Step 3 Quiz
All of the following are examples of tests of physiological function, EXCEPT: A. Spirometry B. Electrocardiography (ECG) C. Audiometry (D. All of the above are examples of test of physiological function)
D
All of the following are examples of vulnerable populations, EXCEPT: A. Prisoners B. Individuals with severe mental health disorders C. Children (D. Men)
D
One of the most common sources of funding is: A. Internal grants B. External grants C. Gifts (D. Both A and B)
D
When the sample size is large, the sample mean may be quite far from the mean in the total population. (True) False
T
Birth dates could be considered a type of personal identifier in a small population that could raise concerns about anonymity of the study participants. (True) False
True
Clinical records may be used for a secondary data analysis. (True) False
True
Research committees usually require everyone who will be in direct contact with study participants and/or their personal data to complete formal research ethics training. ( True) False
True
A researcher conducting a secondary analysis contributes to scientific knowledge by analyzing data and interpreting accumulated data that might otherwise remain untapped. *True ( False)
T
A proposal must align with the goals of the sponsoring agency and its typical funding level. (True) False
TRUE
A type of tool used to identify an appropriate sample size goal is known as: (A. Sample size calculator) B. Sample size estimator C. Sample size program *D. Both A and B
D
All of the following are examples of anthropometric measurements, EXCEPT: A. Height B. Waist circumference C. Skinfold measurements (D.) Blood pressure
D
How do most primary studies collect data from individual participants? A. Interviews B. In-person C. Self-administered surveys (D. Both A and C)
D
All of the following are some of the eight central considerations in research ethics, EXCEPT: A. Compensation B. Confidentiality (C. Conflicts of interest) *D. Content
D
An error that occurs when a statistical test of the study population finds no significant result when one actually exists in the source population. A. Type I error (B). Type II error C. Type A error D. None of the above
B
All of the following are true statements about questionnaires, EXCEPT: A. Questionnaires must include questions confirming that participants meet the eligibility criteria for the study. B. Questionnaires must be able to place study participants into key categories. *C. Questionnaires should not include questions about factors influencing the relationship between exposures and outcomes. (D. Length of the questionnaire should be considered)
C
A questionnaire is a tool for randomly gathering information from study participants (True) *False
F
Once a system for identifying articles for a systematic review is in place, abstract databases are randomly searched for articles that meet all the inclusion criteria. (True) *False
F
Research conducted with members of vulnerable populations carry the same risks of research to participants as other study populations. True (False)
F
Research ethics committees are composed of only scientists. True (False)
F
Researchers are allowed to simply declare that their projects do not need to be revised by an ethics review committee. True (False)
F
The sample population needs to be smaller than the number suggested by the sample size calculations in order to yield a study population of adequate size. True (False)
F
A secondary data analysis study is an excellent option for researchers with limited statistical skills. (True) *False
False
All interviewers should undergo role-specific training and have an opportunity to practice their interview skills. (True) False
T
An adequate number of study participants is required to achieve valid and significant results. ( True) False
T
Convenience sample populations are often systematically different than the communities they are intended to represent. ( True) False
T
If clinical examinations are conducted as part of the data collection process, an assessment form should carefully describe each component of the examination, procedures to be used, and diagnostic procedures for each item on the assessment form. *True (False)
T
In a cross-sectional survey, the source population must be representative of the target population, and the sample population must be representative of the source population. (True) False
T
Privacy is the protection of personal information provided to researchers. (True) False
T
Researchers have an ethical obligation to minimize the risks that research may pose to study participants. (True) False
T
The primary advantage of an interview as a method for data collection in a primary study is that trained interviewers record the responses, and they can ensure the accuracy and completeness of each questionnaire. *True (False)
T
When creating a research timeline, a researcher must keep the schedule somewhat flexible since predicting how long some step will take can be difficult. (True) False
T
When studies analyze existing clinical records, survey data, or population data rather than collecting new information from study participants, this is known as: (A. Primary analysis) *B. Secondary analysis C. Tertiary analysis D. None of the above
B
A ____________ is usually a request for funding or supervisory approval. A. Project B. Protocol (C. Proposal) D. Program
C
A _____________ is the careful compilation and summary of all publications relevant to a particular research topic. A. Meta-analysis B. Literature review (C. Systematic review) D. Selective review
C
A(n) _____________ questionnaire measures what it was intended to measure in the population being assessed. A. Accurate (B. Reliable) *C. Valid D. Discrete
C
Which of the following is NOT an example of an additional assessment that can be conducted as a way to supplement self-reported information during the data collection process? (A. Vital signs) B. Test of physiological function *C. Physical fitness tests D. Surveys
C
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main principles in biomedical research ethics? A. Beneficence B. Autonomy *C. Maleficence (D. Distributive justice)
C
___________ population is the group of individuals that are asked to participate in research studies. A. Target B. Source (C. Sample) D. Study
C
_________________ provide essential information about research projects to potential study participants so that they can make a reasoned decision about whether to enroll in the study. A. Surveys B. Interviews *C. Informed consent statements (D. Research protocols)
C
A _____________ creates a summary statistic for the results of systematically identified articles. *A. Meta-analysis (B. Systematic review) C. Literature review D. Secondary study
A
A _____________ is a statistical estimate of how close to the population value a sample of a particular size is expected to be. *A. Confidence interval B. Relative risk C. Odds ratio (D. None of the above)
A
A(n) ______________ may be granted when the research involves the analysis of existing records or existing biological specimens that cannot be linked to individuals. *A. Full review (B. Expedited review) C. Exemption D. Rejection
A
All of the following are true statements about categorical variables, EXCEPT: *A. Categorical variables must be have at least four answer options B. Categorical variables can be ranked C. Categorical variables can be unordered (D. All of the above are true statements about categorical variables)
A
All of the following are true statements about conducting a meta-analysis, EXCEPT: (A. Statistics from similar studies can be pooled even if the studies have different population groups or different interventions) B. Pooling several unadjusted (crude) odds ratios may be appropriate C. Before pooling the data, the researcher must show that the results of the studies are comparable D. A random effects model is required when the test of heterogeneity show that the included studies are dissimilar
A
An error that occurs when a study population yields a significant statistical test result when one does not exist in the source population is known as: *A. Type I error (B. Type II error) C. Type A error D. None of the above
A
Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, EXCEPT: *A. Risk factors for disease B. Characteristics associated with having the disease C. Blood pressure (D. Presence of disease)
A
Publicly available data sets could be found through the following agencies, EXCEPT: (A. GIS) B. CDC C. UN D. WHO
A
Research Ethics Committees are also known as _________________ in the Unites States. *A. Institutional review meetings (B. Institutional review boards) C. Ethical meetings D. Research review committees
A
The person accepting the responsibility for guaranteeing that the protocol is followed, adverse outcomes are immediately reported to the ethics committee, and the budget is properly managed is known as: *A. The primary investigator B. The investigator in charge C. The boss (D. The senior researcher)
A
What is the next step after determining the broad categories of questions and selecting the specific topics to be addressed in a questionnaire? *A. To choose question and answer types that are appropriate B. To check the questionnaire's wording C. To choose an order for the questions D To conduct a pre-test
A
All of the following are the primary goals of research ethics committees, EXCEPT: A. Protect the 'human subjects' who will participate in observational or experimental studies or whose personal information will be examined by researchers (B. Oversee research carried out on animals) C. Legally protect the researcher's institution from the liability that could occur as a result of research activities D. Protect researchers by preventing them from engaging in activities that could cause harm
B
All of the following are true statements about publicly available data, EXCEPT: A. Entire data sets might be immediately available to download from an agency's website *B. If a screening process is in place, researchers will need to submit a request form to use the data C. Publicly available data set files are always available for free (D. Access to some data files might be limited to the citizens or residents of the country in which the data was collected)
B
All of the following are true statements about recruiting study participants, EXCEPT: (A. One goal of recruiting a study population is to recruit as many members of the sample population as possible) *B. Participation rates will be lower if study recruits understand the importance and value of the research project C. Random-digit dialing can be used as a way to recruit study participants D. Participating is higher if multiple invitations and opportunities to participate are available
B
All of the following are true statements about using incentives to increase study participation rate, EXCEPT: A. Researchers may offer a small gift to study participants (i.e. bar of soap) (B.) Researchers may offer a substantial gift to all study participants (i.e. a new car) C. Researchers may provide treatment for certain conditions examined in the study D. Researchers may enter all questionnaire respondents into a drawing for a more substantial gift (i.e. $100 gift certificate to a local restaurant)
B
In the health sciences there are different types of populations that must be considered by the researcher when preparing to collect data, which of the following is NOT considered to be a type of population? A. Target population (B. Local population) C. Sample population D. Source population
B
Research proposals that will be submitted for review to a research ethics committee need to include all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. Discuss the risks and benefits of the study *B. Explain how study participants' information will be distributed to the public C. Disclose potential conflicts of interest (D. Describe the expected study participants)
B
The most important consideration(s) when deciding which data collection approach to use in a primary study is(are)? A. Cost (B. The goals of the study and expectations of the sample population members) C. Time D. Potential barriers to participation for study participants
B
The systematic review process requires all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Identification of an appropriately narrow study question (B. Selection of a semi-structured strategy) C. Screening for all potentially relevant articles to determine whether they meet the predefined eligibility criteria D. Extraction of relevant information from all eligible articles
B
Which of the following is NOT an example of an examination a clinician can conduct to examine many health states that machines are unable to assess well? A. Breath sounds and other respiratory functions *B. Heart sounds C. Heart rate (D. The condition of the skin, hair, and nails)
B
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a source of data for secondary analysis studies? A. Clinical records *B. New data collected by the researcher conducting the study C. Governmental organizations (D. All of the above are considered to be sources of data for secondary analysis studies)
B
Which of the following statements is NOT considered to be a challenge when using already available data? A. Analysts are limited to exploring only the topics included in the original survey *B. Analysts will always be able find someone who can answer questions about the procedures used for data collection during the research process C. Analysts have to trust that the data were collected using valid and standardized methods (D. Data files are not often available for free to the researcher)
B
_________________ is(are) physiological measurement(s) that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction. A. Anthropometry (B. Basic vital signs) C. Clinical examinations D. Biological specimens
B
Once eligible articles are identified for a systematic review study, the content of these articles is extracted into: A. A book B. An article (C. A data extraction table) D. None of the above
C
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are considered to be what type of study: A. Primary (B. Secondary) *C. Tertiary D. None of the above
C
The __________________ explains the exact procedures that will be used for every step of the research process. A. Proposal B. Project (C. Protocol) D. Program
C
What is the first step a researcher should take when designing a questionnaire? (A. Select specific question topics) B. Choose question and answer types *C. List the topics that the survey instrument must cover D. None of the above
C
What type of questions allows a limited number of possible answers to be listed in a questionnaire? A. Open-ended questions B. Free-response questions (C. Close-ended questions) D. None of the above
C
When using random sampling as a method of selecting a sample population, what type of bias should the researcher be most concerned with? A. Ascertainment bias B. Non-random sampling bias *C. Non-response bias (D. All of the above are biases a researcher should avoid when using random sampling)
C
Which is NOT an example of a probability-based sampling method used by a researcher to select a sample population? A. Simple random sampling B. Systematic sampling (C. Convenience population) D. Cluster sampling
C
All of the following are issues that need to be resolved prior to submission of a research proposal to multiple research ethics committees, EXCEPT: A. The application documents that will be required B. The wording of the informed consent statement C. The order of review (D. All of the above are issues that need to be resolved prior to submitting a research proposal to multiple ethics committees)
D
All of the following are true statements about acquiring/using private data sets, EXCEPT: A. Access to a private data set is most likely to be granted if the new researcher has some connection to the original researcher B. When privately held data are shared with a new investigator, the original researchers usually expect to be coauthors on any resulting publication C. Individual researchers or small research teams may have data available that have not yet been analyzed and therefore could be acquired by a new researcher (D. Students are less likely to get privately owned data from their professors to conduct their own research)
D
All of the following are true statements about conducting a systematic review, EXCEPT: A. A systematic review may involve searching two or more databases B. A systematic review may involve looking up every article cited in an included article to try to fully capture the entire published literature C. A system for identifying eligible articles must be in place (D. Reading the abstracts alone is sufficient to determine the final eligibility of an article)
D
All of the following are true statements about large sample sizes, EXCEPT: A. Large samples are usually better than small ones. B. The confidence interval will be narrower when the sample size is large. (C. In large sample sizes, the mean is expected to be closer to the mean of the total population.) *D. Larger sample sizes make it less likely that a study will yield statistically significant results.
D
All of the following are typical contents of a research proposal, EXCEPT: A. Goals B. Methods and procedures (i.e. study design, source population) C. Timeline (D. All of the above are typical contents of a research proposal)
D
An interviewer who will be collecting data in a study should receive a comprehensive interviewer handbook that provides information about all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Purpose of the study B. Details about interview logistics C. Annotated script of the interview (D. Information about individual study participants)
D
Progress reports may be required by the ethics committee; these reports should include all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. Current versions of the study protocol, informed consent, questionnaire and other study documents B. A report of any adverse effects or complaints (C. A summary of study findings) *D. A report of each individual study participant, including personal information such address and phone number
D
When the sample size is __________ , the sample mean may be _________ the mean in(to) the total population. A. Small, far from B. Small, close to C. Large, far from *D. Large, close to
D
Which is NOT an example of resources a researcher needs to consider when creating a research plan? A. Availability of individuals to contribute their time and expertise B. Accessibility to study participants (C. Availability of statistical software) *D. All of the above are examples of resources to consider when creating a research plan
D
Which is NOT considered a helpful resource for locating individuals or groups of individuals who could participate in a case-control study? A. Hospitals B. Public health offices C. Advocacy organizations (D. )All of the above are helpful resources for locating participants for a case-control study
D
Which is NOT considered a method for collecting and recording survey data? A. Mail survey B. Interview C. Internet-based survey (D. All of the above are methods for collecting and recording survey data)
D
There is no need for the researcher to ensure that study participants understand the research process and the consent document. True (False)
F
When conducting anthropometric measurements, there is no need for the researcher to ensure that the methods used to take these measurements are standardized. ( True) *False
False
When interpreting the results of a systematic review, studies that find no statistically significant results for an item of interest should not be included in the study. (True) *False
False
To check the appropriateness of search terms to be used for a systematic review study, the researcher should identify a handful of articles known to be relevant to the study question. (True) False
T
___________ is(are) the measurement of the size / composition of the human body. (A. Anthropometry) B. Vital signs C. Clinical examinations D. Biological specimens
A
_______________ is related to the ability of a statistical test to detect significant differences in a population when differences really do exist. (pg 93) *A. Power (B. Errors) C. Size D. None of the above
A
All of the following are components of a detailed research plan for a researcher collecting new data from individuals, EXCEPT: A. Develop a questionnaire and other data collection tools *B. Screen abstracts and full-length articles for eligibility (C. Prepare an application for a research ethics review committee) D. Identify an appropriate way to recruit participants
B
The following are benefits of utilizing paper questionnaires when collecting data, EXCEPT: A. Allows for collection of data from large number of participants at one time *B. Eliminates the need for later data entry (C. Allows for the easy collection of signatures on informed consent statements) D. Provides the researcher a paper back-up of the data
B
