SPTE Exam 3

alcohol abuse among native americans

- 4 to top 10 causes of death are alcohol related: accidents, suicides, cirrhosis of the liver, & homicides - alcohol mortality is nearly 5 times higher than for all other races - 43% are "at risk" of serious harm from drugs or alcohol by 7th grade - a vicious cycle socially

History and women in sport

- Historically not allowed to be physically active outside of chores - Often excluded from participation or ridiculed for participation until mid-1800s - Participation in physical activity, individual sports slowly increased - Prohibited from modern - Olympics until 1920

african americans and baseball

- after the color barrier was broken the number of blacks were at the lowest level since 1960 -Jackie Robinson - Branch Rickey

Asian American Athletes

- along with Latinos, fastest-growing U.S. minority population - different path from African American's and latinos-sport not used as a means to economic, social, or educational goals -different sporting choices due to culture & perhaps body type

high school sport and moral development

- athletes have lower moral development than nonathletes - female athletes score higher than male athletes, but their scores decline every 3 years - intervention programs can positively affect moral reasoning

Factors in Declining Participation

- basketball & football are thought to present more glamourous opportunities - lack of facilities & poor facilities - real or perceived facilities - increasing cost of equipment & joining league

legacy of lacrosse

- created by native American's -with skill, speed, agility, its a fast paced sport -has grown 10% annually over the past 15 years -39 states have US lacrosse chapters, more than half a million members playing -39.5% growth in college participation and 200% growth in high school participation

Exploitation of Minority Athletes

- educational shortcomings may be ignored - athletes may be promoted through grades regardless of performance -athletes may be pressured into "easy" majors - graduation rates are low -pro teams & colleges want athletes in school for reasons unrelated to athlete's best interests - African American women are exploited due to both race & gender

sporting behavior and mental toughness

- emotional control may lead to better sporting behavior - we must both learn the rules & understand the spirit of the rules

minorities as sport leaders

- few collegiate coaches are minorities (annual race report card from the University of Central Florida) -minority owners are even fewer

pre civil war sport

- games & sports played among slaves encouraged by plantation owners for control purposes - mainly boxing & horse racing - black boxers used for entertainment of white "masters" & their friends - blacks used as jockeys, but not trainers -African americans in subordinate roles

native american issues

- giving up their "indianness" -real or perceived racial bias at college -no ethnic support system in college -poor academic preparation - college degrees don't help on the reservation -fear of failure - distance running - basketball

sporting behavior

- newer term (replacing sportsmanship) to remove gender bias - interchangeable with sportsmanship in this book

sport as a negative force in equality

- pro sports is an unrealistic career goal -college graduation rate for black male athletes in 2013 was 52%, which was less than 2009 - black female athletes graduated at a 63% rate in 2013, less than in 2009 - black families are 8x more likely than whites to pressure children into sports

Sport as a Positive Force in Equality

- sport success is linked to self confidence - sport offers a way out of poverty for some -integration is easier in sport - school based sport programs are free - unique travel possibilities raise awareness -sport encourages a healthy lifestyle

Lesbian athletes

-Acceptance of lesbian athletes has grown the past 20 years -Still, athletes and coaches assumed to be lesbian face misunderstanding and discrimination

Native American Athletes

-Account for 0.9% of U.S. population. -Poverty rate is 50% on reservations. -Stereotypical, dehumanizing images are used for names, mascots, and logos (now limited by the NCAA). -Native American Sports Council is part of the Olympic movement; North American Indigenous Games are now a big event.

Ways to Promote Diversity in Sport

-Collect and report data -Require leaders to report racism -Spur major sport organizations to include minorities at all levels -Spur media to recruit minority journalists -Get government support for programs -Adopt nondiscrimination policies

Women and Sport After Title IX

-Collegiate females have fewer sport participation opportunities than males do -Females receive $183 million less than males in NCAA athletic scholarships -Females have less opportunity for careers as athletes, coaches, and administrators

Implications of the ADA for sport

-Dramatic change in sport opportunities -More representation for programs for people with a disability by governing bodies than before the ADA -Mainstreaming into regular sport programs -More attention to variations in degree of disability

Social issues in women's sport: media and images

-Gender: conflict over orientation labels -athletic apparel (advances in sports bras Chastain 1999 celebration, shoes not updated) -objectification of athletes (female athletic body is now seen as sexy, females may be judged on looks not talent)

Girls and sport after title IX

-Girls still have fewer opportunities than boys -Girls still generally get inferior facilities, equipment, coaching, and publicity -Less than 2/3 of African American and Hispanic girls play a sport, whereas more than 3/4 Caucasian girls do

Global Status of Women in Sport

-Not all countries are progressive (e.g., female participation is still often prohibited in Arab countries) -White, middle class athletes are the most supported in developed nations.

Use of Sport to Promote Religious Schools

-Notre Dame (football) -Gonzaga (basketball) -Brigham Young University (football)

Title IX

-Prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program -passed as part of the US education amendments of 1972, before title IX participation rates and financial support were lopsided (in sport 3.7 million boys versus .3 million girls, for every US dollar spent on programs 99 cents for boys and 1 cent for girls) -confusion arose but was resolved by lawsuits and official clarifications

Existing high performance sport ethic per Coakley

-Striving for excellence -Competing to win -Sacrifice -Love of the game -Commitment to team -Playing with pain and adversity

use of prayer by athletes

-To cope with uncertainty and anxiety -To put life and sport into perspective -To build meaning in sport participation

use of religion by athletes*

-To justify commitment to high performance -To reduce pressure and uncertainty -To enhance bonds between teammates -To guide moral decision making

conflict between sport and religion

-Violent nature of some sports -How athletes overcome internal conflicts, justify dedication to sport, and validate sport experience -Separate beliefs -Questions of meaning and value

issues for special populations

-acceptance -funding and organizational support -community program opportunities -trainers, coaches, administrators, officials -equipment -inclusion with other populations -media support

Sport participation by older adults

-associations (AARP, International council on active aging) -performance sport (masters, senior tours, in 2015 more than 10,000 athletes at the National summer senior games in Bloomington-Minneapolis St. Paul, Minnesota)

Sport Participation Trends among older adults

-big increase in the over 50 age group -"old age": new definition and expectations -increase in lifetime activities -inexpensive community programs -more opportunities with set minimum age

christian influences on sport

-churches use sport to attract people -catholics started the CYO, protestants started the YMCA -some athletes use religion to conquer fear and find deeper meaning in sport -link between religion and sport can reinforce a desired code of conduct -sport instills protestant values

Isalm and sport

-every action meant to glorify Allah -woman banned or required to wear traditional dress but starting to have greater impact in international sport -no sport prohibition for males -Muhammad Ali

Use of Sport to Promote Religion

-fellowship of christian athletes -athletes in action -pro athletes outreach -national christian college athletic association (NCCAA)

special olympics

-for athletes with intellectual disability or vocational problems -185 countries -1.7 million athletes -began with 1000 athletes at the 1968 Chicago games -goals: help participants improve fitness, develop skills, and enhance confidence and self image -held every 4 years

Growth of the paralympics

-for athletes with physical disabilities (for ex) amputation, visual impairment, cerveral palsy, spinal cord injury, MS, dwarfism -1960 inaugural games in Rome: 400 athletes from 23 countries -now the second largest sport event in the world as far as number of participants -2012 London Games: 4000 plus athletes

Paralympics in the US

-founding as division of USOC in 2001 -start up funding of 23 million for 18 sports -mission -to be the world paralypic leader by developing elite programs -to promote excellence in the lives of persons with a disability

high school athlete survey

-girls more committed to honesty, fair play - baseball, football, & basketball players more inclined to bad behavior - poor coach behavior reported by 25% to 33% - hazing, stealing, cheating okay with majority - inflicting pain okay with 60% of males

Barriers to participation K-College

-girls starting sport participation later than boys and dropping out sooner -girls of color and those from low income families typically end their participation in organized sport sooner than peers who are white or from middle to high income families Title IX challenges: -colleges and universities cutting men's teams- unintended consequences -football dominance in colleges and universities 85 scholarships for 22 positions

History of Religion and Sport

-greek festival honored gods -Roman emperor Theodosius I banned the olympics due to pagan elements -the puritans saw sport as a leisure pursuit that should be avoided -muscular Christianity approached physical fitness as a virtue

Women as sports leaders

-in 1980, 90% of women's teams were coached by women and in 2012 43% -only 20% of college AD are women -only 37% of USOC are women

Spending in College Sport

-in 2012 men's athletics accounted for 74% of overall expenses at D1 football schools -these schools spent more on football than on all women's teams combined -in 2012 spending on D1 women's teams averaged less than half that on men's teams

Judaism and sport

-jewish boxers dominant in early 1900s -many Jewish basketball players in the 1940s -olympics (Mark Spitz, Kerri Strug, Sarah Hughes) -successes in many other sports

Is Class Mobility Possible in Sport?

-may be an unrealistic expectation -only 0.2% of high school athletes play professionally -best opportunity to advance is through education

Social mobility in sport

-need to stay academically eligible to play -may earn athletic

Equal Pay for Equal Play

-only recently have all four tennis grand slams offered gender equal prize money -LPGA purses lag far behind PGA purses -per Forbes, only one women (Maria Sharapova) ranked among the top 50 highest paid athletes in 2014 -women give same endorsements for less pay

ethical behavior involves the following:

-participation for the pleasure of a hand fought contest -refusal to take unfair advantage -courtesy toward ones opponent -graciousness in both winning and losing

Media coverage of women's sport

-prime time Winter Olympics coverage in 2014 was nearly even 45% focused on males and 41% on females (new high for women) -newsroom coverage of women's sports still lags that behind men's sports (accounts for less than 10%)

use of religion by coaches, organizations, and owners

-team unity -moral code for athletes -religious role model for players -prayer events, Christian outreach at olympics -informal prayer at school events -faith nights in minor leagues

Social class and sport opportunity: the upper class

-wealthy with disposable income -exclusive memberships used to build social capital -able to afford exceptional coaching and sport experiences -highest rates of sport participation -exclusive sports -more likely to use health and fitness equipment

strategies for good sporting behavior

1. parents teach values to kids at young age 2. coaches & officials prohibit play if rules are not followed 3. parents & coaches model good behavior 4. fans decrease rowdiness & alcohol use 5. professional athletes & organizations serve actively as positive role models 6. we all reward good behavior

3 amendments to US constitution that Harold mentions

13, 14, and 15th

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Adults over 55 make up ___ of core fitness participants

29%

Most people never get past Kohlberg stage ____

4

Nearly 110 million US residents are over ___

50

Nearly ___ million US residents have at least one mental or physical disability

57

Adults over 55 control ___ of the net worth of US households and have twice the discretionary money of younger people

70%

Jackie Sherrill

A college fb coach at multiple universities, poor sporting behavior, Mississippi state was preparing to play longhorns (male classified as a steer which is a caste rated bull testicles removed), he brought a bull out on the field to clarify the difference between a bull and a steer to get his players fired up

13, 14, 15 Amendments

Abolished slavery, granted citizenship, right to vote

Characteristics of allowable sports for women

Aesthetically pleasing (ice skating, diving, gymnastics) No bodily contact with opponents (bowling, archery, badminton, volleyball, tennis, golf, swimming, running) Action controlled to protect the athletes for overexertion (running short distances, basketball where offense and defense didn't cross half court)

____ population is growing the most in the south

African American

Title IX Test of Compliance: 3 Prongs

Are participant numbers proportional to enrollment? If yes you are in compliance if no go to the next prong. Does the school show a history of progress? If yes you are in compliance if no go to the next prong. Does the school accommodate students interests in sports? If there are athletes who wish for a sport the school may not be in compliance

sports traits

Assertiveness, competitiveness, physical endurance, ruggedness, dominance

racial differences in sport

Biological reasons - not supported (Kenyans vs. Ethiopians) Cultural and social reasons - emphasis on activities varies by culture - sport as means of social mobility -many athletic role models Opportunity structures - facilities, resources (money, programs)t will

Jackie Robinson

Broke the color barrier, first African American to play in the major leagues

social class

Category of people with similar positions based on economic level, social interaction, education, and occupation

Frank McGuire

Coach at USC, built his team from white players from NYC almost all were catholic

barriers to good sporting behavior

Emphasis on winning (by coaches, parents, in traditions & customs) - lack of necessary intellectual understanding for advanced moral reasoning

Al Campanis

Executive with the dodgers, was on a late night show and at the time there were no African American managers in the major leagues and was asked why that was, he felt African Americans lacked the necessities to be a manager, costed him his job

Harold White

First African American assistant coach at USC, coached kickers on the fb team

Casey Manning

First African American basketball player at USC, color analyst for USC basketball radio analyst, circuit court judge in South Carolina

Curtis Frye

First African American head coach at USC

Carlton Heyward

First African american football player at USC

ADA was signed into law under which president?

George H W Bush

Graduation rates for minority athletes are ___ than regular monitoring students

Higher

In 2013 the actual percentage of white Americans was ____ that the prediction for the amount in 2060

Higher

Latino and Hispanic athletes

Hispanic: all people whose ethnic heritage is traced to a Spanish-speaking country Latino or Latina: person of Latin American heritage Great diversity among Latino groups Most male Latino and Hispanic athletes recognized for baseball and soccer

Social issues in women sport: physical activity benefits

Increased self esteem, decreased drug use, decreased chance of unwanted pregnancy, increased graduation rate, sport was a helpful experience for 4/5 female executives

in 1947, ___ broke through the color barrier and was named MLB rookie of the year and he played with the Brooklyn Dodgers

Jackie Robinson, know the year

___ proposed an age related progression of stages

Kohlberg

reasons or myths for not participating

Lack of interest, harmful to health, only ladylike sports appropriate, undeserving, social stigma associated with presumed lesbianism, gender verification practices, social attitudes about gender roles

Who Controls Sport?

Local Communities: Power held by administrators, boards of directors (parents and politicians) National Level: power held by people who control an organization's money -Often members of the upper or upper-middle class -Often white males

In today's America which group is typically neglected when it comes to rights and opportunities?

Older adults

Paralympics is part of the ____ organization and special olympics are not

Olympic

Access and Barriers to Sport

Olympic and elite level -cost of high performance training -requires economic, social, and cultural capital -top coaching and training can cost up to 100,000 per year in some individual sports -costs include coaching, facilities, travel, and equipment Team sport -often run and subsidized by the community - High school sport -affluent schools win more championships -can afford better facilities, equipment, and coaches -participants start earlier and receive more training Community leagues -serve more children at modest expense -offer training even in traditionally upper class sports

Jerome Singleton Jr

Paralympic sprinter athlete, went to Dutch fork high school, defeated Oscar in some world championships, local from Columbia

Kohlbergs six stages of moral development

Preconventional 1. Punishment and obedience 2. Pleasure or pain Conventional 3. good boy or girl 4. law and order Postconventional 5. social contract 6. principled conscience

Social capital

Resources available based on memberships, relationships, and social and business networks

Marge Schott

She was the owner of the Cincinnati Reds, made racist comments that got her banned from baseball, had a collection of nazi memorabilia

Cultural capital

Skills and abilities based on education and life experiences

two types of character

Social—teamwork, loyalty, work ethic, perseverance Moral—honesty, fairness, integrity, responsibility

Tokensim

Some races may be represented just so you can say we're open to everyone, included so they could say we're not discriminatory

Harry Edwards

Sports sociologist who focused on the education opportunities that led to other successes

Branch Rickey

The white executive who worked for the dodgers who signed Jackie Robinson

Ancillary position in sport

Those jobs that aren't actually playing or coaching, ex equipment manager

Louis Day

Track and field athlete at USC, threw weight, at SEC championship he threw weight they took the measurement and qualified for the finals, Mike Sargent was the coach and he went to the coach and said there was no way that was the right distance bc he has never thrown that far, went to officials and they allowed 9 instead of 8 individuals were able to qualify, earned an award

____ population is no longer concentrated in a few states

US latino

stacking

Unusual Distribution of whites and blacks in certain sport positions cannot be explained by a random distribution

Social class and sport opportunity: middle and lower class

Upper middle class -includes professionals -members have many sport opportunities Middle class -members make careful decisions about Lower class -members play team sports available and subsidized in the community -individual so

Americans with Disabilities Act

Us law enacted in 1990 to eliminate discrimination in these areas: employment, government, public accommodation, telecommunication, transportation

Pam Parsons

Women's basketball coach in early 1980s, was a lesbian and got in trouble for having a relationship with a student athlete

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

ethnicity

cultural heritage of a group

economic capital

financial resources that affect one's world view and opportunities

Edith Cook

first black female to receive a scholarship at usc

Eunice Kennedy Shriver

founded special olympics, sister of JFK, sister had a mental disability who gave her her passion

minority group

in the US, any group except whites, any group that has the potential to have less power and be discriminated against

By the 1950s, black sport participation percentages were _______ to the black population percentage.

mirrored

Some theorists hold that behavior is based on ___

moral development

female gender role expectations

passive, gentle, delicate, submissive

race

social category constructed to describe people with genetic similarity

Factors related to sporting behavior include

sport type, performance level, position played

racism

the belief in superiority of one race over another

___ can be learned through sport socialization

values

Media and coaches tend to emphasize ___ and ___

winning and competition