Structural Kinesiology Ch. 1 and 2

Bones in adult body

2o6 bones

Scapula line

A line running vertically down the posterior surface of the body passing through the inferior angle of the scapula.

Mid-axillary line

A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit).

Mid-clavicular line

A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the mid=point of the clavicle.

Mid-sternal line

A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the middle of the sternum.

Vertebral line

A line running vertically down through the spinous processes of the spine.

Anterior axillary line

A line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold.

Posterior axillary line

A line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold.

Mid-inguinal point

A point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis.

Pronation (ankle and foot movement)

A position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out).

Supination (ankle and foot movement)

A position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in).

Roll (rock)

A series of points on one articular surface contacts a series of points on another articular surface.

Endosteum

A similar fibrous membrane that covers the inside of the cortex.

Spin

A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface. Motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction.

Joint Capsule

A sleeve like covering of ligamentous tissue that surrounds the bony ends forming the joints.

Glide (slide, translation)

A specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface.

Radial flexion (radial deviation)

Abduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the thumb side of the hand toward the lateral forearm.

Retroversion

Abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion.

Anteversion

Abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, such as femoral anteversion.

Superolateral

Above and to the outside.

Superomedial

Above and toward the midline or inside.

Superior (supra)

Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic.

Cephalic

Above in relation to another structure; higher, superior.

Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)

Adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm.

Epiphysis

At each end of the long bone, which is usually enlarged and shaped specifically to join with the epiphysis of an adjacent bone at a joint.

Retraction (adduction)

Backward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane toward the spine. Adduction of the scapula.

Posterolateral

Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside.

Posteromedial

Behind and to the inner side.

Posterosuperior

Behind or in back and above.

Posteroinferior

Behind or in back and below.

Posterior

Behind, in back, or in the rear.

Inferolateral

Below and to the outside.

Inferomedial

Below and toward the midline or inside.

Inferior (infra)

Below in relation to another structure; caudal.

Caudal

Below in relation to another structure; inferior.

Recurvatum

Bending backward, as in knee hyperextension.

Flexion

Bending movement that results in a decrease of the angle in a joint by bringing bones together, usually in the sagittal plane. An example is the elbow joint when the hand is drawn to the shoulder.

Deep

Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue.

Medullary

Between the walls of the diaphysis or marrow cavity, which contains yellow or fatty marrow.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone. It is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Sometimes referred to as circumflexion. An example is when the shoulder joint or the hip joint moves in a circular fashion around a fixed point, either clockwise or counterclockwise.

Long bones

Composed of long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends; serve as levers. The shaft contains the medullary cavity. Examples include phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus.

Opposition of the thumb

Diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fingers.

Reposition of the thumb

Diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to anatomical position from opposition with the hand and/or fingers.

Epiphyseal plate

During bony growth the diaphysis and the epiphysis are separated by a thin plate of cartilage.

Wolf's Law

Essentially states that bone in a healthy individual will adapt to the loads it is placed under.

Fundamental Position

Essentially the same as the anatomical position, except that the arms are at the sides with the palms facing the body.

Plantar flexion

Extension movement of the ankle that results in the foot and/or toes moving away from the body in the sagittal plane.

Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) (wrist and hand movements)

Extension movement of the wrist in the sagittal plane with the dorsal or posterior side of the hand moving toward the posterior side of the forearm.

Supination (Radioulnar joint)

Externally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so that it lies parallel to the ulna, resulting in the palm-up position of the forearm.

Prone

Face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach.

Supine

Face-upward position of the body; lying on the back.

Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)

Flexion movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane.

Palmar flexion

Flexion movement of the wrist in the sagittal plane with the volar or anterior side of the hand moving toward the anterior side of the forearm.

Protraction (abduction)

Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine. Abduction of the scapula.

Kyphosis

INcreased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane.

Ligament

In certain areas the capsule is thickened to form tough, nonelastic ______ that provide additional support against abnormal movement or joint opening.

Anterosuperior

In front and above.

Anteroinferior

In front and below.

Anterolateral

In front and to the outside.

Anteromedial

In front and toward the inner side or the midline.

Anterior

In front or in the front part.

Scapular plane

In line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapular plane are in line with scapular, which is at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane.

Aggregate muscle action

In most cases, muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion.

Lordosis

Increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane.

Depression

Inferior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane. An example in returning to the normal position from a shoulder shrug.

Pronation (Radioulnar joint)

Internally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so that it lies diagonally across the ulna, resulting in the palm-down position of the forearm.

Varus

Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs.

Irregular bones

Irregular-shaped bones serve a variety of purposes and include the bones throughout the entire spine and the ischium, pubis, and maxilla.

Scoliosis

Lateral curving of the spine.

Abduction

Lateral movement away from the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane. An example is raising the arms or legs to the side horizontally.

Types of bones

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, Irregular bones, Sesamoid bones

Goiniometry

Measuring the available range of motion in a joint or the angles created by the bones of a joint.

Endochondral bones

Most of the skeletal bones of concern to us in structural kinesiology, which develop from hyaline cartilage.

Diagonal abduction

Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body, such as in the hip or glenohumeral joint.

Diagonal adduction

Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane toward and across the midline of the body, such as in the hip or glenhumeral joint.

Adduction

Movement medially toward the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane, An example is lowering the arm to the side or the thigh back to the anatomical position.

Lateral flexion (side bending)

Movement of the head and/or trunk in the frontal plane laterally away from the midline. Abduction of the spine.

Scaption

Movement of the humerus away from the body in the scapular plane, Glenohumeral abduction in a plane 30 to 45 degrees between the sagittal and frontal planes.

Horizontal abduction

Movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane away from the midline of the body. Also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction.

Horizontal adduction

Movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane toward the midline of the body. Also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction.

Accessory motions

Named specifically to describe the actual change in relationship between the articular surface of one bone relative to another, are spin, or roll, and glide.

Superficial

Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue.

Proximal

Nearest the trunk or the point of origin.

Osteoblasts

New bone is formed by specialized cells.

Lateral

On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane.

Ipsilateral

On the same side.

Valgus

Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees.

Contralateral

Pertaining or relating to the opposite side.

Skeletal function

Protection of vital soft tissues such as the heart, lungs, and brain. Support to maintain posture. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers. Storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Hemopoiesis, which is the process of blood formation that occurs in the red bone marrow located in the vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs, and sternum.

Anatomical position

Reference position that is used as a basis from which to describe joint movements. This is the most widely used and is accurate for all aspects of the body.

Anteroposterior

Relating to both front and rear.

Volar

Relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot.

Dorsal (dorsum)

Relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of; also relating to the top of the foot.

Ventral

Relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of.

Fibular

Relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the lower extremity.

Medial

Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane.

Palmar

Relating to the pal or volar aspect of the hand.

Radial

Relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand.

Bilateral

Relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities.

Plantar

Relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot.

Tibial

Relating to the tibial (medial) side of the lower extremity.

Ulnar

Relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand.

Median

Relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle; situated in the middle, medial.

Sinister

Relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of, something.

Dexter

Relating to, or situated to the right or on the right side of, something.

Reduction

Return of the spinal column in the frontal plane to the anatomic position from lateral flexion, Adduction of the spine.

External rotation

Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone away from the midline of the body. Occurs in the transverse plane and is also known as rotation laterally, outward rotation, and lateral rotation.

Internal rotation

Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone toward the midline of the body. Occurs in the transverse plane and is also known as rotation medially, inward rotation, and medial rotation.

Rotation upward

Rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward.

Rotation downward

Rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward. Occurs primarily in the return from upward rotation. The inferior angle may actually move upward slightly as the scapula continues in extreme downward rotation.

Distal

Situated away from the of the body, or away from the point of origin.

Sesamoid bones

Small bones embedded within the tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection as well as improve the mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units.

Short bones

Small cube-shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone. Short bones provide some shock absorption and include the carpals and tarsals.

Extension

Straightening movement that results in an increase of the angle in a joint by moving bones apart, usually in the sagittal plane, Using the elbow, an example is when the hand moves away from the shoulder.

Elevation

Superior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane. An example is shrugging the shoulders.

Osteoclasts

THe cells that resorb old bone.

Hyaline cartilage

The articular surfaces on the ends of the bones inside the joint cavity are covered with layers of articular or ________ that helps protect the ends of the bones from wear and damage.

Cortex

The diaphysis wall, formed from hand, dense, compact bone.

Cancellous or trabecular

The epiphysis is formed from spongy bone.

Joint Cavity

The ligamentous capsule is lined with a thin vascular synovial capsule that secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the area inside the joint capsule.

Arthrokinematics

The motion between the articular surfaces.

Osteokinematic motion

The motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from these physiological movement.

Periosteum

The outer surface of the diaphysis is covered by a dense, fibrous membrane.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone, which is the long cylindrical portion of the bone.

Goniometer

The specific amount of movement possible in a joint or range of motion may be measured by using an instrument.

Structural kinesiology

The study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement.

Cardinal

Three specific planes of motion in which the various joint movements can be classified.

Articular or hyaline cartilage

To facilitate smooth, easy movement at joints, the epiphysis is covered, which provides a cushioning effect and reduces friction.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward or medially in the frontal plane; adduction. An example is standing with the weight on the outer edge of the foot.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward or laterally in the frontal plane; abduction. An example is standing with the weight on the inner edge of the foot.

Flat bones

Usually having a curved surface and varying from thick ( where tendons attach) to very thin. Flat bones generally provide protection and include the ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula.

Range of Motion (ROM)

We refer to the area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved.