Stereotyping and Prejudice

how does prejudice feed the need for positive self regard

-Personal accomplishments -Positive Group identities -emphasizes the positive of one's accomplishments and group identities while it can devalue those of others

what is social dominance orientation

-an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system and the domination of inferior groups. It is a predisposition toward anti-egalitarianism within and between groups -Individuals who score high in SDO desire to maintain and, in many cases, increase the differences between social statuses of different groups, as well as individual group members. Typically, they are dominant, driven, tough, and relatively uncaring seekers of power people with this orientation believe: -Men have more power than women -Age affects power -Ethnicity and religion can form hierarchies People that believe in this more than others, like hierarchy, think people should be in hierarchy, support political positions that maintain inequality

what is an example of an experiment that involves moral credentials

-one candidate is made obviously stronger than the others, -in one version of study, all applicants were white, in another version of the study only the stronger applicant was black -some people had moral credentials because they picked the black person for the job, while others didn't have moral credentials -participants with moral credentials were more likely to select a white person to be new police officer- probably because they had moral credentials and would use that as evidence against the claim that they are racist

in this experiment, did derogation of others raise one's self esteem

-with high self esteem, increase in self esteem was little but similar for both -with low self esteem, christians felt a huge increase in self esteem when derogating jew

what is an example of an experiment that involves prejudice existing in implicit attitudes and covert behavior

Experiment showed, through a shooting video game, people were more likely to accidentally shoot an unarmed black man and to accidentally not shoot an armed white man

what is a stereotype

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people -Can be positive or negative

is there contemporary prejudice

Explicit attitudes have improved -Black president—"The end of racism?"—not true -Women working outside the home

what is conflict-competition

Feelings of relative deprivation (perception that you are worse off than other people, usually economically) can be a source of prejudice

what is the affect component

Affect (emotion) -The prejudice component -Prejudice has strong components of emotion

what are the ABC's of steretypes, prejudice, and discrimination

Affect, Behavior, Cognition

how can stereotypes be self-fulfilling

Confirmation bias may occur -tendency of people to favor information that confirms their beliefs or hypotheses. -People display this bias when they gather or remember information selectively, or when they interpret it in a biased way. -so if someone's expecting a person from a certain group to act a certain way and they do even for a little bit or because of the situation, they'll assume the stereotype is true and may not accept information/actions that are counter to that stereotype

what is an example of an experiment that involves averse racism theory

Had white people evaluate white and black job candidate -sometimes applicants had clear strong qualifications, sometimes they had clear weak qualifications. Researchers were interested in what happened when qualifications were ambiguous -when qualifications were clear, both black and white candidates were rated similarly -when qualifications were ambiguous, whites were given benefit of the doubt, while black candidates were not—whites were rated much more highly when qualifications were ambiguous

what is realistic group conflict theory

Is theory that the limited resources of the world leads to competition, and the competition leads to prejudice/discrimination -In early 20th century, when price of cotton was low, there were more lynchings of blacks performed by whites, probably because the whites felt threatened by the blacks because whites and blacks were competing for jobs

what do controlled stereotypes have to do with this experiment

Low prejudice white people report more positive thought and feelings about African Americans—but this is only with a controlled response

what is discrimination

Negative behavior toward members of group—action rooted in prejudice

what is prejudice

Negative feelings toward members of group—just a belief -Based on group membership

what is illusory correlation and how does it relate to stereotypes

Overestimate association between variables -This can explain why sometimes stereotypes can be formed without a kernel of truth

what is an example of an experiment that involved impression formation, terror management theory, and prejudice

People were christian and were asked to form impressions of a christian and a jew -some people were reminded how death was salient, some were not -when they weren't reminded about death, impressions were very similar -but when death was salient, christians were rated more favorably while jews were favored less favorably

how does being social form stereotypes

Personal experience, which may not represent many of the group you are stereotyping Social learning -From friends, family, TV, movies, music

how is prejudice inevitable

Presence of group member activates stereotype -We are sometimes unaware of this influence

what theory is involved with prejudice and the social self

Terror Management Theory: Knowledge of death produces terror -This is something that animals don't understand, so this differentiates us from them -Cultural worldview manages terror -Threats to worldview increase terror -So we may derogate people that cause a threat to our worldview to decrease terror

what is the behavior component

The discrimination component

what is the cognition component

The stereotype component (more thinking than the other components)

what is an example of an experiment involving automatic activation

There were high and low prejudice participants -This automatic activation occurs within low prejudiced people as well -There was equal knowledge of stereotype content between the groups -Researchers subliminally primed people with stereotyped black traits -Then had to rate Donald -Primed with black stereotype, participants rated Donald as more hostile -This occurred regardless of prejudice level

what's an example of an experiment dealing with prejudice with self esteem under threat

This experiment looked at christians' prejudice towards jews -researchers would temporarily raise or lower christians self esteem -then they watched a job applicant that was outwardly described as an italian catholic and had to evaluate her -then they watched another job applicant that was outwardly described as jewish and had to evaluate -when the christian was high in self esteem, they evaluated both women very similarly -when the christian was low in self esteem, they evaluated christian woman much higher than jewish woman

how do stereotypes become the basis for prejudice

Traits that we associate with people (positive or negative) take on value -Traits that are viewed positively cause positive stereotyping -Traits that are viewed negatively cause negative stereotyping

what does being a cognitive miser have to do with stereotypes

We come across a lot of information everyday and we don't have time to think about everything closely, so we take mental short cuts, such as stereotypes -stereotypes simplify complex information—condenses information

does prejudice still exist

Yes, but more sneaky -Shown in implicit attitudes and covert behavior

what is the authoritarian personality

a state of mind or attitude characterised by one's belief in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority, as well as the administration of that belief through the oppression of one's subordinates. It usually applies to individuals who are known or viewed as having an authoritative, strict, or oppressive personality towards subordinates -People that believe in this more than others, like hierarchy, think people should be in hierarchy, support political positions that maintain inequality -LOOK THIS UP IN TEXTBOOK

what are the two ways stereotypes are formed

being social and thinking socially

what are moral credentials

explicitly being not racist and feeling good about it

what tests are conducted to reveal underlying prejudiced attitudes

implicit tests -Conducted Implicit Association Tests -Bogus pipeline: when people think you know they're lying (connected to polygraph), they're more likely to admit to prejudicial attitudes

how is prejudice self esteem protection

important for one's social identity: -people sometimes derogate members of outgroups to feel good about ingroup members -Halmark of this is ingroup favoritism, outgroup derogation

what is the purpose of prejudice in regards to the social self

need for positive self regard and as self-esteem protection

what is outgroup homogeneity and how does it relate to stereotypes

people tend to think that members of outgroups are very similar to each other -Tendency to assume similarity among outgroup members -When a member of a group that is a numerical minority does something statistically unusual, other people are more likely to notice it

what is an example of an experiment that involves realistic conflict theory

robber's cave study -Realistic Conflict study (Sherif, 1961) -Cherif brought a bunch of boys to a summer camp to try to naturally create realistic conflict -Rattlers vs. Eagles -The two groups were pit against each other -Competitions between groups -Winners rewarded while losers weren't -Hositility/prejudice resulted very quickly -Cherif got rid of the prejudice by forcing the two groups work together

what are the two prejudiced personalities

the authoritarian personality and social dominance orientation -Early research indicated that when a person is prejudiced against one thing, this person is more likely than the average person to be prejudiced against other people

what is averse racism theory

theory that most whites have negative feelings towards african americans and how they deal with this -This conflicts with self-concept and values, so whites don't want to be racist -When a behavior is clearly prejudiced, people won't do it -But if the situation is ambiguous, people will commit prejudiced behavior

what's so bad about stereotypes

they exaggerate differences between groups, can lead to self-fulfilling stereotypes, and are the basis for prejudice and discrimination

how does thinking socially form stereotypes

through social categorization: -most people make social categorizations based on Age, gender, ethnicity -Ingroup—outgroup (groups we belong to—groups we don't belong to) -But people want to feel good about own groups, so sometimes this categorization process causes us to look down upon outgroups

how can stereotypes exaggerate differences between groups

underestimating similarity between groups through outgroup homogeneity and illusory correlation

are stereotypes shared knowledge

yes