sports sociology final

Describe how sport can be one's religion. What should the role of Christians in sport be?

Cheating Deceit Beat the opponent Violence Aggression Defeat the opponent Ego - selfishness Trash talking Honesty Truth Love you enemies Gentleness Turn the other cheek Honor one another Selflessness Kind words

Proposals for Change

Decrease commercialism. Eliminate nationalism. Ensure drug-free competition. Decrease size and cost of hosting the event. Increase security. Others?

Describe deviance in sport.

Deviant behavior: Behavior that is beyond "normal" behavior, can be good or bad Deviant underconformity- consists of actions that involve a rejection or lack of awareness of norms (anarchy) May lead to anarchy (lawlessness) 2. Deviant over conformity consist of actions that involve an uncritical acceptance of rules (fascism)

economic/social/cultural capital

Economic capital refers to money, property, and other assets. Social capital refers to networks of influence or support based on group membership (such as family), friends, or other contacts. Cultural capital refers to forms of knowledge, educational credentials, and skills.

The Olympic Games: How to Control Nationalism and Commercialism

Eliminate or revise team sports. Eliminate medal counts for nations. Add to the games 'demonstration sports' that are native to different cultural regions around the world. Use multiple sites for each Olympics.

The Olympic Games: How to Control Nationalism and Commercialism

Emphasise global responsibility in media coverage and commercials. Provide TV time to human rights groups that work with competitors and sports organisations to promote social justice. GOAL: Take Olympism seriously and make the Olympics more than a global marketing opportunity for corporations and a global stage for wealthy nations to promote their ideologies.

Social Issues in Women's in Sport (continued)

Gender identification: conflict over orientation labels Athletic apparel Advances with sports bras Shoes not updated Objectification of athletes Female athletic body now seen as sexy May be judged only on looks, not by talent

Off-Field Violence in Sport

High occurrence, lower conviction rates with athletes (one third of college sexual assaults committed by athletes) Alcohol use by athletes escalates violence incidence (athletes are more prone to binge drinking) Violence versus women more common (male athletes may be held to different standards while growing up)

eating disorders

In the United States, 40% of female athletes and less than 10% of male athletes have an eating disorder

masters

Masters athletics is a class of the sport of athletics for veteran athletes in the events of track and field, road running and cross country running. The competitions feature five-year age groups beginning at age 35. Men as old as 105 and women in their 100s have competed in running, jumping and throwing events

Hazing in Sport

Mental or physical harm or anxiety and demeaning or degrading behavior regardless of intent or consent Illegal in most states In the United States, 80% of college athletes have been hazed All athletes are at risk Seen as a rite of passage Increase in dangerous acts (excessive physical punishment, sexual assault)

Olympic Promotion of Nationalism

National committees pick athletes to represent their countries. Ceremonies include flags and anthems. Athletes wear nation-specific uniforms and march behind their flags. Governments use Olympics to promote political causes (e.g., 1936 Berlin Games in Nazi Germany).

Negatives and Uncertainties of Participation in High School Sport

Negatives and Uncertainties of Participation in High School Sport - Character development research is not clear. - Statistics omit students who cannot play due to low grades. - Participation raises tendency to binge-drink. - Emphasizes athletics rather than -academics. - Girls may struggle with conflict between traditional values and new opportunities.

Work

Physical or mental effort to perform a task Often connected to earning a living and compensation Professional athletes work when they are paid to play sport

Social Effects on the Student Body

Positive - May unify students. - May attract parents, siblings, and townspeople. Negative - May divide athletes and nonathletes. - Athletes' academic performance may suffer.

Title IX Prongs

Proportionality test History of progress test Accommodation of interest test

Media Effect on Globalization of Sport

Satellite and cable broadcasting and the Internet increase the fan base. Sport receives big bucks from TV broadcast rights and so caters to TV wishes, as in domestic market. Result: Enormous revenue for international events; enormous growth potential for domestic leagues to expand fan base.

Feminist Theory

Society is patriarchal and ignores or undervalues feminine virtues. •Feminist theory objectively analyzes the current status of women in sport. •Weakness: Feminist theory can overlook factors other than gender. •Example: Media coverage of only male sports can teach society to undervalue female sports.

Sport

Specialized form or higher order of play or games Physical Competitive Outcome is important and not predetermined Institutionalized Requires specialized facilities and equipment and has specific rules

Participants versus Spectators What are the differences between participants and spectators?

Spectator sports are more team oriented and allow for dramatic moments. Baseball and football Attract all social classes Participation sports (adults) are more fitness oriented. Women: Walking, basketball, aerobics, weightlifting, exercise, golf Men: Golf, weightlifting, basketball, football, walking, hiking

Functionalist Theory

Sport helps maintain the status quo and equilibrium in society by building character and teaching values. •Sport reinforces the current values system in society. •Weakness: Functionalist theory overemphasizes the positive consequences of sport - Example: Playing Little League teaches teamwork and fair play..

Women and Sport After Title IX

Sport participation nearly equal to that of boys (see tables 12.1 and 12.2 on page 215) Make up significant percentage of sports fans Buy 81% of all sport or fitness apparel Large percentage of male fans for female sports Atlanta Olympics named the Year of the Women

What is sport?

Sport, then, is typically defined in North America as institutionalized competitive activity that involves physical skill and specialized facilities or equipment and is conducted according to an accepted set of rules to determine a winner. - physical competitive activity, rules, governing body.

How does sport impact the economy?

Team can promote the city. Revenue is increased for local businesses. Media attention increases tourism. Local jobs are created. Owners control competition and sales. Leagues collude to eliminate new leagues. Drafted players can negotiate with only one team. New or expansion teams must pay large fees, and teams need approval to relocate. Except in rare circumstances, owners cannot individually sell merchandise.

- Critical Theory

Theories that study the source of power or authority that groups have over one another. •Sports do not mirror society, but can create society by influencing beliefs and relationships . •Hegemony is a key concept and relates to the dominance of one person or group over another group or person. •Weakness: Critical theory can be confusing and may only be helpful in specific cases. •Example: Authoritarian coaches with win-at-all costs attitudes can usually survive if the team continues to win.

Barriers to Participation

Title IX challenges Football dominance: 88 scholarships for 22 positions! Schools cutting men's teams: unintended consequences Physical activity participation still lags behind that of men: More than 60% of adult U.S. women do not meet daily exercise requirements. Women as leaders in sport In 1980, 90% of women's teams coached by women, but in 2004 only 44% coached by women Only 18% of USOC are women Equal pay for equal play Only recently 3 out of 4 tennis Grand Slams offer same prize money, Wimbledon prize money still smaller Same endorsements for less Media coverage In June 2000, ESPN did 778 stories on male athletes, 16 on female athletes (see table 12.5 on page 226)

What are the historic and current events, people and organizations that have fought for special populations and sport participation?

american with disabilities act (1990) american association for people with disabilities (represent disabled people) - paraylmpic games - eunice kennedy shriver 1921-2009 -lobbyed for those with disability, supported special olympics, Special Olympics. AARP, ICAA, Masters, Paralympics

Sport as a meritocracy

benefits based on merit which is sport

Stacking

can be defined as placing athletes in certain positions based on racial stereotypes.

Does sport create good or bad character?

can't say because athletic situations vary widely. if coaches and players sleek out to do it it can be great place to learn moral development, currently - highly competitive, violent/contact , sports and being male all tend to lead to more negative behavior

What is racism in sport? Why does racism in sport exist and how is it perpetuated? Identify key people and events that have impacted sport participation for all.

coaches mostly white, focus on athletes as talents with white athletes being skilled, black athletes exposed to certain sports native american mascots, black athletes exploited in schools at a young age, racism in positions like white people as quarterbacks (stacking)

african americans and sport

dominate popular sports like track and field football and basketball but are underrepresented in most other ones

jews in sport

dominated boxing until 50s where they became more economically established - don't play on yom kippur

How does one develop capital?

education, personsal expectations, social networks

What types of deviance is displayed in sport today?

hazing, dressing up like crazy for games, playing through injury, steroids, harassing athletes, cheating, Modifying equipment Committing intentional fouls Faking injuries for time-outs Rule Breaking Emotion and Deviant Behavior Violence in Sport Performance Enhancement Through Drugs Eating Disorders in Sport Hazing in Sport Gambling and Sport Summary under conformity is breaking rules, hazing, drink alcohol gamble etc based n society norms over conformity is drastic weight cuts, ignore social life to train,

What is social mobility in sport?

moving up in social class through success in sport

Interactionist Theory

nteractionist theory focuses on social interactions and relationships (bottom-up approach). •Choices are deliberate, conscious, and based on the effects they will have on self and others. •Weakness: Interactionist theory is based on the individual and excludes overall sport structure. •Example: Look at the needs of the youth athlete to define youth sport structure.

asians in sport

only dominate in female golf

How has/does religion impact sport or sport impact religion?

religion used sport as religious festivals (greeks,) religion started seeing it as distraction from sport til about 100 years ago they've been used to promote each other. religious leaders use sport to attract people, especially youth to their facilities. sport leaders have used religion to justify competition as a worthy pursuit and to control the conduct of athletes. use prayer to enhance performance and team togetherness and values of hard work, practice teamwork, and commit to team goals.

native americans

tend not to have the resources to participate, small portion of the population - gave us lax

How does social class impact sport?

upper class tends to more expensive sports , individual sports often played at private clubs middle and owning class gravitate towards more affordable team sports - how they view sport, rich for fun, middle class is to gain social capital and establish masculinity

Should one's relationship with God make a difference in sport?

used to promote gods kingdom and gods values

- Figurational Theory

•Figurational theory emphasizes connections and interdependence of people. •It views historical changes of networks . •Example: Look at the long-term changes and how differently aged athletes view sport involvement. •Weakness: Figurational theory does not focus on the present, and it emphasizes male power.

Conflict Theory

•Sport reinforces the status quo from the foundations of economic influences. •Conflict theory focuses on disruptive forces that produce instability, disruption, and disorganization. •Weakness: Conflict theory relies too heavily on economics. •Example: It is thought that NBC signed a three year $250 million dollar contract with the English Premier League, which is great for NBC and the League but may be at the demise of MLS.

From the Olympic Charter

'Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.'

Sport Influence on the Media

- Affects devoted space in print media (huge increase) - Through spectator demographics, affects advertising in print and electronic media - Sparks social issue debates in print - Spurs increased sponsorship through increased TV sport programming on weekends - Attracts huge TV audiences - Through fans, influences scope of covered sports

Games

- An aspect of play with more structure and competition - Mental and physical - Informal or formal rules - Competition - Outcome is prestige or status Examples: Monopoly, video games, relays

How does sport make money?

- Appreciation: Over the past 15 years, NFL franchises have increased fivefold in value. - Taxes: Lost revenue offsets other profits. - Depreciation: Players are assets who are depreciated. - Revenue sharing and ticket sales provide income. Venue revenues: - - - - - Owners earn money from luxury boxes, concessions, parking, and stadium naming rights. - Media revenue: TV revenue ranges from about 15% to 60% of a team's total revenue. - Fees are paid to license team merchandise. - making playoffs (more games and fans)

negatives of intercollegiate sport

- Athletic programs often lose money. - Programs are pressured to operate as big businesses. - Athletes are sometimes academically unready. Time demands affect athletes' grades and social life. - Programs sometimes engage in illegal recruiting. - Athletes can be isolated on campus. - "Easy" majors may be encouraged. - sport events can be treated as giant parties by students.

Positive Effects of Participation in High School Sport

- Better attendance - Better academic performance - Development of moral, social, and long-term health - Resistance to drug and alcohol abuse - College success - Fewer behavioral problems - Better self-image - Development of leadership skills

Why do kids drop out of sports?

- Excessive stress related to game outcomes - performance anxiety, and low self-esteem - Early specialization in one sport - Dropping out because sport is no longer fun - Poorly trained coaches Unrealistic parental expectations

Play

- Free activity to explore environment, self-expression, dreaming, and pretending - No firm rules - No set location - Outcome is unimportant - Pleasure is main priority Examples: building a fort, playing dress-up

Describe reforms in youth sports.

- Funding for public youth sport has been decreased. - Entrepreneurs see money in competitive travel teams and private coaching. - Popular services include summer camps, private lessons, and sport academies

Positives of Intercollegiate Sport

- School pride - Distraction from hard work Fame - Free publicity from media - Help with future employment - Help with discipline and time management

business of sport

- Sport is a business with a corporate structure. - Athletes became workers; the team and the bottom line are emphasized. - Industrialization led to sport consumption Industrialization- more free time, more money, more concentrated areas identify with local sports team, small cities support local college or high school sport

why study sport

- Sport is an integral part of everyday life. - It builds connections with strangers and communities. - It provides identities for cities and schools. - It provides role models in our society. - It affects our culture, traditions, and values.

Describe how gender ideology has played a key role in sports. What is the gender ideology and how has that impacted homosexuals in sport?

- Sport is still considered a masculine domain in our society. - It is very clear that the institution of sport promotes compulsory heterosexuality - Female athletes can feel a pressure to conform to a heterosexual image which is often hypersexualised.

sport globalization

- Traditions began with Greek civilization. - Sport expanded with the British Empire. - Nationalism emerged. - Dominance is shifting toward developing countries in certain sports (e.g., soccer, cricket, table tennis).

media influence of sport

- affects the popularity of sport - provide free publicity for local teams - present player personalities and build fan allegiance to teams and individual players - makes sport spectatorship accessible, fun, and convenient for the masses

latinos in sport

- dominate baseball, well represented in boxing, tennis and golf - soccer is their biggest sport - underrepresented in all sports at the collegiate level

What is the current status of youth sports?

- it is at an all time high - About half of U.S. children participate in youth sport. - Team sport participation peaks at age 11. - More than 70% of U.S. kids drop out of youth sport before high school. - High school youth not on the school team drop out of athletics unless they can access nonprivatized recreational leagues

What role does/has government play in sport?

- title ix - american disability act - enforces safe guards in sport (no animal fighting, regulate boxing, and other dangerous sport) - promotes physically activity and health - protects financial interests of the public - uses sport to develop and promote national identity and unity - use sport to promote dominant social values - politicians use to enhance personal image

What are the issues that still exist for people with disabilities and sport participation?

- wide spread acceptance of need for sport for special populations - funding support for public and private sources - organization support by all sport bodies, including national sport governing bodies -equipment and rule modifications that allow special populations to participate in sport - media support for publicity and information

Which country increased the globalization of sport through colonialism? a. Greece b. Great Britain c. United States d. China 2. The two most popular sports worldwide for playing and watching combined are: a. soccer and cricket b. basketball and baseball c. soccer and basketball d. football and soccer 3. Which of the following is not an explanation for the global growth of sport? a. growth of the economic model of sport b. media technology that links the world c. movement of athletes and coaches from country to country d. increase in feelings of nationalistic pride 4. The proportion of Latin American players in Major League Baseball is: a. almost 10% b. almost 20% c. almost 30% d. almost 40% 5. Which of the following factors produced the global expansion of athletic clothing and equipment? a. explosion in global sport b. the Internet c. cheaper labor and manufacturing costs d. more accessible air travel 6. List three reasons that soccer is the world's most popular sport.

1. B great britain 2. A soccer and cricket 3. D increase in nationalitic pride 4. C 30% 5. C cheaper labor and manufacturing costs Correct Answer: It is relatively inexpensive to play, can accommodate large numbers of players, can be played by both genders, can be played by people of all body types (i.e., does not limit participation at the highest levels to those with unusual physical attributes, such as a certain height or weight), has the longest history and tradition of any worldwide sport (other than perhaps swimming or track and field), involves teamwork, and features superstars from many countries (thus inspiring youth, attracting media attention, and stoking national pride).

What ideologies of sport does the media promote?

1. Participation in sport and physical activity: Focus is not on wellness and physical activity. 2. Values: Competition, cooperation, history and tradition, perseverance, sacrifice, and discipline are what matters. 3. Meaning of success: "Second is the first loser."

What is the history of youth sport?

1. started out for lower class under adult supervision - wealthy did some sports with private tutor (sailing golf, tennis, skiing) - children's athletic competitions where normally in urban cities with large immigrant populations 2. after WWII youth sport for boys became popular in middle class 3. 70's it was embraced by upper/middleclass as it was seen as important to be successful

The Sport Ethic

A set of norms that many people in power and performance sports have accepted as the dominant criteria for defining what it means to be an athlete and to successfully claim an identity as an athlete. An athlete makes sacrifices for the game. An athlete strives for distinction. An athlete accepts risks and plays through pain. An athlete accepts no limits in the pursuit of possibilities

What are the current trends?

All-time high U.S. participation in 2013-2014 of 8 million students (Texas with the most) Most popular sports (number of participants) Boys: American football, track and field, basketball, baseball, soccer Girls: track and field, basketball, volleyball, soccer, softball

Women and Sport before Title IX

Before Title IX, participation rates and financial support lopsided In sports, 3.7 million boys versus 295,000 girls For every U.S. dollar spent on programs, $0.99 for boys, $0.01 for girls

Social Issues in Women's Sport

Benefits of physical activity and sport participation Increased self-esteem Decreased drug use Decreased chance of unwanted pregnancy Increased graduation rates Four out of five executive businesswomen played sports Note: Need to be careful with higher incidence of eating disorders