though they are in a very positive state would be described as______.

Experiencing flow

A tennis player is imaging himself getting ready to take a serve, and can see himself as a spectator would, from several yards away. His position is good, but he needs to turn his body slightly. What technique is the tennis player using?

External imagery

In a study of words used to describe snowboarders, researchers found that words like "glamorous," and "soft-spoken" were more often applied to _____ athletes than _____ athletes.

Female; Male

Why do studies that measure social cohesion show a smaller cohesion-performance link than those studies that measure task cohesion?

Friendship and liking one another are probably not as important to performance as working toward the same goal

Which of the following theories on the power of imagery states that mentally imaging actions and actually engaging in these actions involve the same neurophysiological processes?

Functional equivalence hypothesis

If team members hang out together, even in the off season, the team is displaying______.

Group integration--social cohesion

If a swimmer is participating in social loafing, what can be expected when he or she is participating in a 4-person relay, and the swimmer is in the first position?

He or she will swim at the same rate as during an individual race

A researcher does an experiment which measures the effect of fluid intake on heart rate while running. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

Heart rate

How might a person in the crowd (a fan of the visiting team) try to influence a home-team player to focus on irrelevant information while the player is trying to take a free throw?

Hold up a distracting sign

Which of the following goals is most likely to be set by an Olympic athlete?

Improving overall performance

Why do youth sports involve modifications of rules or equipment?

In order to allow for successful experiences

A salesperson acts nicer and offers a better deal to an individual that graduated from the same college. This behavior is best described as________.

In-group favoritism

Which of the following can be a barrier to achieving goals?

Injuries Lack of time Family and work responsibilities

An athlete with a negative explanatory style would explain bad events as______.

Internal, stable, and global

Athletes expect to be able to perform well in the future if they make __________, stable, and ___________ attributions for successful outcomes.

Internal/controllable

If a researcher wants to study why a team is struggling with communication and cohesion, which method will be most helpful?

Naturalistic observation

A study on 4,000 6-year-olds and 4,000 10-year-olds showed that the children who continued to participate in sports showed decreases in _________, and increases in _________ overtime compared to those not engaged in sports.

Introversion/persistence

Why is a goal of, "trying my best" not a very effective goal?

It is general and hard to measure

A collegiate baseball player is at bat, and is being watched by his coach, a few of his family members, and a talent scout. Although the player has a good batting average of .350, he is a sophomore and this is the first game of the season. How is a moderate-to-high level of arousal likely to impact his performance?

It is likely to impact his performance in a negative way, as he is relatively young and knows he is being judged

Why is it important to give positive and personal feedback?

It shows that mistakes are part of learning It marks progress towards goals

Which of the following senses is especially important when using imagery?

Kinesthetic

Which of the following happens during the acquisition phase of Psychological Skills Training (PST)?

Learning specific strategies for mastering psychological skills

Compared with ______ athletes, ______ athletes have reported being more comfortable disclosing their sexual identity.

Male; Female

A collection of values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions that influence the way in which an individual approaches, responds to, and appraises demanding events to consistently achieve his or her goals is referred to as_________.

Mental toughness

Which of the following is a negative side-effect of social cohesion?

More fighting between teammates The formation of cliques Unwillingness to openly express concerns all above

Which arousal-performance-link theory says that cognitive and somatic arousal influence performance in different ways?

Multidimensional anxiety theory

Which of the following is evidence in support of the hot hand effect?

NBA players who make their first free throw attempt are more likely to make their second attempt than those who missed the first shot

Which is an example of a performance goal with a focus on avoiding an undesirable goal?

Not being outscored by an opponent

A player on a team that scores high in task cohesion would be likely to do which of the following?

Pass the ball to another player rather than taking a risky shot by themselves

According to the Inverted U Hypotheses, what should happen to an athlete as their arousal reaches very high levels?

Performance levels go down, because the athlete is anxious

_____, such as age, gender, and motivations can effect team cohesion.

Personal factors

Examining the coaching style of John Wooden, he spent roughly equal time (6%) praising and _____ players.

Scolding

Discrimination involves harmful or negative _____ toward individuals of a particular group.

behavior

How might the primary appraisals of high pressure situations differ between amateur athletes and professional athletes?

Professional athletes are more likely to interpret their anxiety as helpful

Milton, Solodkin, Hlustik, & Small (2007) examined how experience affects brain activity during an athletic task by having amateur and professional golfers imagine hitting a golf ball to a hole very far away. What did they find?

Professional golfers showed brain activation in areas that involve planning and carrying out specific actions

A tennis player feels high levels of anxiety right before a big match. Her trainer notices that she is keeping her shoulders raised higher than she should--a sign of tension. Which technique would be MOST beneficial for the tennis player to use to combat shoulder tension?

Progressive muscle relaxation

Increasing team cohesion, avoiding distractions, and creating and sticking to clear mental and physical plans are all helpful______.

Psychological skills

A coach yells an insult at a player that makes a mistake on the field. This behavior should be classified as _____ and _____.

Reactive; punishment

Autogenic training is a relaxation procedure developed by _________.

Schultz & Luthe

How can a runner, who has a goal of taking 30 seconds off of her time to run 1 mile, make the goal more manageable?

Segment the goal into smaller goals, such as increasing her running cadence and increasing speed over 400 meters.

Which of the following strategies is being used in this example: and athlete talks to herself as she prepares to shoot the basketball, "Ok, just focus, knees bent, arms strong, eyes on the net, you've got this".

Self-talk

According to _________, eustress is stress that has beneficial effects.

Selye

What is the relationship between goal setting and directing attention?

Setting a goal helps athletes focus their attention on a particular aspect of the game that is related to their set goal

Why is it so important to set appropriately challenging goals?

Setting unattainable or overly challenging goals may lead to discouragement and a withdrawal of effort

Why is Dorothy Yates an important figure in sport psychology?

She was the first woman to study sport psychology

Which of the personality theories is widely used in sport psychology?

Social learning theory

Why might starters tend to show higher levels of both social and task cohesion than nonstarters?

Starters contribute more to the team and are more likely to get recognition

What is a major reason certain situations cause athletes to feel stressed?

Stress occurs when the athlete believes that the situation is too demanding for their ability to cope with the situation.

The Group Environment Questionnaire measures ________ in four distinct ways across two dimensions.

Team members' attraction

What did researchers find when they studied the correlation between time team members spent touching, and performance?

Teams in which the players engaged in the most touching during early-season games also showed better performance throughout the regular season

How is team stability related to the cohesion-performance link?

Teams with high cohesion stay together longer, which in turn leads to improved performance Stable teams tend to have higher winning percentages Stable teams attract more effective coaches all above

What seems to be the impact of testosterone on motivation?

Testosterone seems to be linked with higher competitiveness

According to competence motivation theory, what should happen if an athlete experiences negative results?

The athlete experiences negative feelings which leads to a decrease in competence motivation

According to the catastrophe model, what will happen to an athlete who is in a very high pressure situation and is already experiencing high levels of cognitive anxiety, and somatic anxiety starts to occur?

The athlete will have a sudden and substantial drop in performance

If an athlete is high on confidence (according to the sport-confidence model), what would happen during a competition if the athlete made a mistake?

The athlete would bounce back from the mistake and perform well

What did Norman Triplett observe when he asked children to wind a string as fast as they could while alone and also in the presence of other children?

The children wound the string faster when they were in the presence of other children

What is motivation?

The direction and intensity of one's effort

Which of the following occurred during the formative years of sport psychology?

The formation of the International Society of Sport Psychology

What is the major difference between descriptive and experimental research?

The manipulation of variables

If an athlete sees an external reward as controlling their behavior, what tends to happen?

Their intrinsic motivation drops

Under what circumstances does choking usually occur?

There is support from a home crowd, but the situation is very high pressure

According to drive theory, why do athletes who are about to be traded show lower levels of performance than after they are traded?

They are experiencing high levels of arousal (anxiety) before the trade, and lower levels of arousal after the trade

Why do those who are high in achievement motivation tend to perform at high levels?

They are focused on mastering a task

What is a downside to outcome goals?

They can cause anxiety during competitions, events, or performances They are dependent on the performance of others Focusing on outcome goals can lead to neglect of performance and process goals, which are necessary to achieving outcome goals all above

According to the transactional model, an athlete playing in a high-stakes game will still perform well if______.

They interpret the situation in a positive way

Why is it important that athletes are taught that their poor performances are due to controllable and unstable factors?

This allows for effort to play a role in future success

What is one of the primary goals of "trash talk"?

To distract the other player

Claiming that a great leader and coach was simply "born to lead" is emblematic of which leadership theory?

Trait theory

Which of the following theories is NOT an interactional approach to leadership?

Trait theory

Which theory of personality would say that an athlete's predisposition to perfectionism allows for higher athletic success?

Trait theory

When might an athlete need emotion-focused coping, rather than problem-focused coping?

When the situation is out of the athlete's control, and stress levels are involved

In a golf putting task, when athletes were told the task assessed "natural athletic ability," _____ athletes performed worse than _____ athletes.

White; Black

Which of the following is an internal factor that could influence the outcome of an athletic performance?

Working hard during training

According to social facilitation theory, what should happen if you are good at a task, you are currently performing that task, and there are people in your presence, observing you?

You should perform even better than normal

In the multidimensional model, a coach's speech to the players would be classified as __________ behavior.

actual

Which of the following requires relatively little interaction between team members?

coactive sports

Smoll and Smith's model of leadership behavior suggests that both ____ and _____ factors influence how players react to the coach's behavior.

cognitive; affective

Filtering, over-generalization, and all-or-nothing thinking are types of____________,

destructive thoughts

Which of the following is a skill athletes can practice to build self-confidence and develop more constructive thought patterns?

disrupting strategies De-catastrophizing Assessing personal assumptions all of the above

In a 2 x 2 design, Flett et al. (2013) tested 4 groups of coaches. Grouping variables selected by researchers included_________.

effective-experienced, effective-inexperienced, ineffective-experienced, ineffective-inexperienced

Who would likely find a goal-setting program more effective if elite versus non-elite boxers were studied?

elite boxers more than non-elite boxers

Compared with individual sport athletes, team sport athletes have______.

higher levels of extraversion and lower levels of conscientiousness

Which arousal regulation technique involves a series of phases, including the induction phase and waking phase?

hypnosis

Reversal theory states that performance is impacted by how the athlete_____.

interprets arousal

The assumptions/guidelines around self-talk are being questioned in light of improved performances by German tennis player Roger Haas because he_________.

is overtly negative in his own self-talk

An athlete who feels that their success and failures are out of their control, making their efforts useless, is experiencing______.

learned helplessness

In the Flett et al., 2013 article, ________ coaches viewed threats from the streets and related urban issues as________ to/for their players.

less effective; more applicable

Research suggesting that the effectiveness of a coach ebbs and flows over time is consistent with which interactional theory?

life cycle theory

A coach describes his or her team as going through stages of cohesion, starting with getting to know each other, to being extremely close. This would support the _______ model of cohesion.

linear

A soccer player is frequently distracted by the intrusion of negative thoughts ("don't fall, don't mess up") while she is trying to move the ball toward the goal. Which of the following techniques would help her MOST to move past her negative thoughts?

mindfulness

In the model of coaching efficacy, a coach's ability to build team cohesion is an aspect of which dimension?

motivation

Focusing on the execution of a given skill (an ice skater performing a toe loop or a football quarterback throwing a pass) belongs to which dimension of attentional focus?

narrow and external

Which of the following personality traits are represented in the five factor theory, also known as the 'big five'?

neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness

According to the attribution theory, if an athlete performs poorly during a game, and blames their poor performance on internal and stable factors, they are likely to _________ in their next game.

perform poorly

If a basketball player has a goal of increasing their free-throw percentage, which type of goal does that describe?

performance

The Coaching Behavior Assessment System measures both _____ behaviors and _____ behaviors.

reactive; spontaneous

The late Peter Seigel was a popular _________. He worked with over 100 athletes and several collegiate and professional teams using _________.

registered hypnotist; relaxation and imagery

Increasing the visibility of athletes from non-traditional backgrounds provides ______ for young children and can decrease stereotype use by adults.

role models

The ________ hypothesis states that people with certain personalities gravitate toward athletics in general or towards specific sports.

selection

A student only talks about sports when around her friends on the football team, reinforcing her belief that her athlete friends always talk about sports. This cycle is part of a______.

self-fulflling prophecy

When people create impediments to their own success, this is called______.

self-handicapping

Accepting credit for success, but blaming failure on external factors is called______.

self-serving attribution

A coach tells a player she is pleased with her behavior while avoiding eye contact and shaking her head. This mixed message could be labeled a _____ error.

sender

To increase the effectiveness of communication, coaches should_____.

show empathy develop trust be assertive, rather than aggressive

Which theory posits that individuals learn stereotypes through a conditioning process, via both experience and observation?

social learning theory

Which type of anxiety is likely to spike or peak just before beginning a gymnastics routine in a major competition?

somatic

Examining the coaching style of John Wooden, about 50% of his communication with players was_______.

specific instruction

Making a quick decision about an athlete based on generalizations and incomplete knowledge results in______.

stereotyping

According to data compiled by the NCAA,__________ was the 3rd leading cause of death of student athletes from 2004-2008, after accidents and cardiac causes.

suicide

The "fight or flight" response: ____________, the "rest and digest" response: ___________.

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

According to contingency models of leadership, the two basic leadership styles are______.

task-oriented and relationship-oriented

Using personality inventories on athletes may help us to understand______.

the personality differences between athletes who play different sports and different positions within those sports The personality differences between older and younger athletes The correlation between personality and athletic success All the above

Specifying rewards and punishments for meeting and failing to meet performance goals is typical of which type of leadership?

transactional leadership

In general, _____ athletes prefer a more autocratic leadership style than _____ athletes.

young; old