Study 1

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

Which of the following would be most distressing to a child with autism? a. Soft, monotonous sounds b. An everyday routine that stays the same c. Altering a familiar environment d. Not having a normal sleep pattern

Altering a familiar environment

Vascular Major Neurocognitive Disorder is often confused with ___

Alzheimer's disease

the particular disease that most commonly causes dementia is

Alzheimer's disease

The most common cause of major neurocognitive disorder is ________

Alzheimer's disease.

What are savant skills?

Amazing intellectual ability in one particular area

Which of the following is a Cluster B personality disorder?

Antisocial personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder.

What is Lovaas?

Applied behavior analysis - 40 hours a week, strict reinforcement of behavior - geared toward kids

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that

Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bestram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that

Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that

Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder.

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that ________

Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder.

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that: a. Artiss will have a higher level of intelligence. b. Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder. c. Bertram will have a higher likelihood of social dysfunctions. d. Bertram will show more severe neuropsychological deficits and attentional problems.

Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder.

Which of the following is a pervasive development disorder?

Asberger's disorder

Ethnic groups that have abnormal physiological reactions to alcohol include

Asian and Native American

Horace's parents have decided to homeschool him because he has a hypersensitivity to criticism, is unable to relate to other people, has low self-esteem and high self-consciousness, and suffers from depression. Horace may have ________ personality disorder.

Avoidant

What is loss of volition?

Avoliation or Apathy - lack of motivation, no energy, can't go to work, impaired function

If the cause of dementia is organic, this will be referenced on _______. If the cause stems from self-inflicting brain damage this will be referenced on ______

Axis 1 and Axis 3; axis 1

enuresis

Bed-wetting; involuntary discharge of urine after the age of expected continence (age 5).

What complicates the diagnosis of maladaptive behavior in childhood?

Behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age.

What complicates the diagnosis of maladaptive behavior in childhood? a. Behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age. b. The dividing line between childhood and adolescence has been arbitrarily drawn. c. Most psychological disorders in the young have an identifiable environmental cause. d. Drugs are not effective in treating the disorders that are most commonly seen in children.

Behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age.

What type of behavioral therapy is most likely to be used in the treatment of child with an anxiety disorder?

Behavior therapy that includes assertiveness training and desensitization using graded real-life situations.

What type of behavioral therapy is most likely to be used in the treatment of child with an anxiety disorder? a. Behavior therapy that includes assertiveness training and desensitization using graded real-life situations. b. Behavior therapy that includes a generalized desensitization to fearful situations using Ruthanne's imagination to picture these situations. c. A combination of Ritalin and family therapy. d. A group therapy in which anxious children are taught to ignore their anxious feelings.

Behavior therapy that includes assertiveness training and desensitization using graded real-life situations.

What is TEACCH?

Behavioral and supportive environment - geared toward adults, so they can live independently

What are the most effective methods of treating autism?

Behavioral methods

What are delusions of grandeur?

Belief that they are special or important (thinking they are god)

What are delusions of control?

Belief that they are under control of someone else or are not in control of thei rown actions

What are the two subtypes of Schizoaffective Disorder?

Bipolar and depressive

What are atypical medications for schizophrenia?

Block both dopamine and serotonin receptor - fewer side effects

What are typical medications for schizophrenia?

Blocks dopamine receptors - has extrapyramidal side effects

Both of Mary's parents have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bob has an identical twin who has schizophrenia. Who is more likely to develop schizophrenia and why? a. Bob, because he is male and has a family history of schizophrenia. b. Mary, because all of her genes come from her parents and they both have the disease. c. Bob, because he has inherited the same susceptibility that his twin is expressing. d. Mary, because females are more susceptible than males to the genetic forms of schizophrenia.

What is biological motion?

Brain overlays a person on moving dots even though you cannot see the person

conduct disorder

Childhood and adolescent disorders that can appear by age 9 and are marked by persistent acts of aggression or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law.

Separation anxiety disorder

Childhood disorder characterized by unrealistic fears over sensitivity self-consciousness nightmares and chronic anxiety.

separation anxiety disorder

Childhood disorder characterized by unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self-consciousness, nightmares, and chronic anxiety

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Childhood disorder that appears by age 6 and is characterized by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law

Oppositional developmental disorder

Childhood disorder that appears by age 6 and is characterized by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law.

Historically, why has little attention been paid to childhood psychopathology?

Childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders

Historically, why has little attention been paid to childhood psychopathy?

Childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders

Historically, why has little attention been paid to childhood psychopathology? a. Mental illness was not recognized in children. b. Childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders. c. All signs of mental illness in children were assumed to reflect some developmental stage that would be outgrown. d. Society viewed children as inherently good and accepted all behavior unconditionally.

Childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders.

Communication deviance a. may be an environmental risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. b. is an early indication of schizophrenia. c. is not seen in control adoptees. d. and disordered speech are the same thing.

Compared to his nonschizophrenic identical twin, Matthew (who is schizophrenic) is more likely to a. have been born with physical birth defects. b. have been considered "different" or "odd" in childhood. c. have a higher intelligence level on IQ tests. d. be artistically or musically talented.

What is catatonic stupor?

Completely unresponsive/unaware - have to be roused by an anti-psychotic or an anti-depressant

________ personality disorder is more commonly found in __________ and is characterized by an extreme need to be taken care of, which leads to clinging and submissive behavior.

Dependent, women

What are emotional disorders?

Depression, separation anxiety, other anxiety disorders

Do autistic people see details more or the whole picture more?

Details more

What is the difference between Autism and Schizophrenia?

Developmental timelines are very different, and they do not co-occur in families, which they would if they were the same

What is affective flattening?

Difficulty expressing emotion

the availability of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling in expectant mothers has made it possible to detect in utero the extra genetic material involved in

Down syndrome, which is most often the trisomy of chromosome 21, yielding 47 rather than the normal 46 chromosomes

Pemoline

Drug, similar to Ritalin, used to treat ADHA Perception. Interpretation of sensory input.

Who was Heinz Lehmann?

Dude who introduced neuroleptics to North American in the 1950s

What are some environmental effects on the expression of ApoE4?

E4 more likely to cause AD in stressful environments In Africans without E4, cholesterol and exercise reduces AD risk

What is normal-pressure hydrocephalus?

Excessive water in the cranium due to brain shrinkage

What kinds of problems do people with TBI-NCD have? Who is at high risk?

Executive dysfunction, problems with learning and memory Teens and young adults are at high risk

What is the effect of aging on incidence of NCD?

For every 5 years over the age of 75, incidence rate doubles

When do people develop schizophrenia?

For females, early 20s to mid 30s, for males, late teens

What is the interesting effect of age on the course of schizophrenia?

For men, the likelihood of schizophrenia diminishes with age. For women, the opposite

down syndrome

Form of moderate-to-severe mental retardation associated with a chromosome abnormality and typically accompanied by characteristic physical features.

In what country has legislation been proposed to prohibit media that encourage emaciation and extreme thinness?

France

Who discovered the hereditary nature of schizophrenia?

Franz Kallman (in 1938)

What part of the brain is specific to recognizing faces?

Fusiform face area - specific for visual processing/expertise - active in ANY expertise

Moira is schizophrenic. When she watches a film clip designed to elicit a strong emotional response, the researchers note that ___________.

Her face is less expressive than the control group, but she reports the same emotional responses.

What is the concordance rate of schizophrenia with twins?

High 40% for identical twins, only 17% for non-identical

Chung Ching wrote two well-known medical works around A.D. 200 and has been referred to as the ____________ of China.

Hippocrates

What is catatonic immobility?

Holding unusual postures, as if they're afraid of something

How common are delusions in schizophrenia? a. They are experienced by approximately 50 percent of schizophrenics. b. Delusions are an essential feature of schizophrenia; the presence of delusions is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. c. Over 90 percent of those with schizophrenia experience delusions. d. While hallucinations are a common occurrence in schizophrenia, delusions are rare.

Symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease

Hypertonicity, listlessness, blindness, progressive spastic paralysis, and convulsions (death by the third year)

Juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it?

I got lucky.

Juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it? a. I was the best. b. My teacher likes me. c. I got lucky. d. I worked hard.

I got lucky.

Following a failure on an important exam, which of the following explanations for the failure represents an Internal, Specific, and Unstable attribution?

I was in a bad mood on the day of the test.

Aresenault, et al. reported that 10.3% of those who used cannabis by age 15 were diagnosed with signs of schizophrenia by age ______

The Maudsley model involve show many phases of treatments?

The human brain weights approximately ____ pounds

The skull is so strong, that if it were placed on the ground and weight were applied slowly, it could support as much as _____

3 tons

According to DSM-5 estimates, the prevalence of ASPD in the general population is about _______ in men and _______ in women.

3%, 1%

What is the international suicide rate?

3.1 per million

Obesity is defined as having a BMI over

Autism is usually identified before a child is

30 months of age and may be suspected in the early weeks of life.

Around what percentage of people can we accurately tell will have schizophrenia?

30%

When is the onset of delusional disorder?

35-55, affecting females more than males

Approximately what percentage of alcohol abusers suffer form another coexisting mental disorder

37%

Studies of clinical outcome show that 15-25 years after developing schizophrenia, around ____ of patients have a generally favorable outcome and can be thought of as being recovered

38%

Estimates are that, at any one time, approximately ___ percent of women are trying to lose weight

In adult life, individuals with moderate intellectual disability attain intellectual levels similar to those of average

4- to 7-year-old children

The euphoric state resulting from cocaine use lasts for ____,during which a user experiences feelings of confidence and contentment

4-6 hours

What is the prevalence rate in adults for ADHD?

4.4 percent

Estimated percentage of alcohol abuse associated with automobile accident deaths each year is ____

40%

early onset alzheimer's affects people in their

40's

What does the average IQ of someone with autism look like?

40-60% below 70

Approximately ____ of people in the U.S. meet the DSM criteria for alcohol dependence

What percentage of patients show significant change after 40 psychotherapy sessions?

75%

persistent echolalia is found in about _____ percent of autistic children

75%

The prevalence of Down Syndrome is said to be about ____ per 10,000

5.9

what is the prevalence of Down syndrome?

5.9 per 10,000 of the general population

Vascular dementia tends to occur after age ___ and affects more men than women

How many people experience positive symptoms?

50-70%

ADHD occurs with the greatest frequency before age ___

8 and tends to become less frequent and to involve briefer episodes thereafter.

How effective are conventional antipsychotics?

60 - 70% effective

At what age does Alzheimer's usually appear?

60s and 70s

what is the average age of onset for Tourette's disorder?

7, and most cases have an onset before age 14

In 1919, what was the life expectancy at birth for children with Down Syndrome?

9 years old

IQ scores have an average of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. A person with a mild intellectual disability will probably score in the _______ range.

90-110

What is theory of mind?

Ability to know what someone else might be thinking or intending to do

Adoption studies are typically used a. to establish the primary role that the environment plays in most disorders. b. to separate the effects of nature and nurture. c. to assess the effectiveness of long-term treatment protocols. d. in order to isolate the environmental factors that "trigger" a disorder.

What is poverty of speech?

Alogia - decrease in the amount of speech and amount of content

Which of the following would be most distressing to a child with autism?

Altering a familiar environment

What patient population(s) is delirium most common in?

The elderly, AIDS patients

What was the greatest problem that emerged as a classification system for childhood disorders was being developed?

The same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children.

Virginia exhibits a variety of schizophrenic symptoms including delusions, auditory hallucinations, and formal thought disorder. She has been symptomatic for a little more than a month. Virginia qualifies for a diagnosis of a. paranoid schizophrenia. b. schizoaffective disorder, manic type. c. undifferentiated schizophrenia. d. schizophreniform disorder.

What is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

Virtually all children who develop conduct disorder have oppositional defiant disorder first

Symptoms of Rubella, congenital

Visual difficulties most common, with cataracts and retinal problems often occurring together, and with deafness and anomalies in the valves and septa of the heart

What is recognized as a paraphilic disorder?

Voyeurism Fetishism Transvetisim Pedophilia

What is expressed emotion?

Way you interact with family

What is the Thatcher Illusion?

We are better at processing faces upright, not inverted or upside down

How is recognizing faces prevalent?

We are very good at it - babies like looking at faces more than any other object

What is social therapy?

Therapist offers practical advice and tries to improve the person's skills so that they can function in the real world

What was the purpose of the early asylums?

To remove those who could not care for themselves from society

Orlando, 14, frequently twists his head uncontrollably and yelps or grunts. If he has not done this for several hours, he has a sensation that can only be relieved by engaging in these movements and sounds. Orlando has had this problem since he was 8. The most likely diagnosis is ________

Tourette's syndrome

Tourette's syndrome.

What is the most effective way to treat delirium?

Treat the underlying cause

What are delusions of persecution?

Trying to decide if someone is trying to harm you intentionally (thinking someone is following you)

How do you diagnose Schizophrenia

Two or more of the following, during a 1 month period (at least one must be 1, 2, or 3 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized Speech 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms Must always have dysfunction, and must have had continuous signs of disturbance for at least 6 months

How is Schizophreniform Disorder diagnosed?

Two or more, each present during a 1 month period Delusions Hallucination Disorganized Speech Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative Symptoms Duration of more than 1 month but less than 6 months

A person with schizophrenia demonstrates clear delusions and experiences auditory hallucinations. According to the "Type I-Type II" evaluation categorization, this person would be:

Type I

Microcephaly

Type of mental retardation resu lting from impaired development of the brain and a consequent fai lure of the cranium to attain normal size.

Phenylketonuria - P K U

Type of mental retardation resulting from a baby's lack of a liver enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine an amino acid found in many foods.

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Type of mental retardation resulting from a baby's lack of a liver enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many founds.

What is hypothyroidism?

Underachieve thyroid gland

Ursula has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. If PET scans were done to measure her brain's activity, which area would probably be underactive? a. The visual cortex b. The deepest portions of the brain, the medulla and reticular activating system c. The frontal lobes d. The hypothalamus and pituitary

Research for which potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease had to be discontinued due to dangerous side effects?

Vaccines that might clear away any accumulated plaques.

How is the brain structure of schizophrenics different than those without it?

Ventricular size is increased, frontal cortex, temporal lobes, and amygdala are smaller

What is catatonic excitement?

Very hyper/quick movements

How does the inversion effect increase with age?

We shift from looking only at features of the face to the whole face

What are endophenotypes? a. Abnormally shaped cells in the brain b. Neurotransmitters that are slightly different in chemical composition than normal c. Measurable traits that are thought to be linked to specific genes that might be important in schizophrenia d. Specific chromosomes that are thought to be important in the genetic transmission of schizophrenia

What is a stressor that has been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia? a. Being an identical twin b. Being raised in an isolated rural area c. Being a recent immigrant d. Living alone

What is the major difference between a diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder? a. The presence of delusions and hallucinations b. The age of the person when they develop the disorder c. The degree of emotional instability and disconnection from other people d. The duration of symptoms

Which type of training has an emphasis on helping patients deal with their neurocognitive deficits? a. Cognitive remediation training b. Social skills training c. Case management d. Family therapy

In studies looking at the effectiveness of treatment for ADHD, what was found?

While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, behavioral methods have been quite successful short-term.

In studies looking at the effectiveness of treatment for ADHD, what was found? a. While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, behavioral methods have been quite successful short-term. b. While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, the therapy appears to be the more effective element of the treatment. c. The use of medications interferes with the effectiveness of behavioral approaches. d. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is more effective than behavioral modification.

While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, behavioral methods have been quite successful short-term.

Why might Kraepelin's idea that schizophrenia was similar to dementia not be as far from the truth as previously thought? a. Evidence suggests that there sometimes are progressive changes in brain volume over time in people with schizophrenia. b. The symptoms of the two disorders overlap tremendously. c. On autopsy, people with schizophrenia show the same smoothing of the brain as is seen in people with dementia. d. The same biological treatments work for both disorders.

What is catatonic posturing?

Will stay in odd positions if moved into them

What time of the year shows an increase in schizophrenics being born?

Winter/spring, possibly because the mother gets sick

What are the three specifiers for a Brief Psychotic Disorder?

With a marked stressor, without a marked stressor, with postpartum onset

Is Alzheimer's more common in men or women?

Women

Oppositional defiant disorder boys girls

_________ ____________ ______ slightly higher prevalence rate among ________ than ___________.

Dopamine

_________ is a neurotransmitter that has long been implicated in psychosis (impaired reality testing)

which child below best illustrates the typical child with functional encopresis

a 7 year olf boy who soils himself when under stress

when bleurer coined the term "schizophrenia" the kind of split he believed was central to the disorder was

a break with reality

What is Schizophrenia characterized by?

a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions

A learning disability usually is identified because

a child shows a disparity between his or her actual academic achievement and expected academic achievement.

the damage that might be caused to the brain by a violent roller coaster is similar to that seen with

a closed head injury

Increased risk for developing alcohol abuse or dependency is related to _____

a combination of psychosocial, genetic, and biochemical factors

what are the causes of sleepwalking disorder?

a condition of arousal in which the subject arises from deep sleep, even displaying long, complex behavior including leaving the bed and walking, with memory impairment of the event - are not fully understood

Rachel was born with phenylketonuria. She appeared normal at birth, but lacked ____

a critical liver enzyme

Some psychological tests may not elicit valid information from a client who is part of a minority group. This may mean the psychological test has ________

a cultural bias.

childhood anxiety disorders are associated with each of the following factors except

a deficit in conditionability to aversive stimuli

By definition, any functional equivalent of intellectual disability that has its onset after age 17 must be considered

a dementia rather than intellectual disability

intellectual disability

a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes intellectual and adaptive functioning

It has been observed that if a woman gives birth to a child with Down Syndrome before the age of 35 she has an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's. Which best explains this observation

a genetic mutation that increases the susceptibility to Alzheimer's also increases the likelihood of passing chromosomal abnormalities

what is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder

a genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder

Huntington's Disease

______ is a rare degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that afflicts about 1 in every 10,000 people (Phillips et al., 2008).

Traumatic Brain Injury

_______ _______ _____ occurs frequently, affecting just under 2 million people each year in the United States. The most common cause is falls, followed by motor vehicle accidents.

Schizophreniform disorder

_______ _________ is a category reserved for schizophrenia-like psychoses that last at least a month but do not last for six months and so do not warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Conduct disorder

_______ _________ is characterized by a persistent repetitive violation of rules and disregard for the rights of others.

studies of the offspring of nonschizophrenic co-twins from discordant twin pairs suggests that

a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may remain unexpressed in some individuals unless it is released by some unknown environmental factors

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of disorders in DSM-5 that are typically manifested in early childhood

Adderall

a habit-forming drug comprised of a combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine.

Brown and his colleague refined the construct of expressed emotion, which refers to ________

a measure of the family environment that is based on how a family member speaks about the patient during a private interview with a researcher

What is a delusion?

a misrepresentation of reality (the base characteristic of madness)

a bullet is most likely to cause

a penetrating head injury

Why is a representative sample desirable?

The more representative a sample is, the more generalizable the data.

What is the cerebral reserve hypothesis?

The more synapses a person develops, the more neuronal death must take place before signs of neurocognitive disorder are obvious

What is anticipatory pleasure?

The pleasure out of being excited about something

What is consummatory pleasure?

The pleasure you get out of material items

Can virtual reality video games improve treatment of children with neurodevelopmental disorders?

The potential value of video media and virtual reality games at engaging and training young people appears to be great.

Occipital

________ damage produces a variety of visual impairments and visual association deficits, the nature of the deficit depending on the particular site of the lesion. This is the type of damage that might occur with a sharply defined traumatic injury or an interruption of the blood supply (e.g., stroke) to a part of the brain.

Explain the evidence suggesting that you can be a 'carrier' for schizophrenia?

If you're the child of an identical twin, regardless of whether your parent or their sibling has schizo, you have the same chance of getting it. For fraternal twins, your chance is close to zero if you're born to the non-affected twin

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

Intellectual disability, specific learning disorder

Perception

Interpretation of sensory input.

What is chorea, and what disease is it associated with?

Involuntary limb movements - Huntington's

What is dyscalculia?

Involves difficulty in producing or understanding numbers, quantities, or basic arithmetic operations

What is dyslexia?

Involves significant difficulty with word recognition, reading comprehension, and typically written spelling

Who were two important people in discovering and starting to diagnose Autism?

Leo Kanner, who said the key was children's inability to relate themselves, and Hans Asperger, who said the key was difficulties of social integration

What is the brain function of schizophrenics like compared to others?

Less activation in frontal lobes in tasks of attention, impaired temporal cortex function

What is Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms?

Lesser form of a positive symptom

Linkage analysis a. is being used to help locate genes associated with schizophrenia. b. is being used to identify family risk factors. c. is being used to find the connections between stress and schizophrenia. d.is being used to show problems in connections between neurons. Difficulty: 2

What are examples of disorganization of thinking and speech?

Loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, clanging

Lori just found out that she is pregnant. Her husband has schizophrenia. What is her unborn child's risk of developing schizophrenia? a. 1 percent b. 10 percent c. 50 percent d. 90 percent

What is a quick overview of schizophrenia?

Loss of contact with reality, disorganized patterns of thinking, gross interference in functioning, includes all dimensions of functioning

What is hypofrontality?

Low prefrontal activity

what are some treatments and outcomes for autism?

MEDICAL TREATMENT -medications have not proved effective -antidepressants, antipsychotic medication, and stimulants (not really effective) -clomipramine has had some beneficial effects BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT -Behavior therapy in an institutional setting has been used successfully in the elimination of self-injurious behavior, the mastery of the fundamentals of social behavior, and the development of some language skills.

What tools help clinicians diagnose Alzheimer's?

MMSE Clock test

What are neologisms?

Made up words

What is major neurocognitive disorder? Mild?

Major = a gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects memory, language, and other cognitive processes. Minor = same as major, but modest impairments that don't seriously affect daily functioning

What are risk factors for delirium?

Major neurocognitive disorder Medication (especially in the elderly) Medical illness Sleep deprivation Stress Dementia High fever (in kids)

What diagnosis is used for patients thought to have Alzheimer's disease?

Major neurocognitive disorder associated with Alzheimer's disease

Are males or females more affected by delusional disorder?

Males

What gender is autism more prevalent in?

Males, three to four more times common

which of the following people has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia a a person from new guinea b. someone who was physically abused as a child c. someone whose father was over 50 when he/she was born d. someone who has a history of depresson

a person whose father was over 50 when he/she was born

Most of the evidence suggests that, if schizophrenia is inherited, it a. is due to an abnormality on Chromosome 21. b. involves one or two genes. c. is a sex-linked, recessive condition. d. involves a multitude of genes that work in concert.

Most people with schizophrenia a. are cured. b. remain hospitalized for the rest of their lives. c. continue to show signs of illness. d. develop other disorders.

What evidence has contributed to the theory that certain personality disorders may have genetic causes?

Most temperamental and personality traits have been found to be moderately heritable.

How can hydrocephaly be treated?

a procedure in which shunting devices are inserted to drain cerebrospinal fluid.

what is endophenotyping

a process that contributes behaviors or symptoms of disorder and then find the gene or genes that cause these difficulties

What is the essential feature of ODD?

a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months

learning disorders

a set of disorders that reflect deficits in academic performance

What is vascular neurocognitive disorder?

NCD due to a stroke 2nd most common cause

Autism is: a. a severe and puzzling disorder b. diagnosed based on socioeconomic status c. a severe form of conduct disorder d. an extreme tic disorder

a severe and puzzling disorder

Autism is

a severe and puzzling disorder.

Psychosis is a striking and essential feature of schizophrenia. Psychosis means

a significant loss of contact with reality

With respect to the central nervous system, alcohol is ____

a stimulant and depressant

Over the course of the disorder, most individuals with schizophrenia a. show either positive-syndrome or negative-syndrome types. b. show the Type II form exclusively. c. develop the "disorganized" form of the disorder. d. display a mix of positive and negative symptoms.

Research has shown that among those diagnosed with ADHD in childhood or adolescence, ___________will continue to show to meet criteria for the disorder into adulthood.

about half

What is the advantage of using Pemoline to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder instead of Ritalin? a. Pemoline increases the child's intelligence. b. Pemoline works faster. c. Pemoline has fewer side effects. d. Pemoline reduces anxiety attacks.

Pemoline has fewer side effects.

What is the advantage of using Pemoline to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder instead of Ritalin?

Pemoline has fewer side effects.

what gender is effected more of tourette's disorder?

about three times more frequent among males

Presented with the opportunity to engage in fellatio with another male, an adolescent in Papua New Guinea would be most likely to _____

accept the opportunity much less than is known about other topics in abnormal psychology

how does vascular dementia differ from Ahlzeimer's disease?

accompanying mood disorders are more common

A rap victim has contacted the police. she is unsure who has committed this act against her. The police should interview men who are ____ to/of her

acquaintances

delirium is to dementia as _____ is to _____

acute;chronic

Cognitive impairment in children with autism is reflected in their greater impairment in

adaptive behaviors than is seen in mentally retarded children without autism

After her parents' divorce, Julia began wetting the bed. She wets the bed almost nightly and is embarrassed about it in the morning. What disorder would this 7-year-old be diagnosed with?

adderall

Behavior based on the pathological need for a substance or activity is termed ___

addictive

Although they may occur at any age, drug abuse and dependence are most common during ____

adolescence

Cross-cultural research has indicated that the ________ dimension of psychopathy is the most consistent across cultures.

affective-interpersonal

Delirium ________

affects awareness.

In both oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder,

aggressive or antisocial behavior is the focus

A prenatal exposure to _______ is related to depression in children

alcohol

Prenatal exposure to _______ is related to depression in children.

alcohol

If Jackie's mom and aunt suffer from bulimia nervosa, Jackie will have an increased likelihood of having problems with

alcohol and drug dependence

When John stopped drinking after his last week-long binge, he became very ill. He was disoriented, hallucinating, and paranoid. John seems to be experiencing ________

alcohol withdrawal delirium

What is the clinical picture of Down syndrome?

almond-shaped eyes, the skin of the eyelids tends to be abnormally thick. The face and nose are often flat and broad, as is the back of the head. The tongue, which seems too large for the mouth, may show deep fissures. The iris of the eye is frequently speckled. The neck is often short and broad, as are the hands. The fingers are stubby, and the little finger is often more noticeably curved than the other fingers.

glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that researchers suspect might be involved with schizophrenia

alterations in glutamate levels can produce schizophrenic-like symptoms in normal subjects

Which of the following would be most distressing to a child with autism? a. soft, monotonous sounds b. an everyday routine that stays the same c. altering a familiar environment d. not having a normal sleep pattern

altering a familiar environment

Which of the following groups of Americans has the highest rates of severe mental illness? American Indian Hispanic Black Asian

american indian

Before their abuse potential was known, what category of drugs was prescribed for staying awake and functioning temporarily at a level beyond normal.

amphetamines

it has been suggested that the symptoms seen in autism might reflect a problem with the function of the

amygdala

with respect to how he or she functions in relationships, an individual with mild mental retardation is most comparable to

an adolescent

With respect to how they function in relationships, an individual with mild mental retardation is most comparable to

an adolescent.

What is Persistent auditory hallucinations?

People who hear voices constantly, but that is all they experience - cannot meet criteria for other diagnosis

People with schizophrenia may have difficulty with the form of thought - in other words, their thoughts do not make sense. The observable sign of this is a. a delusion. b. a hallucination. c. disorganized speech. d. disorganized behavior.

People with schizophrenia often show poor performance on tasks like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, which is thought to indicate a dysfunction of the a. parietal lobe. b. occipital lobe. c. temporal lobe. d. frontal lobe.

What is the main reason that systematic, controlled studies of treating people with either medication or psychotherapy do not exist for paranoid, schizoid, narcissistic, or histrionic disorder?

People with these disorders rarely seek treatment

What is social cognition?

Perception, processing, and interpretation of social information

What is OSSSOPD? (Other Specified Shizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder)

Persistent auditory hallucinations, delusions with significant overlapping mood episodes, attenuated psychosis syndrome, and delusion symptoms in partner of individual with delusional disorder

Tic

Persistent intermittent muscle twitch or spasm usually limited to a localized muscle group often of the facial muscles.

What is a paraphilia?

Persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects or situations are required for sexual satisfaction.

tic

Persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm, usually limited to a localized muscle group, often of the facial muscles

What domains does frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder affect? What is its course? Give one example.

Personality, language, behaviour 5 - 10 year course Pick's disease is an example; similar symptoms to Alzheimer's Tends to occur early (in 40s and 50s)

autism spectrum disorder

Pervasive developmental disorder beginning in infancy and involving a wide range of problematic behaviors, including deficits in language, perception, and motor development; defective reality testing; and social withdrawal

What is the evidence that glutamate may also be involved in schizophrenia?

Phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine are NMDA antagonists, and cause psychotic symptoms

What are the three phases of schizophrenia?

Prodromal, active, residual, recovery

After cheating on her husband and feeling ashamed, Julia accused her husband of cheating. Such behavior is explained by which of the following defense mechanism?

Projection

Who was Emil Kraepelin, and what was his contribution to research on schizophrenia?

Psychiatrist in early late 1800s/early 1900s Recognized link between 3 symptoms: Catatonia (alternating immobility and excited agitation) Hebephrenia (emotional immaturity) Paranoia (delusions of grandeur or persecution) Figured out it was different than bipolar disorder

Psychosis is a striking and essential feature of schizophrenia. Psychosis means a. a tendency to be unpredictably violent. b. a significant loss of contact with reality. c. an inability to know right from wrong. d. an abrupt shift in personality from one pattern to another.

What is insight therapy?

Psychosocial treatment challenging patient's statements, expresses opinions, and provides guidance

Which of the following statements about factors associated with treatment of children and adolescents is correct?

Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are equally effective in children and adolescents and with adults.

After her parents' divorce, Julia began wetting the bed. She wets the bed almost nightly and is embarrassed about it in the morning. What disorder would this 7-year-old be diagnosed with?

Secondary functional enuresis

Social-skills training for people with schizophrenia a. has been very successful in reducing symptoms. b. tries to help people learn a trade so they can earn a living. c. tries to help people gain the skills they need for daily living outside the hospital. d. tries to help cure people of schizophrenia.

What is a stupid theory of delusions?

That it's a coping mechanism

What would determine whether the WISC-IV or the WAIS-IV is used to test intelligence?

The age of the client

What is Cotard's syndrome?

The belief that a part of your body has changed in an impossible way (or that you're dead)

What is Capgras syndrome?

The belief that someone you know has been replaced by a double

The best predictor of overall functioning over time for someone with schizophrenia is a. how much impairment the person suffers. b. how severe the person's positive symptoms are. c. how severe the person's negative symptoms are. d. how much therapy the person gets.

Which statement about separation anxiety disorder is accurate?

The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence

Which statement about separation anxiety disorder is accurate? a. Children who have the disorder commonly develop antisocial personality disorder as adults. b. The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence. c. The disorder is equally common in boys and girls. d. It is a severe but extremely rare form of childhood anxiety disorder.

The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence.

What is a cause of the high frequency of misdiagnoses of personality disorders?

The clinician must exercise more judgment in making the diagnosis than is the case with many other disorders.

What is avolition?

The decrease in the motivation to initiate and perform self-directed purposeful activities

What are some basic principles of treating autism?

The earlier treatment is started the better, maximize engagement with environment and decrease destructive behavior, involve the parents

Nicole doesn't think there is anything wrong with the way she eats. However, her doctor suspects she meets all but one of the criteria for anorexia nervosa, according to the DSM-IV; she still menstruates regularly. Using the criteria from the DSM-5, what diagnosis isher doctor most likely to make?

anorexia nervosa

Though the definition i something of a misnomer, the term ____ literally means "lack of appetite induced by nervousness"

anorexia nervosa

Cindy is 5 feet 6 inches tall and weighs 92 pounds. She is very concerned about her weight. However, at times she finds herself eating large amounts of food—several boxes of cookies, gallons of ice cream, entire cakes—all in an evening. Afterwards, she makes herself throw up. Cindy's most likely diagnosis is _______

anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type

After the car accident, Sherry was unable to remember what happened from the time of the crash until the following morning. Sherry appears to have experience

anterograde amnesia

the occurence of which after a head injury suggests poor prognosis

anterograde amnesia

Connor is 17 years old and has few friends. He loses his temper easily and can be violently aggressive toward people and animals. He has experimented with drugs and violates school rules regularly. Connor is demonstrating characteristics of ________ personality disorder.

antisocial

In the television show House, Dr. House shows a persistent disregard for the rights of others. He demonstrates deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, and aggressiveness. These are all characteristics of ________ personality disorder.

antisocial

Which disorder is characterized by a lack of moral and ethical development, an inability to follow approved models of behavior, and a history of conduct problems as a child?

antisocial

In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that: a. are exceedingly rare b. are common forms of self-stimulation c. are believed to be ways of communicating without language d. are used because these children find repetitive routines very aversive

are common forms of self-stimulation

In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that

are common forms of self-stimulation.

In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that ________

are common forms of self-stimulation.

extrapyramidal side effects

are involuntary movements that result mainly from taking first-generation antipsychotic drugs

Minority patients who can't find therapists who understand their culture ____

are more likley to drop out of treatment

By definition, learning disorders

are not due to a physical defect

by definition, learning disorders

are not due to a physical defect

By definition, learning disorders

are not due to a physical defect.

By definition, learning disorders ________

are not due to a physical defect.

Endorphins ________

are opium- like substances produced by the body

studies on neurocognition have found that people with schizophrenia

are unable to pay attention on demand

Moat tics

are usually associated with severe behavioral problems

Tics

are usually associated with severe behavioral problems

Moat tics

are usually associated with severe behavioral problems.

People with transvestic disorder ________

are usually heterosexual

Tics

are usually not noticed by the individual performing the act

Tics: a. are usually not noticed by the individual performing the act b. are often related to enuresis c. occur most frequently in adults, but occasionally they also occur in children d. almost always have an organic basis

are usually not noticed by the individual performing the act

Tics

are usually not noticed by the individual performing the act.

Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity

are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behavior

According to the DSM-5, the second criterion necessary for a diagnosis of ________ requires deficits or impairments in various areas of life functioning. a. elimination disorder b. intellectual disability c. autism spectrum disorder d. specific learning disorder

b. intellectual disability

Which of the following reasons explains why ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in early elementary school? Select one: a. it is necessary to observe the child's behavior in a school setting to make a definitive diagnosis b. many symptoms are developmentally appropriate in younger children c. children develop the disorder around age 7 d. children cannot complete the complicated diagnostic assessments until they can read

b. many symptoms are developmentally appropriate in younger children

Most mental health clinicians agree that ________ interventions should be the first line of treatment for ODD and conduct disorder. a. cognitive b. psychosocial c. behavioral d. pharmacological

b. psychosocial

Nine-year-old Duncan has difficulty recognizing and articulating sounds. Duncan likely has a condition known as ________ disorder. a. developmental b. reading c. hearing d. phoneme

b. reading

Genetics appear to play a major role in the etiology of a. mathematics and reading disorders. b. reading disorder. c. all specific learning disorders. d. mathematics disorder and disorder of written expression.

b. reading disorder.

Over time, the differences in reading achievement scores between normal children and those with dyslexia a. decrease. b. remain constant. c. increase. d. become increasingly variable.

b. remain constant.

Kim was toilet trained by the time she was 3 years old. Now, at age 6, she is wetting the bed three nights per week. She has Select one: a. primary enuresis b. secondary enuresis c. primary encopresis d. secondary encopresis

b. secondary enuresis

According to the DSM-5, the behaviors of conduct disorder fall into three different categories. Which of the following is not one of the three? a. aggression to people and animals b. self-injurious behavior c. serious violations of rules d. deceitfulness or theft

b. self-injurious behavior

Collectively known as ________, these conditions are defined by academic achievement below expectations for age, years in school, and IQ. a. thinking disorders b. specific learning disorders c. mental retardation d. pervasive developmental disorders

b. specific learning disorders

The rate of Down syndrome as a proportion of live births increases with Select one: a. malnutrition b. the mother's age c. smoking d. alcohol abuse

b. the mother's age

Down syndrome is caused by Select one: a. plaques and neurofibrillary tangles b. the presence of an extra chromosome c. the absence of an essential enzyme d. a break in a specific chromosome

b. the presence of an extra chromosome

Which of the following is TRUE about the cause(s) of an eating disorder? a. Mass media is the cause b.There is no single cause c. Genes are the only significant cause d. being female is key to cuasation

b.there is no single cause

what is the most effective long-term treatment for people who are morbidly obese?

bariatric surgery

A learning disability usually is identified

because a child shows a disparity between his or her actual academic achievement and expected academic achievement.

a learning disability usually is identified

because a child shows a disparity between their actual academic achievement and their expected academic achievement

Why is the risk of transmitting AIDS an important factor for heroin users?

because heroin users often share needles infected with the AIDS virus

children diagnosed as suffering from an anxiety disorder typically attempt to cope with their fears by

becoming overly dependent on others for support and help

functional enuresis is described as

bed-wetting that is not organically caused and classified under elimination disorders; primary functional enuresis never been able to control their bowels whereas children who have secondary functional enuresis have been able to control their bowels for at least a year but have regressed.

Bipolar diagnosis in children in the U.S. has _____

been on the increase

Compared to the West, in the Chinese "Dark Ages," views of mental illness ________

began at a more sophisticated level but regressed, like the West, to belief in supernatural forces, although not for as long or with as negative a reaction to patients.

Gerry's therapist substitutes candy for cigarettes to help her quit smoking. This is an example of ___ therapy

behavior

what complicates the diagnosis of maladaptive behavior in childhood

behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age

what type of behavioral therapy is most likely to be used in the treatment of child with an anxiety disorder

behavior therapy that includes assertiveness training and desensitization using graded real-life situations

what is a stressor that has been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia

being a recent immigrant

what stressor has been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia

being a recent immigrant

which of the following is a risk for developing Alzheimer's

being a woman

what is another factor that has been found to be associated with risk of suicide?

being bullied

children whose mothers gain a lot of weight or smoke during pregnancy are at a higher risk for ____ by age three

being overweight

what is the degree of intellectual impairment in hydrocephaly?

being severe or profound in advanced cases

favorable outcomes following a traumatic brain injury are associated with all of the following except

being young

Individuals with somatic symptom disorders ________

believe that their symptoms are real and serious

Philippe Pinel ________

believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such—with kindness and caring.

Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be: a. a combination of family pathology and poor peer modeling b. excessive sugar in the diet c. an allergic reaction to certain foods and food additives d. both biological and psychological factors

both biological and psychological factors

currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be

both biological and psychological factors

Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be

both biological and psychological factors.

Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be ________

both genetic and social-environmental factors.

For a baby to inherit PKU, ________.

both parents must carry the recessive gene

For a baby to inherit PKU,

both parents must carry the recessive gene.

Dependence on alcohol is

both physiological and psychological

Taylor was embarrassed to be diagnosed with encopresis. She was unable to control her______

bowel movements

Maladjustment is found more commonly among

boys than among girls; however, for some diagnostic problems, such as eating disorders, rates are higher for girls than for boys

Encopresis is more common in

boys than girls; 6 times more

The most recent research has provided evidence that the primary causes of autism spectrum disorder include

brain abnormalities

it is important that mental health professionals have an understanding of the effects of brain damage because

brain damage can result in symptoms that look like psychological conditions

in order for a diagnosis of Alzheimer's to be definitively made

brain tissue must be examined

In order for a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease to be definitively made ________

brain tissue must be examined.

What is associative splitting?

breaking of associative threads in blulers theory on schizophrenia

_______ disorder was taking place when Juliette had a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms and grossly disorganized behavior that lasted several days.

brief psychotic

A person who has experiences a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms that last a few days and then pass, often never to return, would be diagnosed with _________

brief psychotic disorder.

What eating disorder has"relaxed" its diagnostic criteria so that binge eating and purging only need to occur on average of once a week

bulimia nervosa

you are convinced that your grandmother has Alzheimer's. How can your doctor confirm your diagnosis?

by ruling out all other potential causes of dementia

As children with ADHD mature, about __________% will continue to have the disorder during adolescence. a. 30 b. 65 c. 50 d. 25

c. 50

Across cultures, about ________% of children have ADHD, with ________ boys than girls having the disorder. a. 10; more b. 10; fewer c. 5; more d. 5; fewer

c. 5; more

The average age for the onset of ODD is about age a. 5. b. 6. c. 8. d. 10.

c. 8.

Which child below best illustrates the typical child with functional encopresis? a. A 12-year-old girl who soils herself at school. b. A 14-year-old boy who suffers from chronic diarrhea. c. A 7-year-old boy who soils himself when under stress. d. A 10-year-old girl who also has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

c. A 7-year-old boy who soils himself when under stress.

c. Altering a familiar environment

________ uses shaping and positive reinforcement to improve the social, communicative, and behavioral skills of children with autistic disorder by intensively training and rewarding specific behaviors. a. Behavioral family training b. Multisystemic therapy c. Applied behavior analysis d. Social psychoanalysis

c. Applied behavior analysis

Childhood depression is likely to persist because: a. lasting changes occur in the brain b. positive events are unlikely to occur c. most treatments are not effective d. an attributional style is adopted that maintains a negative mood state

an attributional style is adopted that maintains a negative mood state

Childhood depression is likely to persist because

an attributional style is adopted that maintains a negative mood state.

The intellectual level of adults with mild intellectual disability are most comparable to:

an average 11-year-old.

The child with autism is thought to have a "mind blindness",

an inability to take the attitude of others or to "see" things as others do

All family therapies view a child's problems as, to some extent,

an outgrowth of pathological interaction patterns within the family

Autism is similar to schizophrenia in its

cause being due in part to genetic vulnerability

Autism is similar to schizophrenia in its: a. age of onset b. cause being due in part to genetic vulnerability c. symptoms of delusions d. responsiveness to treatment

cause being due in part to genetic vulnerability

Autism is similar to schizophrenia in its

cause being due in part to genetic vulnerability.

the protein called tau

caused by amyloid in the brain and is a sign that Alzheimer's disease is progressing

The most commonly used substances of abuse are those that affect functioning of the ____

central nervous systehm

first generation antipsychotics seem to work because they block dopamine. this is supported by the new research findings that

changes in symptoms begin to occur very quickly after starting the medications, not weeks later as previously thought

negative symptoms

characterized as an absense or deficit of normal behaviors

What is ADHD?

characterized by a persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining attention and/or impulsivenenss and excessive or exaggerated motor activity that interferes with an individual's ability to accomplish tasks

What is Conduct Disorder (CD)?

characterized by a persistent, repetitive violation of rules and a disreguard for the rights of others

what is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

characterized by a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behaviour toward authority figures persistent for at least 6 months

what is intellectual disability?

characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience

disorganized schizophrenia

characterized by disorganized speech

historically, why has little attention been paid to childhood psychopathology

childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders

In the DSM-I (1952), what childhood disorders were included?

childhood schizophrenia and adjustment reaction of childhood

one-on-one psychotherapy for people with schizophrenia

seems to be very effective when combined with medications

Justine has the ability to speak and knows the language. However, for more than six months she has refused to speak to her teacher of any adult other than her parents. The best diagnosis for Justine is probably

selective mutism

Justine has the ability to speak and knows the language. However, for more than six months she has refused to speak to her teacher or any adult other than her parents. The best diagnosis for Justine is probably

selective mutism.

Most tics, however, do not have an organic basis but stem from psychological causes such as

self-consciousness or tension in social situations, and they are usually associated with severe behavioral problems

Despite their problems, children with Down syndrome are usually able to learn

self-help skills, acceptable social behavior, and routine manual skills that enable them to be of assistance in a family or institutional setting.

Simon Tissot theorized that for men to have physical and sexual vigor and masculine characteristics, it is necessary to have ______

semen

some, possibly most, tics are preceded by an urge or

sensation that seems to be relieved by execution of the tic

hallucinations are

sensory experiences with no basis to reality

Many patients with schizophrenia have difficulty filtering out unnecessary or redundant stimuli. This cognitive process is known as _________

sensory gathering

Many patients with schizophrenia have difficulty filtering out unnecessary or redundant stimuli. this cognitive process is known as _______.

sensory gating

__________________ is the most common of the childhood anxiety disorders

separation anxiety

The most common childhood anxiety disorder is ________.

separation anxiety disorder

The most common childhood anxiety disorder is ________. a. selective mutism b. depression c. generalized anxiety disorder d. separation anxiety disorder

separation anxiety disorder

What is the most common of the anxiety disorders in childhood?

separation anxiety disorder

the most common childhood anxiety disorder is ______

separation anxiety disorder

People with BPD often appear to be characterized by lowered functioning of the neurotransmitter ________, which is involved in inhibiting behavioral responses.

serotonin

Patients who are not responding to SSRI's may find another recently developed class of medications, _____, more helpful

serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI's)

Weight that our individual bodies try to "defend" is called our

set point

Some childhood disorders

severely affect future development

Evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety disorders comes from the fact that

children from cultures that favor inhibition and compliance report more fears

evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety comes from the fact that

children from cultures that favor inhibition and compliance report more fears

Evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety disorders comes from the fact that

children from cultures that favor inhibition and compliance report more fears.

Evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety disorders comes from the fact that ________

children from cultures the favor inhibition and compliance report more fears

Which of the following is a true statement about autism spectrum disorder? a. Autism is caused by environmental factors like family environment. b. Autism is acquired—there is no genetic component. c. Autism is caused by exposure to chemical toxins during early development. d. Autism is a complex disorder with a very strong heritable component.

d. Autism is a complex disorder with a very strong heritable component.

It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement (and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy.

cognitive

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a type of ___therapy

cognitive

When Jen looks in a mirror she hears herself saying, "I'm ugly", and then feels sadness. She writes this all down in a log. Jen is practicing ____ therapy

cognitive

Research on the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of childhood depression has found ________

cognitive behavioral therapy can be very effective

Researchers are trying to improve verbal memory and vigilance in schizophrenia patients by using _____

cognitive remediation

Researchers are trying to improve verbal memory and vigilance in schizophrenia patients by using _______.

cognitive remediation

which type of training has an emphasis on helping patients deal with their neurocognitive deficits

cognitive remediation training

Randi was involved in _____. It was designed to decrease the intensity of her positive symptoms, reduce relapse, and decrease her social disability

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Randi was involved in ______. It was designed to decrease the intensity of her positive symptoms, reduce relapse, and decrease her social disability.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which one of the following types of therapy for anorexia nervosa patients involves a major focus on modifying distorted beliefs about weight and food, as well as about the self.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Tic disorders are ____

common among school children

An acquaintance of yours uses Ecstasy and says, "Wow! I was totally energized and tripping. It was like LSD and meth combined." Your acquaintance's experience with Ecstasy was:

common; the drug has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

The corpus callosum mediates ______

communication between left and right hemispheres

________ is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated heritability rate greater than 90%. a. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder b. Reading disorder c. Fetal alcohol syndrome d. Autism spectrum disorder

d. Autism spectrum disorder

which of the following is probably the most iportant factor in determining the functioning of a child who undergoes significant traumatic brain injury

competencies acquired before the injury

What is shared psychotic disorder?

condition in which an individual develops delusions as a result of a relationship with a delusional individual

What has been found to be the most effective approach to the treatment of enuresis? a. cognitive-behavioral therapy b. conditioning procedures c. behavioral modification d. family therapy

conditioning procedures

what has been found to be the most effective approach to the treatment of enuresis

conditioning procedures

10-year-old Collin's parents, who work different shifts at the same manufacturing plant, are constantly fighting each other and getting in trouble with the law. Collin likes going to school but his parents don't notice he is struggling. Collin is at risk for ___

conduct disorder

Divorce, hostility, and lack of monitoring are family characteristics most closely associated with

conduct disorder

Divorce, hostility, and lack of monitoring are family characteristics most closely associated with: a. separation anxiety disorder b. conduct disorder c. autism d. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

conduct disorder

Oppositional defiant disorder is closely linked to ______

conduct disorder

divorce, hostility, and lack of monitoring are family characteristics most closely associated with

conduct disorder

In order of diagnosis, ____ occurs before antisocial personality just as ____ occurs before conduct disorder.

conduct disorder, ODD

Divorce, hostility, and lack of monitoring are family characteristics most closely associated with

conduct disorder.

In order of diagnosis, ________ occurs before antisocial personality disorder just as ________ occurs before conduct disorder.

conduct disorder; ODD

In order of diagnosis, ________ occurs before antisocial personality disorder just as ________ occurs before conduct disorder. a. ODD; conduct disorder b. conduct disorder; ODD c. ADHD; conduct disorder d. conduct disorder; ADHD

conduct disorder; ODD

______ is to antisocial personality disorder as ______ is to conduct disorder

conduct disorder; ODD

in order of diagnosis, _____ occurs before antisocial personality disoder just as _____ occurs before conduct disorder

conduct disorder; ODD

Which behavior pattern is extremely unlikely to be found in a child with conduct disorder? a. firesetting and vandalism b. substance abuse c. constant worry about minor issues d. depression

constant worry about minor issues

which behavior pattern is extremely unlikely to be found in a child with conduct disorder

constant worry about minor issues

most people with schizophrenia

continue to show signs of illness

About 1/3 of individuals with Tourette's disorder manifest

coprolalia, which is a complex vocal tic that involves the uttering of obscenities

Between ________ of school children suffer from a learning disorder, most commonly ________. a. 12 and 20%; dyslexia b. 5 and 10%; dysgraphia c. 12 and 20%; dyscalculia d. 5 and 10%; reading disorder

d. 5 and 10%; reading disorder

About _____ of children with encopresis have chronic constipation. a. 60 percent b. 90 percent c. 70 percent d. 80 percent

d. 80 percent

Which of the following would be an example of a projective technique? a. A troubled teen is asked to select statements that she feels describe her. b. An alcoholic is told to record the times at which she feels the greatest desire for a drink. c. An elderly woman is asked to recall the day her father died. d. A child is asked to draw her family.

d. A child is asked to draw her family.

Adolescents with ADHD have more car accidents than others. This is most likely due to Select one: a. sleep deprivation b. medications used to treat the condition c. co-occurring substance abuse problems d. inattentiveness and poor motor coordination

d. inattentiveness and poor motor coordination

Ted has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which behavior is not likely to be a problem for him? Select one: a. hyperactivity b. impulsivity c. inattention d. isolation

d. isolation

According to Cleckley's Criteria for Psychopathy, which of the following is a core trait of psychopathy? a.highly organized life plan b. nervousness or other psychoneurotic manifestations c.delusions and other signs of irrational thinking d. lack of remorse or shame

d. lack of remorse or shame

Throughout childhood and early adolescence, Sandy consistently exhibited out-of-control temper tantrums and willful disobedience to all authority figures, behaviors that are characteristic of a. mild mental retardation. b. conduct disorder. c. fragile X syndrome. d. oppositional defiant disorder.

d. oppositional defiant disorder.

Two behavioral procedures that allow children with intellectual disability to learn simple tasks are Select one: a. affirmation and role-playing b. covert sensitization and modeling c. psychoeducation and questioning d. shaping and chaining

d. shaping and chaining

Hand flapping, spinning, and ritualistic pacing are repetitive behaviors that serve no observable social functions. Collectively, these are called a. compulsions. b. disorder of verbal expression. c. coping mechanisms. d. stereotyped behaviors.

d. stereotyped behaviors.

Among those with mild intellectual disability, more boys than girls have the diagnosis, primarily due to differences in _________ abilities. a. physical b. emotional c. sensory-motor d. verbal

d. verbal

Enuresis runs in families, but despite many years of study it is not clear whether children with the condition have _______ than other children. a. anxiety disorders more often b. different chromosomes c. deeper sleep states d. weaker bladders

d. weaker bladders

Which of the following demonstrates reliability? a. An IQ test is effective in predicting the academic performance of both males and females. b. Scores on an IQ test are not affected by mood. c. Scores on two different intelligence tests are highly correlated. d. when an IQ test is administered to the same person repeatedly, the results do not differ.

d. when an IQ test is administered to the same person repeatedly, the results do not differ.

A common sign of bulimia nervosa is ________

damaged teeth and mouth ulcers

In a national survey from 1998 to 2007, the percentage of people being treated with medication plus psychotherapy during that 10-year period _____

declined

Drugs used to treat enuresis are thought to: a. alleviate the anxiety that is leading to poor bladder control b. increase water retention c. inhibit reflexive bladder emptying d. decrease the deepest stage of sleep

decrease the deepest stage of sleep

drugs used to treat enuresis are thought to

decrease the deepest stage of sleep

Drugs used to treat enuresis are thought to

decrease the deepest stage of sleep.

The current prevalence of conversion disorder is ________

decreasing as sophistication about medical disorders increases

Which of the following has been associated with autism? a. down syndrome b. mutations of chromosome 23 c. defective genes or radiation damage d. huntington's disease

defective genes or radiation damage

Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors including

deficits in language and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and an inability to function in social situations.

The term "juvenile delinquent" is: a. used when a diagnosis of early-onset antisocial personality disorder has been made b. defined by the legal system c. inconsistent with the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder d. rarely used in modern times

defined by the legal system

the term "juvenile delinquent" is

defined by the legal system

the term ''juvenile delinquent'' is

defined by the legal system

The term "juvenile delinquent" is

defined by the legal system.

Major Neurocognitive Disorder is most frequently caused by _______

degenerative brain disease

the most common cause of dementia is

degenerative brain disease

which of the following is not a subtype of ADHD found in the DSM-IV-TR

degenerative brain disease

If a disturbance of consciousness occurs suddenly and involves hallucinations, it is most likely ____

delirium

Suddenly, Lavinia is unable to remember what she was doing. She screams that bugs are crawling all over the walls. She begins to wildly swing her arms around. She can't fall asleep at night, but finally falls asleep at daylight. Lavinia most likely has ________

delirium

Suddenly, Lavinia is unable to remember what she was doing...

delirium

Dementia, depression, and tobacco use are risk factors for

delirium? Parkinson's?

A _____ is an erroneous belief that is fixed and firmly held despite clear evidence to the contrary

delusion

A _______ is an erroneous belief that is fixed and firmly held despite clear evidence to the contrary

delusion

sterling believes that the TV special that was on last night was shown to tell her she should break up with her boyfriend. she is absolutely certain this is true and plans to do it. this type of belief is an example of

delusion of reference

delusion of reference.

In the 1950 film Harvey, Elwood P Dowd's best friend is an invisible, tall rabbit named Harvey. Down is described as a bit eccentric, but otherwise behaves normally. A psychiatrist today might diagnose a person like Dowd with _______

delusional disorder

Patients with this condition may hold beliefs that are false and absurd to the people around them. However they otherwise behave quite normally.

delusional disorder

what types of delusions are most commonly seen in Alzheimer's disease

delusions of persecution

which of the following is most likely to be characterisitc of a physically aggressive Alzheimer's Disease patient

delusions of persecution

which of the following is most likely to be characteristic of a physically aggressive Alzheimer's disease patient?

delusions of persecution

Which terms did pinel use to describe schizophrenia?

demence (loss of mind) and precoce (early, premature)

Antipsychotic medications are associated with increased rates of death in ___ patients

dementia

Which term did kraepelin use to combine the forms of insanity that make up schizophrenia?

dementia praecox

Early writings show that the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed abnormal behavior to ________

demonic possession.

Abused children are dramatically less likely to assume personal responsibility for themselves, and they generally

demonstrate less interpersonal sensitivity than control children

Which of the following both protects children from environmental stressors, but also makes them more vulnerable?

dependence on adults

Which of the following protects children from environmental influences, but also makes them more vulnerable? a. a lack of self-understanding b. dependence on adults c. unrealistic expectations d. a limited understanding of death

dependence on adults

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:

depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards

Eating disorder diagnoses are commonly associated with ____

depression

Which mental disorder is most commonly comorbid with alcoholism?

depression

Studies into whether depressed parents negatively affect their infants showed that ________

depression in either the mother or the father can be transmitted to the next generation.

Gaffrey and colleagues recently reported an fMRI study indicating that depressed preschoolers exhibit a significant positive relationship between

depression severity and right amygdala activity when viewing facial expressions of negative affect

anxiety disorders are often comorbid with

depressive disorders

Children who develop conduct disorder at an earlier age are much more likely to

develop psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder as adults than are adolescents who develop conduct disorder suddenly in adolescence.

Compared to enuresis, encopresis is: a. diagnosed at an earlier age b. more common c. less likely to be treated with drugs d. more likely be effectively treated with conditioning procedures

diagnosed at an earlier age

compared to enuresis, encorpresis is

diagnosed at an earlier age

Compared to enuresis, encopresis is

diagnosed at an earlier age.

Linehan is known for ________ therapy, a unique kind of cognitive and behavioral therapy specifically adapted for treating borderline personality disorder.

dialectical behavior

After being hit on the head, Bob experienced some retrograde amnesia...

did not know what happened

What don early all instances of eating disorders begin with???

dieting

What is the leading cause of suicidal behavior?

difficult family relationships

attention deficit hyperactivity is characterized by

difficulties that interfere with effective task oriented behavior

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by: a. an increasing frequency from age 6 to age 16 b. a greater frequency in girls than in boys c. mild to moderate intellectual disability d. difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behavior

difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behavior

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by

difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behavior.

A person with moderate oxygen deprivation is likely to have ____ damage to the brain

diffuse

Dr. Hunter is studying personality. He decides that he will classify his subjects into varying levels of intensity on personality traits based on how far they statistically fall above the average score of a "normal person." He is using a ________

dimensional approach.

The temporal lobe processes ______

discrimination of sounds

encopresis

disorder in children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4

In 1911, the term that Eugene Bleuler used to describe schizophrenia referred to a disorder characterized by _______

disorganization of thought process, a lack of coherence between thought and emotion, and an inward orientation away from reality

In 1911, the term that Eugene Bleuler used to describe schizophrenia referred to a disorder characterized by ________

disorganization of thought process, a lack of coherence between thought and emotion, and an inward orientation away from reality.

moira is a schizophrenic. she giggles a lot, acts silly, talks "baby talk". she experiences frequent auditory hallucinations and bizarre delusions. moira is most likely experienceing the ______ subtype of schizophrenia

disorganized

People with schizophrenia may have difficulty with the form of thought - in other words, their thoughts do not make sense. The observable sign of this is

disorganized speech

Characteristics of alcohol withdrawal delirium include ____

disorientation

over the course of the disorder, most individuals with schizpohrenia

display a mix of positive and negative symptoms

In soap operas, characters often forget their past experience following some trauma. They don't merely forget the traumatic event, they forget who they are, where they came from—they lose almost all memory of their lives. They then move to a new place and start a new identity. This would best be described as an instance of ________

dissociative fugue

Alcohol abuse and dependence is distributed in what pattern across educational, occupational,and socioeconomic boundaries

distributed across all categories

delusions

disturbances in the content of thought

delusions are

disturbances in the content of thought

Enuresis may result from a variety of organic conditions, such as

disturbed cerebral control of the bladder, neurological dysfunction, other medical factors such as medical side effects, or having a small functional bladder capacity and a weak urethral sphincter

what is affective flattening?

do not show emotion when normally expected to but still feel emotion

If a drug has efficacy, it ____

does what it is supposed to do

An erroneous environmental hypothesis about homosexuality put forth in the 1940's was that

domineering, emotionally smothering mothers and detached,hostile fathers caused homosexuality

Methamphetamine operates by increasing brain levels of ____

dopamine

What role does dopamine play in schizophrenia?

dopamine system is too active in people with schizophrenia (Dopamines D2) and inactivation of Dopamine D1

a mother constantly demands that her son show her how much she is loved, but when he tries to hug her she yells at him to be more discreet. no matter what the child does, he is wrong. further, the mother prohibits him from commenting on this paradox. what does this interaction pattern best illustrate

double-blind communication

Researchers believe that the risk for Alzheimer's disease ____ if a person experiences episode of depression

doubles

The problems of childhood were initially seem simply as

downward extensions of adult-oriented diagnoses.

Which one of the following is a physiological consequence of undernourishment?

downy hair growth all over the body

The most common cause of delirium is _____

drug intoxication of withdrawal

The most common cause of delirium is

drug intoxication or withdrawal

The most common cause of delirium is ________

drugs

Because the human brain is so important, it is protected in an enclosed space and covered by a thick outer membrane called the ____

dura mater

Some researchers believe the sharp decline in cognitive ability and IQ first occurs ____

during the period of transition into full-blown illness

Impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification, or in the ability to achieve it,is characteristic of sexual _______

dysfunction

Impairment of school performance, problems with word comprehension, poor reading skills, an absence of any neurological defects, and eagerness to please are consistent with which disorder?

dyslexia

The most widely known and studied learning disorder is

dyslexia

the most widely known and studied learning disorder is

dyslexia

The most widely known and studied learning disorder is

dyslexia.

aberrant salience means that

dysregulated dopamine can cause people with schizophrenia to pay too much attention to stimuli that are not actually important

Why is it believed that the combination of medication and therapy works so well?

each may target different symptoms

onset of APS?

earlier for men and later for women

Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in ________

early childhood.

In her mid-thirties, Cheryl became preoccupied with her weight and began dieting and exercising. After losing a substantial amount of weight, she was still not happy with how she looked and continued to restrict her food intake. After several fainting spells resulting from her low calorie intake, her employer referred her to a clinician who recognized the signs of anorexia nervosa. Which of the following is unique about Cheryl's case?

eating disorders rarely start during the mid-thirties

One speech problem displayed by many children with autism spectrum disorder is that they repeat everything said to them. This is called:

echolalia

The parrot-like repetition of speech seen in some children with autism is also called __________ .

echolalia

Alcohol is known chemically as

ethanol

Dr. Fox studies the causes of depression. In other words, she looks at factors that play a role in the ________ of depression.

etiology

why might Kraeplin's idea that schizophrenia was similar to dementia not be as far from the truth as previously thought

evidence suggests that there sometimes are progressive changes in the brain volume over time in people with schizophrenia

what is the essential feature in children with separation anxiety disorder?

excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures

What is a hallucination?

experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment

Felicia has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa with purging. We should expect that she ________

experiences electrolyte imbalances and mineral deficiencies

What is schizophreniform disorder? prevalence?

experiencing schizophrenia symptoms for only a short period of time .2% must be at least 4 weeks

Matt is afraid of spiders. Having him sit in a room with a spider is a form of ___ therapy

exposure

Prenatal influences on schizophrenia

exposure to viral infection during pregnancy environmental stressors marijuana

In the study of schizophrenia, "EE", stands for _______.

expressed emotion

If a response has been learned through conditioning, it would be appropriate to treat it using the process of ________

extinction

Of the choices listed below, the most common cause of traumatic brain injury is ________

falls

"Familial" does not mean the same thing as "genetic" because

familes share both genes AND the environment

Familial does not mean the same thing as genetic because

families share both genes and the environment

More positive outcomes have been reported when ____________ for gambling disorder.

family relationship problems are addressed in the treatment

It has been shown that 75% to 90% of anorexia nervosa patients show full recovery five years later after one year of ____

family therapy

What is a behavioral intervention technique developed for ADHD

family therapy

which of the following is most likely to be used in the treatment of selective mutism

family therapy

Which of the following has been proposed as a causal factor for enuresis?

faulty learning

children with separation anxiety disorder

fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once it happens

Children with separation anxiety disorder: a. have a school phobia b. fear impending separation but are fine once it actually happens c. fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once separation occurs d. frequently develop conduct disorder as a result

fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once separation occurs

Children with separation anxiety disorder

fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once separation occurs.

Celine shows little or no sexual drive or interest. This characteristic of ____

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

It has been found that anxiety disorders in children are greatest among _____

females

why is schizophrenia becoming more common in males than female

females with schizophrenia have less severe symptoms so may be misdiagnosed

Regardless of whether doctor said,Delia continued to drink alcohol even though she was pregnant. This can lead to ____

fetal alcohol syndrome

It has been estimated that the rate of Alzheimer's disease double about every ______ years after a person reaches the age of 40

five

According to Freud, a person who does not appropriately resolve each psychosexual stage would be ___________ at that stage.

fixated

What do people with delusional disorder commonly have?

flat affect, anhedonia, other negative symptoms of schizophrenia, may become socially isolated

When Mrs. Thomason experienced a stroke, a small area of her brain was deprived of oxygenated blood. This resulted in a ________

focal brain lesion.

damage to the temporal lobes of the brain is most likely to result in

forgetfullness

which of the following has been associated with autism

fragile x syndrome

When Jackie was diagnosed with Tourette's disorder, the doctor informed her that it ____

frequently persists into adulthood

people with schizophrenia often show poor performance on tasks like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, which is thought to indicate a dysfunction of the

frontal lobe

Emotional dyscontrol and personality alterations are expected with

frontal lobe damage

ursula has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. If PET scans were done to measure her brain's activity, which would probably be underactive

frontal lobes

John,who derives sexual pleasure from riding the subway and pressing his gentials against unsuspecting women, would likely be diagnosed as a(n)_____

frotteuristpl

Trevor had been on medication for his schizophrenia for several months and was able to go about his everyday life in a fairly normal way. This demonstrates a ____ outcome

functional

Trevor had been on medication for his schizophrenia for several months and was able to go about his everyday life in a fairly normal way. This demonstrates a ______ outcome

functional

Which of the following makes the successful treatment of autism especially challenging?

gains made in treatment are unlikely to generalize to other settings

Boys with _____ show a marked preoccupation with traditionally feminine activities in adolescence or adulthood

gender dysphoria

Cross-gender identification is characteristic of ____

gender dysphoria

boys with _____ show a marked preoccupation with traditionally feminine activities in adolescence or adulthood

gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is a new term in the DSM-5 and was previously known as _____

gender identity disorder

A recent study on causes of ASPD identified a ________ that seems to be very involved, known as MAO-A.

gene

Longitudinal studies have confirmed that depression and ____ are predictive of a high risk for later developing eating disorder

general negative affect

What role do genes play in schizophrenia?

genes are responsible for making individuals more vulnerable to schizophrenia

studies of the offspring of non schizophrenic co-twins from discordant twin pairs suggest that

genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may remain unexpressed in some individuals unless it is released by some unknown environmental factors

schizophrenia is best described as

genetically influenced multiple gene disorder

schizophrenia is best described as

genetically influences multiple gene disorder

based on current research, which statement is most justified? a. Genetics play such a strong role, they are a sufficient condition for schizophrenia. b. Genetics increase a person's vulnerability to develop schizophrenia. c. Genetics may not be sufficient for schizophrenia, but everyone who develops schizophrenia must have some number of "schizophrenia genes." d. Genetics cannot play a significant role in the cause of schizophrenia because most people with the disorder have no close relatives who have it.

genetics increase a person's vulnerability to develop schizophrenia

Jeanette does not have vaginismus, but does experience significant pain when having intercourse. According to the DSM-5 guidelines, she would likely be diagnosed with ___

genito-pelvic paint/penetration disorder

What is produced by the stomach and is a powerful appetite simulator?

ghrelin

separation anxiety is more common in

girls

what gender is more likely to experience sleepwalking disorder?

girls

there is a greater prevalence of anxiety-based disorder in

girls than in boys

which of the following is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease

giving birth to a child with Down Syndrome before age 35

it has been suggested that the symptoms seen in autism might reflect a problem with the fuction of the

glutamate neurotransmitter system

It has been suggested that the symptoms seen in autism might reflect a problem with the function of the

glutamate neurotransmitter system.

has been suggested that the symptoms seen in autism might reflect a problem with the function of the

glutamate neurotransmitter system.

In chronic cases, hydrocephaly, the chief symptom is the

gradual enlargement of the upper part of the head out of proportion to the face and the rest of the body.

What is Enuresis?

habitual involuntary discharge of urine, usually at night, after the age of expected continence (5 years old)

Joy though she saw a pink elephant in the living room. It is likely she was experiencing a(n) __________.

hallucination

Joy thought she saw a pink elephant in the living room. It is likely she was experiencing a(n) ____

hallucination

What do these characterizations consist of?

hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and inappropriate emotions

Excessive alcohol consumption can result in ____, in which a person experiences symptoms of headache, nausea, fatigue and cognitive impairment for 8-24 hours after consuming alcohol

hangover

The term preferred by the World Health Org. for "drinking that causes detrimental health and social consequences for the drinker and society at large, as well as the patterns of drinking that are associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes" is ___

harmful use of alcohol

Jenny has an IQ in the average range. However, at school she is doing very poorly. She has consistently scored at two or more grade levels below the grade she is actually in. From this, a diagnostician would hypothesize that Jenny most likely ________

has a learning disability

The long held belief that children with Down syndrome are especially placid and loving ________

has been called into question by research

The long held belief that children with Down syndrome are especially placid and loving ________

has been called into question by research.

prenatal influenza exposure

has been found to lead to an increased risk of schizophrenia

Research on the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of childhood depression: a. demonstrates that drugs are just as effective as therapy b. suggests that children experience more side effects from these medications than adults c. indicates that there is not a biological basis for childhood depression d. has been inconclusive

has been inconclusive

Research on the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of childhood depression

has been inconclusive.

The long held belief that children with Down syndrome are especially placid and loving

has been shown to be invalid by research

The long held belief that children with Down syndrome are especially placid and loving

has been shown to be invalid by research.

in genetics studies, a "proband" or "index case" is someone who

has the disorder of interest

Judd has been drinking heavily for a number of years. When he is not drinking, he experiences profuse sweating and shakes. This indicates that Judd ________

has withdrawal symptoms when he abstains from alcohol

compared to his nonschizophrenic identical twin, matthew (who is schizophrenic) is more likely to

have been conbsidered "different" or "odd" as a child

what symptoms is most likely seen in an individual with paranoid schizophrenia

have delusions of reference

which of the following is most likely seen in an individual with paranoid schizophrenia

have delusions of reference

Compared to his nonschizophrenic identical twin, Matthew (who is schizophrenic) is more likely to ________

have demonstrated motor abnormalities.

The five-factor approach to understanding obsessive-compulsive personality disorder would note that these individuals __________

have high levels of conscientiousness

Children in the juvenile justice system often ___

have mental health issues as well

The LEAST effective way to deal with conduct disorder is:

having children live in juvenile training centers

Joe has a delusional belief. when people argue with him,

he doesn't admit he could be wrong, no matter what proof he is shown

Joe has a delusional belief. When people argue with him, ________

he doesn't admit he could be wrong, no matter what proof he is shown.

the text presented a case study of a retired man who was hospitalized by his wife and son...

he had good memory for remote events but not memory for events that just occured

Bob is suffering from emotional problems. Why may he be unlikely to seek help?

he is male

Self-stimulation is often characteristic of children with autism; it usually takes the form of such repetitive movements as

head banging, spinning, and rocking, which may continue by the hour.

Two causes of delirium are ____

head injury and infection

what is the most common type of hallucinations

hearing voices in their head

the extremely intensive experimental behavior program designed by Ivar Lovaas for children with autism

helped almost hald of the children in the treatment program achieve normal intellectual functioning

The intensive experimental behavior program designed by Ivar Lovaas for children with autism ________

helped almost half of the children in the treatment program achieve normal intellectual functioning

The extremely intensive experimental behavior program designed by Ivar Lovaas for children with autism

helped almost half of the children in the treatment program achieve normal intellectual functioning.

The intensive experimental behavior program designed by Ivar Lovaas for children with autism ________

helped almost half of the children in the treatment program achieve normal intellectual functioning.

Research has shown psychotherapy to be ____

helpful to most patients

Sara has just used ____. She experienced an intense feeling of euphoria, but then began to vommit

heroin

Most sadists are ______

heterosexual men

Consistent with its established role in memory, neurons in the ________ suffer much damage in Alzheimer's disease.

hippocampus

consistent with its established role in memory, neurons in the ______ suffer much damage in Alzheimer's

hippocampus

which of the following is a brain area that has been shown to be involved in schizophrenia

hippocampus

what part of the parian has been shown to be involved in schizophrenia

hippocampus/frontal lobe problems

John and Louise have been dating for three weeks. For John, it is a casual relationship, but Louise has been buying Brides magazine, gushing about John to everyone she knows, and demonstrating rapidly shifting emotions. Louise may be suffering from ________ personality disorder.

histrionic

Luisa is a lively and emotional graduate student. She dresses provocatively and behaves in a very seductive manner with her male professors. She has had a long string of short-lived, stormy romances. Luisa is most likely to have a diagnosis of ________

histrionic personality disorder

what is waxy flexibility?

holding bodies and limbs in position it is put by somebody else

phenylketonuria can be used to illustrate

how nature and nurture interact

Phenylketonuria can be used to illustrate

how nature and nurture interact.

the extent of the deficits seen after brain damage are determined in part

how one is functioning before the damage occurs

best predictor overall functioning over time for someone with schizophrenia is

how severe the person's negative symptoms are

the best predictor of overall functioning over time for someone with schizophrenia is

how severe the person's negative symptoms are

An accumulation of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid that causes the skull to enlarge is called _____

hydrocephaly

Shortly after birth, Darren's head began to grow. At age 5, a shunt was placed in his skull to drain fluid. He has seizures, trouble seeing, and is mildly mentally retarded. Darren's most likely diagnosis is

hydrocephaly

shortly after birth, Darren's head began to grow. at age 5, a shunt was placed in his skull to drain fluid...

hydrocephaly

Shortly after birth, Darren's head began to grow. At age 5, a shunt was placed in his skull to drain fluid. He has seizures, trouble seeing and is mildly mentally retarded. Darren's most likely diagnosis is

hydrocephaly.

What is the most frequently diagnosed mental health condition in children in the U.S.?

hyperactivity

Hippocrates suggested marriage as a cure for ____

hysteria in women.

juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it

i got lucky

research suggests that the use of ______ may decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease

ibuprofen

Kraepelin is credited with ________

identifying different types of mental disorders.

Treatment of prodromal stage?

if treated person is likely to improve

Children with autism do not effectively learn by

imitation

Children with separation anxiety disorders tend to be _____

immature for their age

autism is similar to schizophrenia in its

impact on multiple functions

Autism is similar to schizophrenia in its

impact on multiple functions.

Physical effects of heroin addiction on an individual's well being include ______

impaired immune system

the diagnosis of learning disorders is restricted to those cases in which there is clear

impairment in school performance or (if the person is not a student) in daily living activities - impairment not due to intellectual disability or to a pervasive developmental disorder such as autism

jerry had a stroke several months ago. Among the changes his family has noticed that he now blows up over little things, cries over minor problems and laughs at anything, no matter how silly. Jerry is showing

impairment of affective modulation

dyslexia

impairment of the ability to read

Male erectile disorder was formerly known as

impotence

Treatment of ADHD with drugs such as Ritalin is thought to be effective as it: a. quiets the voices b. increases the ability to concentrate c. interferes with glutamate activity d. acts as a sedative

increases the ability to concentrate

Treatment of ADHD with drugs such as ritalin is thought to be effective as it

increases the ability to concentrate

Treatment of ADHD with drugs such as Ritalin is thought to be effective as it

increases the ability to concentrate.

when adoption studies of schizophrenia contain all the necessary controls and measurements

index subjects are more likely to develop schizophrenia than the control subjects

when adoption studies of schizophrenia contain all the necessary controls and measurements,

index subjects are more likely to develop schizophrenia than the control subjects

What is a negative symptom?

indicate the absense or insufficiency of normal behavior

How likely is schizophrenia?

it affects 1 in every 100 people at some point in their lives

Early-onset Alzheimer's disease differs from late-onset in that ________

it appears to be caused by rare genetic mutations.

what is the value of research that monitors children at high risk for schizophrenia for a long time

it can identify factors that precede breakdown and aid intervention efforts

what is the value of research that monitors children at high risk for schizophrenia for a long time

it can identify factors that precede breakdown and in intervention efforts

What explains the effectiveness of desmopressin as a treatment for enuresis?

it decreases the need to urnate

it is unusual for the onset of OD to ooccur at age 12

it is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12

Cross-cultural research on psychopathy by Jane Murphy revealed that __________

it occurs in a wide range of cultures, both industrialized and non-industrialized.

Which of the following is a legal term used to describe individuals between the ages of 8 and 18 who commit illegal acts? a. conduct disorder b. oppositional defiant disorder c. juvenile delinquency d. psychopathy

juvenile delinquency

The hallmark symptom of autism is: a. lack of language b. lack of interest in other people c. intellectual disability d. strange behaviors

lack of interest in other people

the hallmark symptom of autism is

lack of interest in other people

The hallmark symptom of autism is

lack of interest in other people.

The hallmark symptom of autism is ________

lack of interest in other people.

Which parenting skill or parental behavior is most associated with adolescent substance use?

lack of monitoring the adolescent's activities

According to Cleckley's Criteria for Psychopathy, which of the following is a core trait of psychopathy?

lack of remorse or shame

Which of the following is the best example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia

lack of significant emotional responses

Individuals with mild intellectual disability constitute by far the

largest number of those diagnosed with intellectual disability; within the educational context, people in this group are considered educable, adn their intellectual levels as adults are comparable to those of average 8- to 11-year-old children.

the majority of cases of schizophrenia begin in

late adolescence or early adulthood

The majority of cases of schizophrenia begin in ________

late adolescence or early adulthood.

early onset conduct disorder is highly associated with

later development of antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following correctly represents one of the four areas where the law allows for treatment of child or adolescent without parental consent?

law suits resulting from delinquent acts

A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior?

learned helplessness

________ are delays in cognitive development in the areas of language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills that are not necessarily due to any demonstrable physical or neurological defect.

learning disabilities

an asymmetry in brain development has been hypothesized to be a cause of

learning disabilities

An asymmetry in brain development has been hypothesized to be a cause of

learning disabilities.

An asymmetry in brain development has been hypothesized to be a cause of ________

learning disabilities.

Skill deficits due to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are coded under

learning disorder; this coding presents another diagnostic dilemma, however, because some investigators hold that an attention deficit is basic to many learning disorders

It is generally accepted that brain functions that are dependent upon serial processing of familiar information, such as language and solving mathematical equations, take place mostly in the _____

left hemisphere for nearly everyone

one aspect of family environment that has been found to be important in schizophrenia is

level of expressed emotion

intellectual disability is thus defined in terms of

level of performance as well as intelligence.

A young child who tries to kill him/herself: a. is doing it to try to manipulate adults, not because he/she really wants to die b. is depressed and really wants to die c. may have unrealistic beliefs about death and not really understand what it means to die d. is probably more mature and aware than most children their age

may have unrealistic beliefs about death and not really understand what it means to die

A young child who tries to kill him/herself

may have unrealistic beliefs about death and not really understand what it means to die.

Perhaps as a result of their behavioral problems, children with ADHD are often

lower in intelligence, usually about 7 to 15 IQ points below average

Traditionally, society has assumed that rape is motivated by ____

lust

to address a child's problems, it is often necessary to alter pathological family interaction patterns that produce or serve to

maintain the child's behavior problems

In the DSM-5, the category of dementia has been replaced with _____

major neurocognitive disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

may include characteristics that are genetic, such as high levels of antagonism and neuroticism, but is also influenced by psychosocial factors

Paranoid personality disorder

may include characteristics that are genetic, such as high levels of antagonism and neuroticism, but is also influenced by psychosocial factors.

Malnutrition _______

may occur in alcoholics since alcohol interferes with the body's ability to use nutrients

Neuroimaging studies of hallucinating patients suggest that auditory hallucinations ________

may reflect a cognitive error

neuroimaging studies of hallucinating patients suggests that auditory hallucinations

may reflect a cognitive error

Neuroimaging studies of hallucinating patients suggest that auditory hallucinations ________

may reflect a cognitive error.

Seventy-year-old Susan has gradually become clumsy and has problems solving her crossword puzzles. Recently, she began making inappropriate gestures at the neighbors. Susan is most likely suffering from ____

major neurocognitive disorder

anosognosia is an ability to

make realistic self appraisals

Research has shown that nearly all of the individuals with pedophilia are ____

male

Which illness did kraepelin differentiate from dementia praecox

manic depression, because manic depression did not have an early age of onset and a poor outcome

As children with ADHD become adolescents and adults,

many continue to experience symptoms

As children with ADHD become adolescents and adults: a. they outgrow their ADHD symptoms b. many continue to experience symptoms c. most get worse d. those with hyperactivity tend to get worse, the rest get better

many continue to experience symptoms

as children with ADHD become adolescents and adults

many continue to experience symptoms

As children with ADHD become adolescents and adults,

many continue to experience symptoms.

what are endophenotypes

measurable traits that are thought to be linked to specific genes that might be important in schizophrenia

The most common form of treatment for ADHD is ____

medication

Electroconvulsive therapy is used in combination with _____

medications to reduce the violence of the convlusions

Ron works as a custodian's helper at a school, under supervision of the custodian. Ron can read and write his name, and can read first-grade books. He moves slowly and sometimes with difficulty. Ron most likely has

moderate mental retardation

Children with microcephaly fall within the

moderate, severe, and profound categories of intellectual disability but most show little language development and are extremely limited in mental capacity.

Frank is a convicted sex offender;one goal of his therapy is to ____-

modify his cognitions and social skills

It is quite common for people with dependent personality disorder to have a comorbid diagnosis of _____

mood and anxiety disorders

what are the outcomes for severe intellectual disability?

many profit to some extent from training and can perform simply occupational tasks under supervision

In the late 1990s,

many psychiatrists began applying the diagnosis (bipolar disorder) to children and adolescents and prescribing bipolar medication

Early exposure to violence puts a child at a higher risk for

many psychological disorder

Early exposure to violece puts a child at a higher risk for ______

many psychological disorders

What is psychotic behavior?

many unusual behaviors usually involving delusions and hallucinations

Substance dependence usually involves ____

marked need for increasing amounts of a substancw

In the 1870's, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg published a paper warning parents about ____, the "secret vice" of children

masturbation

Passing out from a high blood level of alcohol ______.

may actually be a safety device

communication deviance

may be a an environmental risk factor for the development of schizophrenia

Communication deviance ________

may be an environmental risk factor for the development of schizophrenia

communcation deviance

may be an environmental risk factor for the development of schizophrenia

Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents

may be increased by taking SSRIs.

A young child who tries to kill him/herself

may have unrealistic beliefs about death and not really understand what it means to die

Bilateral ECT differs from unilateral ECT in its ____

more adverse side effects

Suppose you were the director of a mental health center that provided treatment for children. Based on research, you would expect that

more boys would be diagnosed with maladjustment disorders than girls

Suppose you were the director of a mental health center that provided treatment for children. Based on research, you would expect that: a. more girls would be diagnosed with disorders than boys b. the most common disorders diagnosed would be eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder c. the average age of your child clients would be around 5 or 6 d. more boys would be diagnosed with maladjustment disorders than girls

more boys would be diagnosed with maladjustment disorders than girls

Suppose you were the director of a mental health center that provided treatment for children. Based on research, you would expect that

more boys would be diagnosed with maladjustment disorders than girls.

Most individuals with profound intellectual disability are

severely deficient in adaptive behavior and unable to master any but the simplest tasks; severe physical deformities, central nervous system pathology, and retarded growth are typical; convulsive seizures, mutism, deafness, and other physcial anomalies are also common.

parents role in schizophrenia

severity of parents disorder influences the liklihood of child having schizophrenia

causes of turner's syndrome

sex chromosome anomaly (XO)

what childhood event has been implicated at least indirectly in the development of eating disorders?

sexual abuse

Frotteurism is ________

sexual arousal by rubbing one's genital area against a nonconsenting person

patients in a catatonic stupor

show pronounced motor signs

adopted children who were at high risk for schizophrenia who were raised in healthy families

showed lower risk for schizophrenia than those adopted into dysfunctional families - a good environment may protect people with genetic vulnerabilities from developing it

Some studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have ________

shown that these drugs are associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors

Some studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have ________

shown that these drugs are associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

What are the first symptoms noticed in PKU?

sign of intellectual disability, which may be moderate to severe, depending on the degree to which the disease has progressed. Lack of motor coordination and other neurological problems caused by the brain damage are also common, and often the eyes, skin, and hair of untreated PKU patients are very pale

The genetic error of PKU results in intellectual disability only when

significant quantities of phenylalanine are ingested, which is virtually certain to occur if the child's condition remains undiagnosed

A controlled study of family history and onset of depression found that children from mood-disordered families had ________ those from nondisordered families.

significantly higher rates of depression than

what gender is diagnosed with a learning disorder?

significantly more boys

Asperger's disorder is

similar to but less severe than autism

Nick is a CEO with an enormous sense of self-importance. He is arrogant, exploitative, and has a need for admiration that causes distress for everyone in his life. Nick is most likely to have ________ personality disorder.

narcissitic

A patient has been admitted to the hospital and has been discovered to have psychopathy. Hospital therapists should expect to encounter ______

someone who does not suffer from personal distress and does not believe they need treatment

proband/index case

someone who has the disorder of interest

example of a person with paranoid schizophrenia

someone who is convinced that her husband is poisoning her food and can hear voices (that others cannot hear) calling her a liar and a thief

Major brain damages

sometimes cause minor changes and sometimes major ones

an example of the most common type of hallucination with schizophrenia

sondra tried to ignore the voices in her head

endophenotypes

specific chromosomes that are thought to be important in the genetic transmission of schizophrenia

What does the word schizophrenia come from?

split (skizhein) mind (phren)

_______________ are the most common types of medications used in the treatment of ADHD.

stimulants

Deep brain stimulation involves

stimulating the brain electrically over several months

Karen has been diagnosed with autism. How may she appear to others?

needing sameness in her environment

What is the treatment of abused children?

needs to address their problems of inadequate social adjustment, depression, and poor interpersonal skills.

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's

negative interpretation of events

psychosocial influences

stress, poverty, homelessness

focal brain damage is most likely to be a consequence of

stroke

Recent research shows that if one identical twin develops schizophrenia, there is about a 50 percent chance the other twin will develop schizophrenia. If future research confirms this finding, we will have evidence of:

strong environmental and strong genetic components of schizophrenia.

which of the following best explains why mood disorders are more characteristic of vascular dementia (VAD) than of Alzheimer's disease

subcortical areas are more affected in VAD

"My father and I swiggered to the beach yesterday." This is an example of a ________

neologism

"my father and i swiggered to the beach yesterday" is an example of

neologism

In DSM-5, most of the disorders we now refer to as 'Delirium, Dementia, and Amnesia, and Other Cognitive Disorders' are part of a newly proposed category referred to as ____

neurocognitive disorders

________ are a group of severely disabling conditions in children that are considered to be the result of structural differences in the brain and usually apparent at birth or as the child begins to develop. a. neurodevelopmental disorders b. symptom disorders c. conduct disorders d. tic disorders

neurodevelopmental disorders

what disorders are considered to be the result of some structural differences in the brain that are usually evident at birth or become apparent as the child begins to develop?

neurodevelopmental disorders

What type of drugs are most commonly used to treat tics?

neuroleptics

the most effective medical treatment for Tourette's syndrome is

neuroleptics such as haloperidol

The most effective medical treatment for Tourette's syndrome is

neuroleptics such as haloperidol.

The most effective medical treatment for Tourette's syndrome is ________

neuroleptics such as haloperidol.

Ed has suffered a head injury in a car accident. He is referred to a psychologist to see what types of impairment now exist and to get some suggestions for treatment. The best assessment strategy would be ________

neuropsychological tests

PKU is typically found in _____

newborn babies

Do all people suffering from schizophrenia have the same behaviors and symptoms?

Learning disorders have

no demonstrable physical defect

an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia

no longer socializing with friends

Jasmine exhibits a paraphilia. She has sexual fantasies about a ______

non-human object

The nutrients in alcohol are _____

nonexistent

delirium is thought to be more common in the elderly due to

normal age-related changes in the brain

Maladaptive behavior in children is best determined in relation to ________

normal childhood development

Danish adoption studies have been criticized for

not assessing the child rearing environments of the index and control groups

The danish adoption studies have been criticized for

not assessing the child-rearing environments of the index and control groups

In tic disorders, age of onset and gender issues are ____

not yet specified

which of the following is defined on the basis of a statistic called the body mass index?

obesity

Autistic children show deficits in all of the following EXCEPT

object manipulation

Harold is perfectionistic and extremely concerned with maintaining a set routine. He probably suffers from ________ personality disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Jane's friends describe her as a perfectionist. She has difficulty delegating tasks to others and has a tendency to be stubborn and cold. Jane's behavior is characteristic of ________ personality disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

There are many types of tics, and many of them appear to be associated with the presence of other psychological disorders, particularly

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Nicholas has been diagnosed with ADHD and tends to have more social problems becuase _____

of his impulsivity and overactivity

Drug treatment for autistic disorder has been found to be: a. of some value in reducing aggressive behaviors b. extremely beneficial when neuroleptics like haloperidol are used c. contraindicated since they tend to make the children withdraw even further d. extremely beneficial when a hormone replacement drug is used

of some value in reducing aggressive behaviors

drug treatment for autistic disorder has been found to be

of some value in reducing aggressive behaviors

Drug treatment for autistic disorder has been found to be

of some value in reducing aggressive behaviors.

studies of monochorionic and dichorionic twins

offer further evidence of the role of prenatal environment in schizophrenia

studies of monochorionic and dichorionic twins

offer further evidence of the role of the prenatal environment with schizophrenia

causes of Bilirubin encephalopathy

often, Rh (ABO) blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus

Children and adolescents with conduct disorder are also frequently comorbid for other disorders such as

substance-abuse disorder or depressive symptoms

which of the following is correct about changes for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in the DSM-5 a. it will not be included in the DSM 5 b. subtypes were removed but the diagnosis of schizophrenia will remain c. only the paranoid subtype remains d. only the catatonic subtype remains

subtypes of schizophrenia were removed but the diagnosis of schizophrenia will remain

A physical condition that leads to dementia is likely to reference

on both Axis 1 and Axis 3

How long does brief psychotic disorder last?

one month or less

most cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease appear to be caused by

one of several rare genetic mutations

17.1 percent of adolescents in large metropolitan areas of the U.S. meet the criteria for

one or more DSM diagnoses

Behviors, such as drug abuse, that leads to brain damage is most likely to be indicated

only on axis 1

Symptoms of Riemann-Pick's disease

onset usually in infancy, with loss of weight, dehydration, and progressive paralysis

Which of the following diagnoses is most likely to be made at age 6?

oppositional defiant disorder

what is ADHD frequently comorbid with?

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior?

oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

It is important to do a thorough physical examination to rule out medical problems before diagnosing encopresis because these children often ________

suffer from constipation

It is important to do a thorough physical examination, to rule out medical problems, before diagnosing encopresis because these children often: a. have sleep and metabolic disorders, as well b. engage in hypochondriacal behaviors c. suffer from diabetes and other serious, chronic conditions d. suffer from constipation

suffer from constipation

it is important to do a thorough physical examination, to rule out problems, before diagnosing encopresis because these children often

suffer from constipation

It is important to do a thorough physical examination to rule out medical problems before diagnosing encopresis because these children often ________

suffer from constipation.

It is important to do a thorough physical examination, to rule out medical problems, before diagnosing encopresis because these children often

suffer from constipation.

If having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees that Parkinson's disease will develop, the presence of the gene can be described as a ________

sufficient cause.

enlarged brain ventricles

suggest that there has been a loss of brain tissue

enlarged brain ventricles

suggest that there has been loss of brain tissue

Which of the following is most commonly found in families of girls with anorexia?

parents who emphasize rules, control, and good physical appearance

echolalia

parrot-like repetition of a few words or phrases

When a person's blood alcohol reaches 0.5%, the individual is most likely to ___

pass out

Within a dimensional approach, disordered personality traits are seen as ________ normal personality traits.

pathological extremes of

Symptoms of No. 18 trisomy syndrome

peculiar pattern of multiple congenital anomalies, the most common being low-set malformed ears, flexion of fingers, small jaw, and heart defects

What is the advantage of using Pemoline to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder instead of Ritalin

pemoline has fewer side effects

Phineas Gage had a

penetrating head injury

The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means that ________

people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis.

The additive model of the diathesis stress theory proposes that ________

people with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to develop the disorder.

What is attenuated psychosis syndrome?

people with hallucinations or delusions who seek help

How do you distinguish between the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, purging type?

people with the bulimic type are normal weight, people with the anorexic type are underweight

What is the main reason that systematic, controlled studies of treating people with either medication or psychotherapy do not exist for paranoid, schizoid, narcissistic, or histrionic disorder?

people with these disorders rarely seek treatment

What is delusional disorder?

persistent belief that is contrary to reality

A new diagnosis, disruptive mood regulation disorder, has been included for children at or under age 18 who exhibit

persistent irritability and frequent of lack behavioral control

The unique set of traits and behaviors that characterize an individual is called ___

personality

The best description of the biological component of personality disorders is ______

personality traits are inherited that predispose a person to developing a personality disorder.

_____ are a group of severely disabling conditions in children that are considered to be the result of structural differences in the brain and usually apparent at birth or as the child begins to develop

pervasive deveopmental disorders

a sign of disorganized schizophrenia

peter appears to feel no emotion and tends to make odd facial expressions and movements

Urine testing allows for the early detection of ________ and its treatment, which consists of ________.

phenylketonuria; a low-phenylalanine diet

a disproportionate number of children with separation anxiety disorder also experience a high number of other anxiety-based disorders such as

phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder

mainstreaming

placement of mentally retarded children in regular school classrooms for all or part of the day

The main reason addicts gave for beginning to use heroin was _____

pleasure

To support their allegations that Thomas is a pedophile, the police might use a ____

plethysmograph

Cultural factors of schizophrenia

political, social and economic stressors more african americans

Mental disorders are almost always ________, meaning they are influenced by multiple genes.

polygenic

the prognosis for children with autism, particularly for children showing symptoms before the age of 2, is

poor

Despite studies such as by Ivar Lovaas, the overall prognosis for children with autism is

poor.

double blind communication

portray communication styles producing conflicting meanings

Studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have

produced inconsistent results

The parenting in families of children with conduct disorders typically involves: a. accepting the child's behavior as "normal" b. providing the child with harsh but consistent discipline c. rejection and neglect d. overprotecting the child

rejection and neglect

The parenting in families of children with conduct disorders typically involves

rejection and neglect.

William is an autistic child. He is probably

relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative

William is an autistic child. He is probably: a. very talkative b. unable to utter any meaningful sounding words c. relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative d. aggressive and frequently attacks others

relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative

William is an autistic child. He is probably

relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative.

In 1974, homosexuality was voted by the American Psychiatric Association to be

removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

According to behavioral theory, one can suppress problematic behavior by ____

removing the reinforcements that support it.

what are some symptoms of sleepwalking disorder?

repeated episodes in which a person leaves his or her bed and walks around without being conscious of the experience or remembering it later.

It is believed that depressed mothers negatively affect their infants because they

respond less sensitively to their children and show more irritable behavior

It is believed that depressed mothers negatively affect their infants because they: a. are overly intrusive with their children, depending upon the child rather than allowing the child to depend upon them b. respond less sensitively to their children and show more irritable behavior c. tend to blame themselves when, in fact, the children have made mistakes d. engage in impulsive, antisocial behaviors which the children mimic

respond less sensitively to their children and show more irritable behavior

It is believed that depressed mothers negatively affect their infants because they

respond less sensitively to their children and show more irritable behavior.

Every effort is made to limit the quantity of food consumed in the ____ type of anorexia nervosa

restricting

Normally, if a head injury is severe enough to result in unconsciousness, the person experiences _____, or inability to recall event immediately preceding the injury.

retrograde amnesia

Much of the research on BPD is ________ in nature, relying on people's memories of their past to discover antecedents of the disorder.

retroscpective

Themes of dominance, control,and humiliation often characterize fantasies in _____

sadism

he ________ enjoys inflicting pain, while the ________ desires pain and degradation.

sadist, masochist

Cross-cultural studies of tics find that: a. the types of tics seen most commonly vary with culture b. the average age of tic onset appears to be universal c. tics occur less frequently in cultures that are less expressive d. tics are always seen more frequently in females

the average age of tic onset appears to be universal

cross cultural studies of tics find that

the average age of tic onset appears to be universal

Cross-cultural studies of tics find that

the average age of tic onset appears to be universal.

in order to make a diagnosis of selective mutism

the child must know the language

Which statement about separation anxiety disorders is accurate

the child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence

if schizophrenia were exclusively a genetic disorder

the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be 100%

When a closed-head injury occurs

the damage is a result of the brain colliding with the skull

The degree of mental impairment following a head injury is related to ________

the degree of damage to the brain.

With early detection and treatment of PKU, preferably before an infant is 6 months old

the deterioration process can usually be arrested so that levels of intellectual functioning may range from borderline to normal.

When symptoms of intellectual disability are not apparent until after age 17,

the diagnosis would be dementia, not intellectual disability

when symptoms of mental retardatino are not apparent until after the age of 17

the diagnosis would be dementia; not mental retardation

Shondra is in fourth grade and has been having trouble sitting still and remaining focused on her schoolwork. Her teacher speaks with her parents about this, and suggests they see a clinician for an assessment. What is one problem with the DSM system that would make her parents reluctant to send her for an assessment?

the diagnosis would become a label that would stick with Shondra.

one disadvantage of early descriptions of schizophrenia, such as kraeplin's use of the term "demetia praecox" is that

the did not distinguish between the varying types of schizophrenia that we know about today

the term "demence precoce" was used by benedict Morel to describe schizophrenia and to also explain

the difference between schizophrenia and dementias of old age

Sexual variants illustrate a theme in abnormal psychology better than any other category of disorder. Which theme?

the difficulty in defining the boundaries of normal and abnormal

what is the major difference between a diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder

the duration of symptoms

What did kraepelin focus on in schizophrenia?

the early onset and poor outcomes

Aberrant salience is defined as _______

the effects of dysregulated dopamine transmission

Phenylketonuria is treated with ________

the elimination of phenylalanine-containing foods.

Therapy is likely to be ineffective for a child with conduct disorder if

the environment is not modified in some way.

David Rosenhan (1973) sent eight normal people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight complained of hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted and diagnosed in these hospitals, each person acted normally, yet their behavior continued to be viewed as schizophrenic. One of the conclusions from this study is that:

the expectations produced by labeling can alter clinician's perception.

based on developmental studies of children who later develop schizophrenia

the first signs are usually seen in the way children move

based on developmental studies of children who later developed schizophrenia

the first signs are usually seen in the way children move

What is schizophrenia spectrum disorder

the group of diagnosis as recognized by those in the schizophrenia field

What did bleuler believe lead to many of the symptoms of schizophrenia?

the inabilitly to hold a consistent thought

What is avoilition?

the inability to initiate and persist in activities

which of the following statement about Alzheimer's disease is true

the specific symptoms vary considerably from patient to patient and from day to day for the same patient

Depresseion in children has been correlated to _____

the tendency to attribute negative events to external and unstable causes

In the humanistic-experimental approach, what best describes the therapist/client relationship?

the therapist acts as a guide on the client's journey toward self-awareness

The MAIN concern over the rise in diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, and in particular, the treatment of bipolar disorder in children is:

the use of adult medications

____ is a common method of purging

the use of diuretics

______ is a common method or purging

the use of diuretics

there is a new trend to focus on dopamine receptor sensitives rather than on dopamine itself because

there is no strong evidence that people with schizophrenia have too much dopamine

there is a new trend to focus on dopamine receptor sensitivity rather than on dopamine itself because

there is no strong evidence that people with schizophrenia have too much dopamine

what are the outcomes for profound intellectual disability?

these individuals must remain in custodial care all their lives; poor health and low resistance to disease and thus a short life expectancy.

Which of the following is a factor that makes children more psychologically vulnerable than adults?

they are more dependent on other people

which of the following is true about second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia

they are no more effective than first generation antipsychotics

individuals with delusional disorder differ from those with schizophrenia in that

they behave relatively normally other than the delusions

Individuals with delusional disorder differ from those with schizophrenia in that ________

they behave relatively normally other than the delusions.

Only relatively recently have clinicians come to realize that

they cannot fully understand childhood disorders without taking these developmental processes into account.

which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in autistic children

they have a lack of social understanding

individulas with down syndrome typically show which of the followin characteristics

they have large tongues and short fingers

Why are young children at high risk for psychological problems?

they have yet to develop coping strategies for dealing with stressful life events

Micocephaly and macrocephaly have what in common

they involve alterations in head size and shape

Despite what is shown in movies like Rain Man, most autistic children would not cope well being brought to a Las Vegas casino for the first time, because: a. they are afraid of large groups of people b. they would want to touch things they weren't allowed to touch c. they would be so excited by all the sights and sounds they would become over-agitated d. they often show aversion to auditory stimulation and prefer a limited and solitary routine

they often show aversion to auditory stimulation and prefer a limited and solitary routine

Despite what is shown in movies like Rain Man, most autistic children would not cope well being brought to a Las Vegas casino for the first time, because

they often show aversion to auditory stimulation and prefer a limited and solitary routine.

What are schizotypal personality disorder behaviors?

thinking insignificant events relate directly to them believing they have special abilities feeling presense of another person

About one in___ arrests in the U.S. is related to alcohol abuse

three

At low levels, alcohol's effect on the brain is ________; at higher levels, alcohol's effect is ________.

to activate the brain's "pleasure centers"; depress brain functioning

Nine-year old Jessica has complete disregard for the rules and the rights of others. She is more likely _____

to develop antisocial personality disorder as an adult.

Why might a healthy person take a prescription drug like Ritalin or Provigil?

to gain a cognitive advantage

The current trend for treatment of the intellectually disabled is

to keep even the most severely disabled in the community rather than institutions.

The current trend for treatment of the intellectually disabled is: a. to place them in institutions b. to place all but the mildly intellectually disabled in institutions c. to place all but the mildly and moderately retarded in institutions d. to keep even the most severely retarded in the community rather than institutions

to keep even the most severely retarded in the community rather than institutions

A common treatment goal for patients who have experienced a traumatic brain injury is ___

to provide them with new techniques to compensate for losses that may be permanent

adoption studies are typically used

to separate the effects of nature and nurture

adoption studies are used...

to separate the effects of nature and nurture

Henry used to become intoxicated after six drinks. Now he needs ten or twelve to get the same effect. This is an example of ________

tolerance

One treatment for BPD involves a variant of psychodynamic psychotherapy, with the main goal of strengthening the weak egos of these individuals, focusing on their primary primitive defense mechanism of splitting. This treatment is called ______

transference-focused psycotherapy

Adults who have gender dysphoria disorderan and desire tochange their sex are usually referred to a _______

transsexual

Sam was a child with gender dysphoria. Now he is 26 and, feeling trapped in a man's body, he wants to become a woman. Adults with gender dysphoria are often referred to as a ________

transsexual

In patients undergoing substance-abuse treatment, studies have shown that they have a high level of ____

trauma in their histories

social skills training for people with schizophrenia

tries to help people gain the skills they need for daily living outside the hospital

social-skills training for people with schizophrenia

tries to help people gain the skills they need for daily living outside the hospital

cognitive-behavioral treatment for people with schizophrenia

tries to help people question their delusions to help reduce their intensity

The most common chromosomal abnormality seen in Down syndrome is the __________ of chromosome 21.

trisomy

People with schizophrenia are ____ as likely as people in the general population to smoke cannabis

twice

What does a diagnosis of schizophrenia require?

two or more positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms be present for at least a month with one of these symptoms being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech

microcephaly

type of mental retardation resulting from impaired development of the brain and a consequent failure of the cranium to attain normal size

Anxiety disorders of childhood: a. tend to persist into adulthood b. show few cross-cultural differences c. are usually effectively treated with drugs d. typically do not lead to problems later in life

typically do not lead to problems later in life

anxiety disorders of childhood

typically do not lead to problems later in life

Anxiety disorders of childhood

typically do not lead to problems later in life.

Kraeplin used the term "praecox" to convey that schizophrenia typically develops early in life. the actual age of onset of the condition is

typically during mid twenties

Compared with homosexual transsexuals,autogynephilic transsexuals tend to be more interested in_____

uncommitted sex

Tourette's disorder typically involves

uncontrollable head movements with accompanying sounds such as grunts, clicks, yelps, sniffs, or words.

Analysis of dreams is useful for

uncovering unconscious material

what is the overall prevalence rates of depression in children?

under age 13: 2.8 percent ages 13-18: 5.6 percent

Which of the following suggests that dyslexia may have a biological basis?

underdeveloped portions of the left hemisphere

ruth experienced a stroke that severly damaged her occipital lobe. We can expect that she has an impairment in her ability to

understand what she sees

what are the causes of tourettes?

undetermined, evidence suggests an organic basis.

The therapist that Janine was seeing believed in Gestalt therapy. This type of therapy emphasizes the _____

unity of mind and body

Children with separation anxiety disorder exhibit

unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self-consciousness, nightmares, and chronic anxiety. they lack self-confidence, are apprehensive in new situations, and tend to be immature for their age. such children are described by their parents as shy, sensitive, nervous, submissive, easily discouraged, worried, and frequently moved to tears.

Many children with autism become preoccupied with and form strong attachments to

unusual objects such as rock, light switches, or keys.

conduct disorder is a risk factor for

unwed pregnancy and substance abuse in teenage girls

when is the onset of sleepwalking disorders?

usually between the ages of 6 and 12

an individual diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder

usually exhibits symptoms for at least a month but less than 6 months

The individual diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder ________

usually exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia that last for at least a month but less than 6 months.

mild brain injuries

usually produce long term, minor problems, particularly in older people

Delirium is ________

usually reversible.

schizoaffective disorder

usually seen as a mood disorder

the most promising development in the treatment of Alzheimer's involves

vaccines that might clear away any accumulated plagues

An involuntary spasm of the muscles, at the entrance to and outer third of the vagina, that prevents penetration and sexual intercourse is called ____

vaginismus

adopted children who were at high risk of schizophrenia shows what high level symptom of thought disorder

vague, confusing, and unclear communication

studies of adopted children who were at high risk for developing schizophrenia found that which of the following appeared to increase the likelihood that these children would show high levels of thought disorders? a. vague, confusing, and unclear communication b. physical abuse c. permissive parenting d. divorce

vague, confusing, and unclear communication

research data are quite consistent in showing that their (down syndrome) greatest deficits are in

verbal and language-related skills

autism- children with severe developmental disabilities do not transfer skills across situations

very well

Researchers are now using _________ to help children with autism to improve on some of their social, cognitive, and emotional deficits

video games

Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity are usually ________

viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors.

The excessive use of alcohol or drugs in a family appears to increase the risk of

violent death in the home

The finding that the HIGHEST rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?

viral theory

what is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

virtually all children who develop conduct disorder have oppositional defiant disorder first

Jackie was in a serious car accident that left her with a damaged right parietal lobe. Due to this injury, Jackie is most likely to experience impairment of which of the following

visual-motor coordination

Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the observation of couples engaging in sexual activity are diagnostic criteria for ____

voyeurism

a person who has experienced destruction of brain tissue may have widespread or limited behavioral deficits. the outcome depends opon all of the following except

whether the person is male or female

which of the following statements most clearly summarizes our understanding of schizophrenia

while much is known about the causes, there are many unanswered questions

Mike decides he is going to try to look mentally ill when he goes for his disability evaluation. He takes the MMPI-2. He most likely ________

will be caught by specialized scales on the test.

a person with neuropsychological damage

will no usually show manifest signs of psychopathology such as panic attack or delusions

What are some outcomes for mild intellectual disability?

with early diagnosis, parental assistance, and special educational programs, the great majority of borderline and individuals with this can adjust socially, master simply academic and occupational skills, and become self-supporting citizens.

what are the outcomes for moderate intellectual disability?

with early diagnosis, parental help, and adequate opportunities for training, most individuals with moderate intellectual disability can achieve partial independence in daily self-care, acceptable behavior, and economic sustenance in a family or other sheltered environment

Sonja experienced sweating, tremors,and tension following her abstinence from the drug she had been using for the past three years. These symptoms are part of ___

withdrawal

childhood depression includes behaviors such as

withdrawal, crying, avoidance of eye contact, physical complaints, poor appetite, and even aggressive behavior and in some cases suicide

neologism

word salad/ not being able to say the right words at the right time

first-generation antipsychotics

work by blocking dopamine receptors

The evidence suggests that medications for ADHD ________

work well for the short term but long-term effects are not well-known.

the evidence suggests that medications for ADHD

work well for the short term but show little long term effect

The evidence suggests that medications for ADHD: a. work well for the short-term but show little long-term effect b. work well for both the short- and long-term c. really don't work at all - what is seen is due to the placebo effect d. only work for children who have had the diagnosis at least two years

work well for the short-term but show little long-term effect

The evidence suggests that medications for ADHD

work well for the short-term but show little long-term effect.

The evidence suggests that medication for ADHD

work well for the short-term but show little long-term effects

What is meta-worry?

worrying about worry

Is PKU reversible?

yes

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

~1%

Parkinson's disease affects between ___ and ___ of people over 80

1%; 3%

What are two symptoms of psychosis?

Delusions, hallucinations

What did Emil Kraepelin call schizophrenia?

Dementia praecox

What are susceptibility genes?

If you have them, you have an increased risk of developing the disease

What is the residual phase?

Return back to the prodromal stage - can go back and forth

Traditional behavioral couple therapy (TBCT) focuses on ____

caring, communication, and problem solving

Which of the following protects children from environmental influences, but also makes them more vulnerable?

Dependence on adults

________ studies are designed to establish the prevalence of a particular disorder in a very large sample of people.

Epidemiological

"Familial" does not mean the same thing as "genetic" because a. families don't always share genes. b. families share both genes and the environment. c. genes are not expressed in every generation. d. the strength of the correlations seen in familial concordance patterns does not allow any conclusions to be made.

"My father and I swiggered to the beach yesterday." This is an example of a a. delusion. b. auditory hallucination. c. negative symptom. d. neologism.

Tics are often difficult to differentiate from compulsions, and they are sometimes referred to as

"compulsive tics"

Children with autism are often said to be

"obsessed with the maintenance of sameness"

Which of the following is true of suicide

) Suicide rates vary extensively across cultures

Which of the following would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression?

) a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed

Causal factors in anxiety disorders

-Although genetic factors have been thought to contribute to the development of anxiety disorders, particularly obsessive-compulsive disorder, in children, social and cultural factors are likely to be influential in resulting in anxiety disorders in children. -Parental behavior and family stress in minority families have been particularly noted as potential influential factors in the origin of anxiety disorders in children -overanxious children often have the modeling effect of an overanxious and protective parent who sensitizes a child to the dangers and threats of the outside world -indifferent or detached parents or rejecting parents also foster anxiety in their children -cultures that favor inhibition, compliance, and obedience appear to increase the levels of fear reported

What are the common disorders of childhood?

-Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the more common behavior problems of childhood. In this disorder, the child shows impulsive, overactive behavior that interferes with his or her ability to accomplish tasks. -the major approaches to treating children with ADHD have been medication and behavior therapy. Using medications such as amphetamines with children is somewhat controversial. Behavior therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral methods, has shown a great deal of promise in modifying the behavior of children with hyperactivity -In conduct disorder, a child engages in persistent aggressive or antisocial acts. The possible causes of conduct disorder or delinquent behavior include biological factors, personal pathology, family patterns, and peer relationships.

How does maladaptive behavior appear in different life periods?

-Children once were viewed as "miniature adults." It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that a diagnostic classification system focused clearly on the special problems of children. -In this chapter, the DSM-5 classification system is followed in order to provide clinical descriptions of a wide range of childhood behavior problems

Do anxiety and depression appear in children and adolescents?

-Children who suffer from anxiety or depressive disorders typically do not cause trouble for others through their aggressive conduct. Rather, they are fearful, shy, withdrawn, and insecure and have difficulty adapting to outside demands. -The anxiety disorders may be characterized by extreme anxiety, withdrawal, or avoidance behavior. A likely cause is early family relationships that generate anxiety and prevent the child from developing more adaptive coping skills.

Causal factors in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

-It still remains unclear to what extent the disorder results from environmental or biological factors and recent research points to both genetic and social environmental precursors. -temperament and learning appear likely to be factors -family pathology, particularly parental personality, can be transmitted to children -prenatal alcohol exposure can increase the severity of problems in children with ADHD -there is general agreement that processes operating in the brain are disinhibiting the child's behavior

What are some specific disorders that occur in childhood?

-Several other disorders of childhood involve behavior problems characterized by a single outstanding symptom rather than pervasive maladaptive patterns. The symptoms may involve enuresis, encopresis, sleepwalking, or tics.

What are intellectual disabilities?

-Specific learning disorders are those in which failure of mastery is limited to circumscribed areas, chiefly involving academic skills such as reading. General cognitive ability may be normal or superior. -Affected children are commonly described as learning disabled (LD). Some localized defect in brain development is often considered the primary cause of the disorder. Learning disorders create great turmoil and frustration in victims, their families, schools, and professional helpers. -When serious organic brain impairment occurs before the age of 18, the cognitive and behavioral deficits experienced are referred to as intellectual disability. Relatively common forms of such intellectual disability, which in these cases is normally at least moderate in severity, include Down syndrome, phenylketonuria (PKU), and certain cranial anomalies. -This organic type of mental deficit accounts for only some 25 percent of all cases of intellectual disability. -In children with autism spectrum disorders, extreme maladaptive behavior occurs during the early years and prevents affected children from developing psychologically. -It has not been possible to normalize the behavior of children with autism through treatment, but newer instructional and behavior modification techniques have been helpful in improving the functioning of less severely impaired children with autism.

In evaluating the presence or extent of mental health problems in children and adolescents, one needs to consider the following:

-They do not have as complex and realistic a view of themselves and their world as they will have later; they have less self-understanding; and they have not yet developed a stable sense of identity or a clear understanding of what is expected of them and what resources they might have to deal with problems. -Immediately perceived threats are tempered less by considerations of the past or future and thus tend to be seen as disproportionately important. As a result, children often have more difficulty than adults in coping with stressful events. For example, children are at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder after a disaster, especially if the family atmosphere is troubled - a circumstance that adds additional stress to the problems resulting from the natural disaster. -Children's limited perspectives, as might be expected, lead them to use unrealistic concepts to explain events. For young children, suicide or violence against another person may be undertaken without any real understanding of the finality of death. -Children also are more dependent on other people than are adults. Although in some ways this dependency serves as a buffer against other dangers because the adults around him or her might "protect" a child against stressors in the environment, it also makes the child highly vulnerable to experiences of rejection, disappointment, and failure if these adults, because of their own problems, ignore the child. -Children's lack of experience in dealing with adversity can make manageable problems seem insurmountable. On the other hand, although their inexperience and lack of self-sufficiency make them easily upset by problems that seem minor to the average adult, children typically recover more rapidly from their hurts.

Treatments for delinquency

-boot camps -behavior therapy

how can we plan better programs to help children and adolescents?

-We reviewed a number of potential causes for the disorders of childhood and adolescence. Although genetic predisposition appears to be important in several disorders, parental psychopathology, family disruption, and stressful circumstances (such as parental death or desertion and child abuse) can also contribute. -There are special problems, and special opportunities, involved in treating childhood disorders. The need for preventive and treatment programs for children is always growing, and in recent years child advocacy has become effective in some states. Unfortunately, the financing and resources necessary for such services are not always readily available, and the future of programs for improving psychological environments for children remains uncertain.

What are the three subtypes of ODD?

-angry/irritable mood -argumentative/defiant behavior -vindictiveness

What are symptoms/diagnostic criteria of delirium?

-appear confused, disoriented -cannot focus -memory/language impairment -acute onset, time-limited course

treatment of sleepwalking disorder?

-behavior therapy -little attention has been devoted to the treatment -conditioning treatment

what are some possible side effects of Strattera?

-decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. -possible liver damage

what are some possible side effects of Ritalin?

-decreased blood flow to the brain, which can result in impaired thinking ability and memory loss; disruption of growth hormone, leading to suppression of growth in the body and brain of the child; insomnia; psychotic symptoms; and others.

what are risk factors for ODD and conduct disorder?

-family discord -socioeconomic disadvantage -antisocial behavior in the parents

Causal factors of enuresis

-faulty learning, resulting in the failure to acquire inhibition of reflexive bladder emptying -personal immaturity, associated with or stemming from emotional problems -disturbed family interactions, particularly those that lead to sustained anxiety, hostility, or both -stressful events

Treatment and outcomes for childhood depression

-found antidepressants to be only moderately helpful -some research has suggested that antidepressant medication treatment in children and adolescents is associated with an increased risk of suicide -an important facet of psychological therapy with children, whether for depression or anxiety or other disorders, is providing a supportive emotional environment in which they can learn more adaptive coping strategies and more effective emotional expression -older children and adolescents often benefit from a positive therapeutic relationship in which they can discuss their feelings openly -younger children and those with less developed verbal skills may benefit from play therapy -as a treatment technique, play therapy emerged out of efforts to apply psychodynamic therapy to children -combined use of medication and psychotherapy

Treatments and outcomes for ADHD

-found that 40 percent of junior high school children and 15 percent of high school children with emotional and behavioral problems and ADHD are prescribed medication, mostly Ritalin (methlphenidate), an amphetamine. -Pemoline is chemically very different from Ritalin; it exerts beneficial effects on classroom behavior by enhancing cognitive processing but has less adverse side effects -Strattera (atomoxetine) a noncontrolled treatment option that can be obtained readily, is an FDA-approved nonstimulant medication -Adderall; this medication is a combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine -some authorities prefer using psychological interventions in conjunction with medications -behavioral intervention techniques that have been developed include selective reinforcement in the classroom and family therapy.

treatment of encopresis

-involves both medical and psychological aspects -conditioning procedures

treatment of enuresis

-medical treatment typically centers on using medications such as the antidepressant drug imipramine (may lessen the deepest stages of sleep to light sleep, enabling the child to recognize bodily needs more effectively) -an intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP) has also been used to help children manage urine more effectively; this medication, a hormone replacement, apparently increases urine concentration, decreases urine volume, and therefore reduces the need to urinate. -conditioning procedures have proved to be highly effective treatment for enuresis (child sleeps on a pad that is wired to a battery-operated bell. At the first few drops of urine, the bell is set off, thus awakening the child) -biobehavioral approach (urine alarm along with desmopressin) is most effective -learning-based procedures are more effective than medications

what are some treatments for tourette's?

-neuroleptics are the most predictably effective tic-suppressing drugs -Clonazepam, clonidine, and tiapride have all shown effectiveness in reducing motor tics; however, tiapride has shown the greatest decrease in the intensity and frequency of tics -both haloperidol and pimozide reduced the severity of tics by 65 percent but that haloperidol seemed the more effective of the two medications -risperidone outperformed pimozide in tic suppression -behavioral therapy techniques have been used successfully in treating tics -habit reversal treatment or HRT, involves several sequential elements, beginning with awareness training, relaxation training, and the development of incompatible responses, and then progressing to cognitive therapy and modification of the individual's overall style of action

what are some treatments and outcomes of learning disorders?

-not really any treatments

Children with anxiety disorders appear to share many of the following characteristics:

-oversensitivity -unrealistic fears -shyness and timidity -pervasive feeling of inadequacy -sleep disturbances -fear of school

what are some causal factors of learning disorder?

-products of subtle central nervous system impairments -these disabilities are though to result from some sort of immaturity, deficiency, or dysregulation limited those brain functions that supposedly mediate, for normal children, the cognitive skills that learning disorder chidlren cannot efficiently acquire -may be genetically transmitted -gene region for dyslexia on chromosome 6

prevalence of attenuated psychosis syndrome?

.2-1.5%

Blood Alcohol levels above ___ are usually lethal

0.55%

how often does schizophrenia occur

1 in 100 people

what is the prevalence of PKU?

1 in 12,000 births

A woman in her 20s has what chance of having a downs child?

1 in 20,000

(DSM-II) 1968- The then-current ways of viewing psychological disorders in children and adolescents were inappropriate and inaccurate for several reasons including:

-the greatest problem was that the same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for childhood problems even though many childhood disorders, such as autism, learning disabilities, and school phobias, have no counterpart in adult psychopathology. -ignored the fact that in childhood disorders, environmental factors play an important part in the expression of symptoms - that is, symptoms are highly influenced by a family's acceptance or rejection of the behavior. -symptoms were not considered with respect to a child's developmental level.

what are some causal factors in autism?

-the precise cause or causes of autism are unknown, although most investigators agree that a fundamental disturbance of the central nervous system is involved. -Many investigators believe that autism begins with some type of inborn defect that impairs an infant's perceptual-cognitive functioning - the ability to process incoming stimuli and to relate to the world. -Recent MRI research suggests that abnormalities in the brain anatomy may contribute to the brain metabolic differences and behavioral phenotype in autism -evidence has accumulated that defective genes or damage from radiation or other conditions during prenatal development may play a significant role in the etiologic picture. -the most extensive autism genetics research project recently reported that tiny, rare variations in genes increase the risk of autism -autism seemingly results from faulty wiring in the early stages of development

how many adolescents suffer from a mental health condition entering the juvenile justice system?

1 in 5

what are some limitations with approaches used in virtual reality video games?

-there is a concern that this approach has a strong potential for "addiction" to virtual reality games that could potentially adversely influence a child's development. -the need for further considerations as to possible ethical issues, involving such factors as identity, equity, and confidentiality, that face instructors and therapists who use online teaching or therapy

A woman in her 40s has what chance of having a downs child?

1 in 50

What percent of people display negative symptoms?

25%

what are the prevalence rates for learning disorders?

1 in 59, or 4.6 million people, in the u.s., are learning disabled

schizophrenia occurs in about _______ of the general population

1 out of 100

The point pervalence rate of diagnosed intellectual disability in the U.S. is estimated to be about

1 percent

The recommended length of cognitive-behavioral therapy treatment for patients with bulemia is ____

1 to 2 years

the lifetime prevalence for schizophrenia is_____

Juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it?

. I got lucky.

One of the most important factors in the treatment of children and adolescents is

. parental willingness to be involved in treatment

What is brief psychotic disorder?

1+ positive symptom lasting a month or less

prodromal stage

1-2 year period before serious symptoms occur but when less severe symptoms occur. Schizotypcal personality disorder behaviors.

What are two possible mechanisms for the buildup of amyloid beta in the brain?

1. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) -found on chromosome 21 -explains why people with Down syndrome have higher rates of AD 2. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) -normally helps transport cholesterols (like amyloid) through the bloodstream -ApoE4 variant is common in late-onset patients -more E4 genes you have, higher risk of AD

What are 3 possible sites of schizophrenia genes?

1. Chromosome 8 - Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) 2. Chromosome 6 - Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) 3. Chromosome 22 - Catecholamine O-methyl transferase (COMT)

According to a Swedish study, what are the three most important things you can do to prevent NCD?

1. Control BP 2. Don't smoke 3. Be active, physically and socially

What are three clues that dopamine is a key neurotransmitter for schizophrenia?

1. Dopamine antagonists are effective in treating it 2. L-Dopa produces schizo-like symptoms in some people 3. Amphetamines (dopamine agonists) can worsen symptoms

Name the 5 subtypes of delusional disorder.

1. Erotomanic = mistaken belief that a higher-status person is in love with you 2. Grandiose = believing in one's own inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity/famous person 3. Jealous = believes a sexual partner is unfaithful 4. Persecutory = believes he/she is being badly treated 5. Somatic = person feels afflicted by a physical defect or medical condition

Name 6 possible treatments for neurocognitive disorder.

1. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) 2. Stem cell treatment? 3. Drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors) 4. Binkgo biloba 5. Vitamin E 6. Vaccines that attack A-beta proteins

What is the Rule of Quarters?

1. Goes through all stages 2. Goes through all stages but can only stay in recovery through continued treatment 3. Switches between residual and active, never fully recovers 4. Always active after onset

What are two possible explanations for hallucinations?

1. Mistakenly attributing one's own thoughts to someone else 2. An overactive auditory cortex

Percentage of prison inmates that qualify for the diagnosis of psychopathy is _____

25-30%

What are the three types of symptoms of schizophrenia? Give one example of each.

1. Positive (e.g. hallucinations) 2. Negative (e.g. blunted affect) 3. Disorganized (e.g. rambling speech)

What are some common behavioural issues for people with NCD? How can these be solved?

1. Problems participating in conversations - have "memory wallet" with key facts about yourself 2. Memory/cognitive decline -play word games, face-memory tests, simple math 3. Wandering -install cameras in the home that monitor location of patient

Name 3 ways to prevent delirium.

1. Proper medical care 2. Monitoring of drug administration 3. Education/support

What are the 5 key elements of early intervention in schizophrenia?

1. Reduction of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) 2. Building a therapeutic alliance 3. Family engagement and support 4. Comprehensive, individualized treatment 5. Prolonged engagement

What are the two psychosocial theories regarding social class and schizophrenia?

1. Sociogenic hypothesis = being in a lower class is stressful, which can cause onset of schizo 2. Social selection hypothesis = having schizophrenia makes it more difficult to hold a job, so you fall into a lower social class

what is the long-term risk of suicide?

1.1 percent, with girls more likely than boys to commit suicide

According to a nationally representative survey, the percentage of people who report having been victims of childhood sexual abuse is

1.3%

In the U.S. approximately ____ of the population is at a normal or healthy weight

1/3

What percentage of people who get schizophreniform disorder will recover and never have another psychotic episode?

1/3

What percentage of ER patients have delirium?

10 - 30%

Lori just found out that she is pregnant. Her husband has schizophrenia. What is her unborn child's risk of developing schizophrenia?

10%

What did Katz find in his study on NCD?

10% of people aged 70+ had mild NCD Black people had higher risk than white people

What is the lifetime prevalence of ODD?

11.2 percent for boys and 9.2 percent for girls

As an alcoholic, Nadine knew that her expected lifespan would be shorted by approximately ___

12 years

Overall prevalence of childhood disorders is

12.3 percent

Approximately ___ of strokes occur when a brain artery ___

13%, bursts

Approximately ___ of employees in the U.S. show problem behaviors associated with alcohol

15%

Children with autism spectrum disorder who participated the Early Start Denver Model intervention showed an improvement in IQ score of _______ on average.

17 points

Gottesman and Bertelson (1989) reported an age-corrected incidence rate for schizophrenia of _____ for the offspring of the nonschizophrenic MZ twin

17.4%

for the diagnosis of intellectual disability to apply, these problems must begin before the age of

the brain begins to decrease in size at age

late onset Alzheimer'ss disease has been linked to a gene on chromosome

Who discovered Alzheimer's disease, and in what year?

1907 - Alois Alzheimer

Not until when did they not have a formal, specific system available for classifying the emotional or behavioral problems of children and adolescents?

1950s

Personality disorders first appeared in the DSM in ____

1980

Jone, et al. and Isohanni, et al. found evidence of delayed speech and delayed motor development at age ______ in children who later when on to develop schizophrenia.

tic disorders occur most frequently between the ages of

2 and 14

When is autism reliably diagnosed by?

2 years of age, but it is usually diagnosed at 4-5 years

What fraction of manic patients experienced relapses despite maintaining their treatment?

2-3rds

what is the lifetime prevalence of tic disorders?

2.6 percent for tansient tic disorder, 3.7 percent for chronic tic disorder, and 0.6 percent for Tourette disorder

Cantor-Graae and Selten (2005) found that first-generation immigrants (i.e., those born in another country had ____ times the risk of developing schizophrenia. For second-generation immigrants (i.e., those with one or both parents having been born abroad), the relative risk was _____

2.7, higher

Danish researchers found that children who spent the first 15 years of their lives in an urban environment were ______ times more likely to develop schizophrenia in adulthood, compared to those who spent their childhoods in rural settings.

2.75

one study found that autistic behavior such as lack of empathy, inattention to others, and inability to imitate is shown as early as

20 months

How long do Huntington's patients usually live?

20 years after disease onset

Which three chromosomes encode genes related to Alzheimer's? Which populations tend to have these genes?

21 --> Down syndrome/Alzheimer's 14 --> familial early-onset Alzheimer's 19 --> late-onset Alzheimer's

The ___ chromosome is shown to be abnormal in Down Syndrome

21st

One study revealed that ________ of newly homeless men in New York City report a history of out-of-home care as children.

23 percent

One study revealed that ________ of newly homeless men in New York City report a history of out-of-home care as children.

23%

liklihood of delusional disoder?

24-60 out of every 100,000

What is the average survival rate for Alzheimer's?

< 8 years

If you are thrown into an unfamiliar experience in which you must quickly grasp the situation, you would, in general, use which part of your brain?

???

separation anxiety is more commonly found in ___

???

David often thinks he is being followed and believes that people are "out to get him". He is unable to hold a job because he is sure other people steal form him. David's personality disorder falls under Cluster _____

Which child below best illustrates the typical child with functional encopresis?

A 7-year-old boy who soils himself when under stress.

Causal factors in ODD and Conduct disorder

A SELF-PERPETUATING CYCLE -evidence has accumulated that a genetic predisposition leading to low verbal intelligence, mild neuropsychological problems, and difficult temperament can set the stage for early-onset conduct disorder -Baker reported strong heritable effects of conduct problems and antisocial behavior across ethinically and economically diverse samples. AGE OF ONSET AND LINKS TO ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER -Children who develop conduct disorder at an ealier age are much more likely to develop psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder as adults than are adolescents who develop conduct disorder suddenly in adolescence -the link between conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder is stronger among lower-socioeconomic-class children PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS -children who are aggressive and socially unskilled are often rejected by their peers, and such rejection can lead to a spiraling sequence of social interactions with peers that exacerbates the tendency toward antisocial behavior -children who report higher levels of conduct problems are nearly four times more likely to experience a depressive episode in early adulthood. -the combination of rejection by peers, parents, and teachers leads these children to become isolated and alienated. -family setting of a child with conduct disorder is typically characterized by ineffective parenting, rejection, harsh and inconsistent discipline, and parental neglect; frequently, the parents have an unstable marital relationship, are emotionally disturbed or sociopathic, and do not provide the child with consistent guidance, acceptance, or affection. -family discord and hostility are the primary factors defining the relationship between disturbed parents and disturbed children; these children are "trained" in antisocial behavior by the family - directly via coercive interchanges and indirectly via lack of monitoring and consistent discipline. -factors: low socioeconomic status, poor neighborhoods, parental stress, and depression all increase the likelihood.

What does catatonic mean?

A descriptor term - abnormal movement because of mental disorder

What is a culture-specific disorder?

A disorder seen only in certain cultures

What is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder?

A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder.

What is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder? a. A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder. b. A genetic predisposition leads to a difficult temperament, which leads to behavior problems, which lead to parental overindulgence and lack of discipline, which leads to conduct disorder. c. A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament but because of abusive parents, this leads to depression which in turn leads to conduct disorder. d. A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament, which leads to parental neglect, which leads to anxiety, which leads to conduct disorder.

A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder.

According to the Finland adoption study, what factor can reduce your risk of schizophrenia (if you have a genetic disposition)?

A good/supportive childhood

Strattera

A medication used in the treatment of ADHA

A mother constantly demands that her son show her how much she is loved, but when he tries to hug her she yells at him to be more discreet. No matter what the child does, he is wrong. Further, the mother prohibits him from commenting on this paradox. What does this interaction pattern best illustrate? a. Double-bind communication b. Loosening of associations c. Fragmented thinking d. Expressed emotion

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors, including deficits in language and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and impairments in social communication

Strattera

A noncontrollable treatment option that is more readily available after obtainable is a not stimulant medication that has recently received FDA approval

What is the Independent Living Skills program? Who started it?

A program where patients learn to manage meds, stress, and watch for signs of relapse. Eckman started it

Learning disorders

A term that refers to retardation disorder or delayed development may be manifested in language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills and it is not due to any reliably demonstrable physical neurological defect.

What is family therapy?

A therapist offers advice and training about the disorder, allowing better emotional support for the patient

What is amyloid beta, and in which disease is it implicated?

A waxy peptide that builds up in plaques and causes neural death. It is implicated in Alzheimer's disease

Criteria for Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder

A. A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, as characterized by (1) and/or (2): 1. Inattention: Six (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent iwth development level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities: Note: the symptoms are not solely a manifestation of oppositional behavior, defiance, hostility, or failure to understand tasks or instructions. For older adolescents and adults (age 17 and older), at least five symptoms are required a. often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or during other acitivites (e.g., overlooks or misses details, work is inaccurate). b. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities (e.g., has difficulty remaining focused during lectures, conversations, or lengthy reading). c. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly (e.g., mind seems elsewhere, even in the absence of any obvious distraction). d. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (e.g., starts tasks but quickly loses focus and is easily sidetracked) e. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities (e.g., difficulty managing sequential tasks; difficulty keeping materials and belongings in order; messy; disorganized work; has poor time management; fails to meet deadlines). f. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (e..g, schoolwork or homework; for older adolescents and adults, preparing reports, completing forms, reviewing lengthy papers). g. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephone). h. Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (for older adolescents and adults, may include unrelated thoughts). i. Is often forgetful in daily activities (e.g., doing chores, running errands; for older adolescents and adults, returning calls, paying bills, keeping appointments). 2. Hyperactivity and impulsivity: Six (or more) of hte following symptoms have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities: Note: the symptoms are not solely a manifestation of oppositional behavior, defiance, hostility, or a failure ot understand tasks or instructions. For older adolescents and adults (age 17 and older), at least five symptoms are required. a. often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat. b. often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected (e.g., leaves his or her place in the classroom, in the office or other workplace, or in other situations that require remaining in place). c. Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate. (Note: in adolescents or adults, may be limited to feeling restless). d. Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly e. is often "on the go," acting as if "driven by a motor" (e.g., is unable to be or uncomfortable being still for extended time, as in restaurants, meetings; may be experienced by others as being restless or difficult to keep up with). f. often talks excessively g. often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed (e.g., completes people's sentences; cannot wait for turn in conversation). h. often has difficultly waiting his or her turn (e.g., while waiting in line). i. often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations, games, or activities; may start using other people's things without asking or receiving permission; for adolescents and adults, may intrude into or take over what others are doing). B. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12 years C. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present in two or more settings (e.g., at home, school, or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities). D. There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning. E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder, substance intoxication or withdrawal).

Criteria for Conduct disorder

A. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of at least three of the following 15 criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months: Aggression to people and animals 1. Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others 2. Often initiates physical fights 3. Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., a bat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun). 4. Has been physically cruel to people 5. Has been physically cruel to animals 6. Has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery). 7. Has forced someone into sexual activity Destruction of property 8. Has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage 9. Has deliberately destroyed others' property (other than by fire setting). Deceitfulness or Theft 10. Has broken into someone else's house, building, or car. 11. Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., "cons" others). 12. Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering; forgery). Serious violations of rules 13. often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years. 14. has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in the parental or parental surrogate home, or once without returning for a lengthy period. 15. is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 years. B. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. C. If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for antisocial personality disorder.

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD? A. anxiety B. restlessness C. distractibility D. overactivity

A. Anxiety

Criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder

A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: 1. Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. 3. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. 5. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings 6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. 7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation. 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, stomachaches, nausea, vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated. B. the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults C. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder

Normal intelligence is classified as achieving intelligence test scores that _____ the mean IQ score of 100. a. Fall one standard deviation above or below b. Fall two standard deviations above or below c. Fall three standard deviations above or below d. Are exactly at

A. Fall one standard deviation above or below

What is the criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities C. Symptoms must be present in early childhood, D. Symptoms together limit and impair everyday functioning

Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text): 1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for example, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions. 2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, ranging, for example, from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication. 3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships, ranging, for example, from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers. B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text): 1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases). 2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior (e.g., extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food every day) 3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g., strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests). 4. Hyper- or hypoactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g., apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement). C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies in later life). D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning. E. These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delay. Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder frequently co-occur; to make comorbid diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, social communication should be below that expected for general developmental level. Note: individuals with a well-established DSM-IV diagnosis of autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified should be given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Individuals who have marked deficits in social communication, but whose symptoms do not otherwise meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder, should be evaluated for social (pragmatic) communication disorder.

attention and impulsiveness

ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining __________ and/or __________ and excessive or exaggerated motor activity

What are disruptive disorders?

ADHD, ODD, CD (conduct disorder)

the only neuropsychological syndrome for which antiviral therapy is likley to be helpful is

AIDS related dimensia

Aberrant salience means that a. enlarged brain ventricles cause people with schizophrenia to be unable to concentrate. b. a large amount of communication deviance in the family can cause a person with schizophrenia to relapse. c. dysregulated dopamine can cause people with schizophrenia to pay too much attention to stimuli that are not actually important. d. people with schizophrenia often show unusual motor behaviors.

Symptoms of Bilirubin encephalopathy

Abnormal levels of bilirubin (a toxic substance released by red cell destruction) in the blood; motor incoordination frequent

depression negative

According to Goldsmith and Rogoff (1997) mothers with ___________ often do not respond effectively to their children and tend to be less attuned to, and more ___________ toward their infants.

What neurotransmitter might be involved in delirium?

Acetylcholine

What is Brief Intermittent Psychosis?

Actual psychotic symptoms, but very brief (hearing clear voices for a minute or two)

Does vascular NCD have acute or insidious onset?

Acute

Adopted children who were high risk for schizophrenia, who were raised in healthy families, a. showed the same risk for schizophrenia as those adopted into dysfunctional families - genes were the most important factor. b. showed higher risk for schizophrenia than those adopted into dysfunctional families - they had trouble fitting in with the family. c. showed lower risk for schizophrenia than those adopted into dysfunctional families - a good environment may protect people with genetic vulnerabilities from developing schizophrenia. d. showed lower risk for schizophrenia than those adopted into dysfunctional families - the environment causes people to develop schizophrenia, not genes.

What is the advantage of using Pemoline to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder instead of Ritalin?

Pemoline has fewer side effects

What is blunted affect?

Affect (absence of emotional expression, blank facial expression)

What are negative symptoms?

Poverty of speech, blunted affect, loss of volition, loss of pleasure, social withdrawal

The definition of the term delusion is ________.

An erroneous belief that is fixed and firmly held despite clear contradictory evidence

What is "mass madness"?

An exhibition of disordered behavior by a group of people that appears to be caused by hysteria

What is Schizoaffective Disorder?

An uninterrupted period of illness in which there is a major mood episode concurrent with Criterion A of Schizophrenia - delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of major mood episodes - mood symptoms are present for the majority of the total duration of the illness

What is loss of pleasure?

Anhedonia - impaired anticipatory pleasure

Sean has been experiencing rapid mood shifts, anger, and anxiety. He has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. ________ medications are considered the safest and most useful for treating his symptoms.

Antidepressant

Biological interventions of Schizophrenia

Antipsychotics affect positive symptoms which interphere with dopamine system and glutamate

What does the unified label of Autism Spectrum Disorder include?

Asperger Syndrome, PDD-NOS, and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

How long do schizophrenic symptoms have to last for diagnosis?

At least 1 month

In one recent study, the _____ diet produced the most weight loss for those who followed it

Atkins

What are the most prevalent disorders?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders

What are the most common types of hallucinations in schizophrenics?

Auditory

An interesting and effective cognitive-behavioral anxiety prevention and treatment study in which children were taught to recognize and deal with their feelings, and parents were taught how to manage their anxious children's behavior, was implemented in which country?

Australia

What are the some of the reasons why Autism is becoming more commonly diagnosed?

Autism has always been a thing, we just didn't know what it was, definition has expanded, better diagnosis at both the differentiation and the identification, increased awareness

Which of the following is a true statement about autism spectrum disorder?

Autism is a complex disorder with a very strong heritable component.

________ is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors including deficits in language and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and impairments in social communication.

Autism spectrum disorder

Autistic disorder

Children with ________ are believed to be "mind blind," that is, they cannot take the attitude of or "see" things as others do. They are also deficient at locating and orienting to sounds in their environment. a. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder b. childhood disorder c. separation anxiety disorder d. autistic disorder

Autistic disorder

Children with ________ are deficient at locating and orienting to sounds in their environment.

Autistic disorder

Which of the following statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true? a. A causal relationship has been established between psychopathology and a parental divorce. B. There is a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce. C. The adverse effects of parental divorce are always temporary. While a relationship between parental divorce and psychopathology has been established, there are no data to suggest that divorced persons experience an increased rate of psychopathology.

B. There is a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce.

causal factors in childhood depression

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS -there appears to be an association between parental depression and behavioral and mood problems in children -children of parents with major depression are more impaired, receive more psychological treatment, and have more psychological diagnoses than children with parents with no psychological disorders. -other biological factors include: biological changes in the neonate as a result of alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy. LEARNING FACTORS -depressive symptoms and hopelessness are higher in Hong Kong than in the U.S. -children's exposure to early traumatic events can increase their risk for the development of depression -intense or persistent sensitization of the central nervous system in response to severe stress might induce hyperreactivity and alteration of the neurotransmitter system, leaving these children vulnerable to later depression -childhood depression has been found to be more common in divorced families -parenting problems and depressed mood in mothers are associated with depression in children -depressive symptoms are positively correlated with the tendency to attribute positive events to external, specific, and unstable causes and negative events to internal, global, and stable causes; with fatalistic thinking; and with feelings of hopelessness. for example, the child may responsd to peer rejection or teasing by concluding that he or she has some internal flaw

Treatment and outcomes for anxiety disorders

BIOLOGICALLY BASED TREATMENTS -psychopharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents is becoming more common today -fluoxetine helpful PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS -behavior therapy procedures, sometimes used in school settings, often help anxious children -such procedures include assertiveness training to provide help with mastering essential competencies and desensitization to reduce anxious behavior. -cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to be highly effective at reducing anxiety symptoms in young children

What is a psychological theory about what causes autism?

Bad parenting, known as a refrigerator mom - cold and nonresponsive - we know now it is not valid

Based on current research, which statement is most justified? a. Genetics play such a strong role, they are a sufficient condition for schizophrenia. b. Genetics increase a person's vulnerability to develop schizophrenia. c. Genetics may not be sufficient for schizophrenia, but everyone who develops schizophrenia must have some number of "schizophrenia genes." d. Genetics cannot play a significant role in the cause of schizophrenia because most people with the disorder have no close relatives who have it.

Based on developmental studies of children who later developed schizophrenia, a. it is usually impossible to detect early signs of the disorder. b. the first signs are usually delusions or hallucinations. c. the first signs are usually seen in the way children move. d. the first signs are usually seen in speech problems.

What is schizophreniform disorder? What are diagnostic criteria?

Basically time-limited schizophrenia Good premorbid social and occupational functioning Normal affect Onset of psychotic symptoms within a month of first noticeable change in behaviour

What genetic factor can associate with cannabis use to increase risk of schizophrenia?

COMT Met-Val allele

Tardive Dyskinesia

Can be irreversible

What are the psychomotor symptoms?

Catatonic stupor, rigidity, posturing, and excitement

Ritalin

Central nervous system stimulant often used to treat ADHA

What are semantic hallucinations?

Change in body or head that is unusual change

negative emotional

Children who are exposed to __________ parental behavior or negative ____________ states may develop depressed affect themselves (Herman-Stahl & Peterson, 1999).

What is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

Children who develop conduct disorder often have oppositional defiant disorder first.

What is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder? a. Children who develop conduct disorder often have oppositional defiant disorder first. b. Almost every case of oppositional defiant disorder develops into conduct disorder. c. Before children develop oppositional defiant disorder, they have conduct disorder. d. Children who develop conduct disorder almost never had oppositional defiant disorder.

Children who develop conduct disorder often have oppositional defiant disorder first.

What conclusions can be made about ADHD beyond childhood?

Children with ADHD are at an increased risk for drug abuse, educational failure, and other problems later in life.

separation anxiety

Children with _____ ______ disorder are described by their parents as shy, sensitive, nervous, submissive, easily discouraged, worried and frequently moved to tears.

A clinician sits down with an individual and conducts an assessment interview. The clinician arrives at a diagnosis of schizophrenia. While writing up the notes on this interview, the clinician is mindful of preferred terminology by mental health professionals. What is the preferred way to refer to the individual in the assessment?

Client with schizophrenia

What is the criteria for Deficits in social communication criteria?

Clinically significant, persistent deficits in social communication and interactions, as manifested by all of the following: A. Marked deficits in nonverbal and verbal communication used for social interaction (no eye contact, gesturing, expressiveness) B. Lack of social-emotional reciprocity C. Failure to develop, maintain, and understand relationships

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for people with schizophrenia a. tries to help people learn a trade so they can earn a living. b. tries to help people gain the skills they need for daily living. c. tries to help people find the services they need in the community. d. tries to help people question their delusions to help reduce their intensity.

Selective mutism

Condition that involves the persistent failure to speak in specific social situations and interferes with educational or social adjustment.

What has been found to be the most effective approach to the treatment of enuresis?

Conditioning procedures

Virtually all cases of conduct disorder are preceded developmentally by ODD, but not all children with ODD go on to develop

Conduct disorder within a 3-year period

Which behavior pattern is extremely unlikely to be found in a child with conduct disorder?

Constant worry about minor issues

What role does the environment play in delirium?

Constantly changing environment, or lack of orienting stimuli, can worsen delirium

A test in which a subject is required to attend to a series of letters or numbers and then detect an intermittently presented target stimulus that appears on the screen along with the letters or numbers is known as the________

Continuous Performance Test

Which of the following is a symptom of Tourette's syndrome?

Coprolalia

Of the several environmental influences listed in the chapter which make children vulnerable to psychological problems, which one can also protect children from these problems?

Dependence on adults

Name one prion disease.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

What is Delusions with significant overlapping mood episodes?

Cross between mood disorder and schizoaffective

For years, Fred had experiences long episodes of low mood, some lethargy, and some difficulty falling asleep. At other times he experiences periods of elevated mood and more energy than usual. These periods do not, however, meaningfully interfere with his day-to-day functioning. If he met criteria for a mood disorder, which of the following best describes Fred?

Cyclothymia

Major Depression is to Persistent Depressive Disorder as Bipolar Disorder is to _______

Cyclothymic Disorder

Janet has social anxiety disorder. What is most likely to help her?

D-cyloserine and exposure therapy

Which two dopamine receptor types are likely implicated in schizophrenia? What kinds of symptoms do they account for?

D2 - striatum - positive symptoms D1 - prefrontal cortex - negative symptoms

Name 3 brain areas that show damage in schizophrenics.

DLPFC, striatum, thalamus

What are two neural circuits that may be disrupted in delirium patients?

DLPFC/posterior cingulate cortex Thalamus/reticular activating system

What were neurocognitive disorders called in the original DSM? in the DSM-IV?

DSM = organic mental disorders DSM-IV = cognitive disorders DSM-V = neurocognitive disorders

When did Autism first become a distinct disorder?

DSM III, through research during the 1970s

Today, there are two major psychiatric classification systems in use: the ICD-10, and the ____________________.

DSM-5

DeJuan is highly suggestible and automatically obeys the commands of his brother. He sometimes stands in the same strange posture for hours despite his hands and feet becoming swollen due to immobility. This has been going on for over a year. Which diagnosis does this best illustrate? a. schizophrenia b. schizoaffective disorder c. schizotypal disorder d. schizophreniform disorder

What are initial symptoms of vascular NCD?

Decline in speed of information processing and executive functioning

Which of the following has been associated with autism?

Defective genes or radiation damage

Patients with this condition may hold beliefs that are false and absurd to the people around them. However, they otherwise behave quite normally

Delusional disorder

Delusions are a. perceptions with no basis in reality. b. only seen in schizophrenia. c. necessary for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. d. disturbances in the content of thought.

What is the difference between delusions in delusional disorder and schizophrenia?

Delusions in delusional disorder tend to be possible but unlikely, whereas in schizophrenia they're pretty impossible.

What are some emotional side-effects of neurocognitive disorder?

Delusions, depression, agitation, aggression, apathy

What are positive symptoms?

Delusions, disorganization of thought and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, inappropriate affect

Encopresis

Disorder in children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Disorder of childhood characterized by difficulties that interfere with task-oriented behavior, such as impulsivity, excessive motor activity, and difficulties in sustaining attention

Sleepwalking Disorder

Disorder of childhood that involves repeated episodes of leaving the bed and walking around without being conscious of the experience or remembering it later. Also known as somnambulism.

sleepwalking disorder

Disorder of childhood that involves repeated episodes of leaving the bed and walking around without being conscious of the experience or remembering it later. Also known as somnambulism

causes of Riemann-Pick's disease

Disorder of lipoid metabolism

causes of Tay-Sachs disease

Disorder of lipoid metabolism carried by a single recessive gene

Disorganized schizophrenia a. is most commonly seen in women. b. is characterized by disorganized speech. c. usually develops in late adulthood. d. responds well to treatment.

delusion

Disturbances in the content of thought and an erroneous belief that is fixed and firmly held despite contradictory evidence is considered a ____

What is some evidence against the dopamine hypothesis?

Don't know if it's too much dopamine, receptors, or sensitivity, medications take a long time to work, evidence of excess dopamine does not exist, dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter involved (serotonin is too)

What is inappropriate affect?

Emotions that are unsuited to the situation - laughing while someone dies, crying when something good happens

What is common among children with autism?

Encopresis

Enlarged brain ventricles a. are seen in all schizophrenics. b. suggest that there has been a loss of brain tissue. c. are more commonly seen in the brains of paranoid schizophrenics. d. can be used to confirm a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder.

What are two elimination disorders?

Enuresis and encopresis

What are the specifiers for delusional disorder?

Erotomanic (idea that a celebrity is in love with you) Grandiose (belief that you have a special status or power or ability) Jealous (belief your partner is being unfaithful) Persecutory (belief someone is trying to harm you Somatic - belief your bodily functions are somehow abnormal

Who invented the term 'schizophrenia'? What was his big difference of opinion with Kraepelin?

Eugen Bleuler (1908) He believed schizophrenia was due to associative splitting of basic personality traits

Attractive babies and unattractive babies tend to be treated differently. In other words, an infant's physical phenotype may alter how others respond to him or her. What type of genotype-environment correlation is this an example of?

Evocative

What is the aluminum hypothesis?

Exposure to aluminum contributes to Alzheimer's (but it's probably garbage)

What are some environmental factors on schizophrneia?

Expressed emotion, stressful life events, social class (higher in inner cities), season of birth

Extrapyramidal side effects a. are involuntary movements that result mainly from taking first-generation antipsychotic drugs. b. are often fatal side-effects from second-generation antipsychotic drugs. c. are an increase in mood (reduction in depression) that occurs in people with schizoaffective disorder. d. are voluntary, unusual movements that result mainly from taking second-generation antipsychotic drugs.

What's a big problem with antipsychotics (especially conventional antipsychotics)?

Extrapyramidal symptoms - parkinsonism, akinesia, tardive dyskinesia

Tourette's disorder

Extreme tic disorder involving uncontrollable multiple motor and vocal patterns

Tourettes syndrome

Extreme tic disorder involving uncontrollable multiple motor and vocal patterns.

Munchausen's syndrome by proxy is a variant of which of the following disorders?

Factitious disorder

Which psychological treatment(s) for ADHD has (have) been effective?

Family therapy Behavioral therapy techniques Selective reinforcement

What are tactile hallucinations?

Feeling things that may not be there, such as crawling or electric shocks

developmental psychopathology

Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur.

First-generation antipsychotics a. work by blocking dopamine receptors. b. are not effective. c. produce few side effects. d. include Risperdal and Zyprexa.

What are the causal factors in intellectual disability?

GENETIC-CHROMOSOMAL FACTORS -intellectual disability, especially mild disability, tends to run in families. -In such conditions, genetic aberrations(a departure from normal) are responsible for metabolic alterations that adversely affect the brain's development. -In general, intellectual disability associated with known genetic-chromosomal defects is moderate to severe. INFECTIONS AND TOXIC AGENTS -If a pregnant woman is infected with a virus or if she gets German measles, her child may suffer brain damage. -A number of toxic agents such as carbon monoxide and lead may cause brain damage during fetal development or after birth -similarly, if taken by a pregnant woman, certain drugs, including an excess of alcohol, may lead to congenital malformations -In rare cases, brain damage results from incompatibility in blood types between mother and fetus TRAUMA (PHYSICAL INJURY) -physical injury at birth can result in intellectual disability -bleeding within the brain is probably the most common result of such birth trauma. -hypoxia - lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain stemming from delayed breathing or other causes IONIZING RADIATION -radiation may act directly on the fertilized ovum or may produce gene mutations in the sex cells of either or both parents MALNUTRITION AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL FACTORS -malnutrition may affect mental development more indirectly by altering a child's responsiveness, curiosity, and motivation to learn. -a limited number of cases of intellectual disability are clearly associated with organic brain pathology. In some instances - particularly of the severe and profound types - the specific causes are uncertain or unknown, although extensive brain pathology is evident

What are biological causes of autism?

Genes, and brain overgrowth - the head circumference is higher, and the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes are bigger from growing too fast - neural pruning not working as it should

According to the Diathesis-Stress Model, what causes Schizophrenia?

Genetically inherited genes and environmental stress

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing substance abuse

low SES status

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that researchers suspect might be involved in schizophrenia because a. it makes dopamine. b. it causes the ventricles to enlarge. c. it is missing in the brains of people with schizophrenia. d. alterations in glutamate levels can produce schizophrenic-like symptoms in normal subjects.

What is tangentiality?

Going off on a tangent instead of answering the question

What kind of memory do autistic people have?

Good long term memory but bad working memory

What are the schizophreniform specifiers good prognostic or without prognostic indicators?

Good prognostic - good premorbid function before getting ill, no bad affect, onset of symptoms is rapid, confusion - means they are likely to get better Without prognostic - the opposite of good prognostic

Which virus commonly causes NCD? What are some symptoms?

HIV/AIDS Cognitive slowness, impaired attention, forgetfulness, clumsiness, repetitive movements, socially withdrawn

Hallucinations are a. sensory experiences with no basis in reality. b. only seen in schizophrenia. c. necessary for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. d. disturbances in the content of thought.

Which drug is often used to treat delirium? What kind of drug is this?

Haloperidol; antipsychotic

Harold and Tanya both have a wide range of schizophrenic symptoms. Harold's symptoms have lasted for eight months; Tanya's have lasted only eight weeks. According to the DSM-5, their diagnoses should be a. schizophrenia for Harold; schizophreniform disorder for Tanya. b. disorganized schizophrenia for Harold; schizophrenia for Tanya. c. schizoaffective disorder for Harold; schizophreniform disorder for Tanya. d. schizophreniform disorder for Harold; brief psychotic disorder for Tanya.

What was the big discovery of Brown et al regarding schizophrenia?

He found that patients whose families were high on expressed emotion were 4x more likely to relapse

What is a possible precursor for delusional disorder?

Hearing loss - more common in females around the age of 40

What are auditory hallucinations?

Hearing voices no one else can hear (in eastern and European cultures the voices tend to be positive - in western countries voices more negative)

What is a deterministic gene?

If you have it, you're almost 100% certain to develop a disease

What are loose associations?

Ideas jump from one to another, with the result that the person wanders further and further away from the topic

What are delusions?

Ideas that an individual believes but have no basis in fact - of persecution, of reference, of grandeur, of control

If schizophrenia were exclusively a genetic disorder, a. anyone with schizophrenia in his or her family history would develop schizophrenia. b. the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be 100 percent. c. marrying a schizophrenic would not increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia. d. numerous cures would now be available.

How genetic is autism?

If someone in your family has it, you have a greater risk of having it. For example, if an older sibling has it, 10x more likely that you will have it

Henry is concerned about his heart's health. Although he experiences no physical symptoms, he goes to the doctor once or twice a month to "just to be sure." At each visit, his doctor confirms that his heart is perfectly normal. Despite this, Henry has been compulsive about only eating only low cholesterol and very low fat foods, although he doesn't really enjoy most of his food choices. Which of the following disorders is Henry most likely to be diagnosed with?

Illness anxiety disorder

What is delirium?

Impaired consciousness and cognition during the course of several hours or days

Which trait/marker is often associated with schizophrenia?

Impaired smooth-pursuit eye movements

What are symptoms of Lewy body disease?

Impairment in alertness and attention, visual hallucinations, motor impairment

What are symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Impairment in memory, orientation, judgement and reasoning Unable to integrate new information Forget important events, lose things Tend to lose interest in others and activities Aphasia Apraxia Agnosia

Dyslexia

Impairment of the ability to read.

focal

In contrast to diffuse damage, _______ brain lesions involve circumscribed areas of abnormal change in brain structure.

Symptoms of Turner's syndrome

In females only; webbing of neck, increased carrying angle of forearm, and sexual infantilism; intellectual disability may occur but is infrequent

In genetic studies, a "proband" or "index case" is someone who a. is related to someone with the disorder of interest. b. shows signs of the disorder of interest. c. shares at least 25 percent of his or her genes with an affected subject. d. has the disorder of interest.

Symptoms of Klinefelter's syndrome

In males only; features vary from case to case, the only constant finding being the presence of small testes after puberty

What are the three components of ADHD?

Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

While there are some who suggest that the __________ subtype of ADHD should be a separate diagnostic category, there are others who feel that the evidence does not warrant such a change at this time.

Inattentive

What is a sign of developing schizophrenia in a child?

Increased negative affect

Individuals with delusional disorder differ from those with schizophrenia in that a. they behave relatively normally other than the delusions. b. their delusions are not well-formed. c. they know their delusions are delusions. d. they rarely act on their delusions.

Childhood and adult depression differ in what way?

Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression

Childhood and adult depression differ in what way?

Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression.

Childhood and adult depression differ in what way? a. Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression. b. Altered eating habits are not seen in childhood depression. c. Adult depression does not remit without pharmacological intervention. d. Altered hormone levels are not seen in children.

Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression.

Maria believes that her dead grandmother occasionally speaks to her. In deciding if Maria has a mental illness or not, which of the following should first be evaluated?

Is Maria's belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture?

Separation anxiety disorder is best illustrated by which of the following people?

Isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him.

Separation anxiety disorder is best illustrated by which of the following people? a. Thomas, who is fiercely independent of other children and his parents. b. Harriet, who refuses to talk to her teachers or adults other than her parents. c. Isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him. d. Chuck, who is afraid he will be beaten by bullies at school.

Isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him.

What does the term etiology mean relative to psychological disorders?

It concerns the causes of psychological disorders.

What did a study of smoking find about Alzheimer's? Why was the study likely flawed?

It found that smokers have lower rates of Alzheimer's. But, that's probably because smokers tend to die earlier

What are some common misconceptions of schizophrenia?

It is not multiple personality disorder, they do not tend to be violent, and not all cases are chronic

What is the role of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP)?

It is the area of the brain that is activated by drugs and that produces euphoria.

It is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12.

Brad has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The disorder began around age 12 and is characterized by disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. What aspect of this case is unusual? a. It is unusual for children with ODD to be boys. b. It is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12. c. It is unusual for children with ODD to be hostile toward authority figures. d. Nothing about this case is unusual.

It is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12.

What is behavioural family therapy?

It teaches families to be empathetic, learn constructive ways to express negative feelings, and to problem-solve

What is the difference in schizophrenia for males and females?

It tends to be worse for males, possibly because they tend to be impacted earlier

What is Weinberger's model of schizophrenia?

It's a developmental disease - early motor problems can predict it, IQ tends to be lower earlier in life, frequent obsteric complications (complications from birth)

What's weird about clozapine?

It's a really weak dopamine antagonist, but can be effective against schizo when other drugs fail

Joe has a delusional belief. When people argue with him, a. he admits he could be wrong. b. he only admits he is wrong after being shown more proof than most people would need. c. he doesn't admit he is wrong to other people, but he admits it to himself. d. he doesn't admit he could be wrong, no matter what proof he is shown.

The first detailed clinical description of what we now recognize to be schizophrenia was offered in 1810 by ____

John Haslam

Julia clearly had psychotic symptoms. As she also showed symptoms of bipolar disorder, she was ultimately diagnosed with a. residual type. b. schizoaffective disorder. c. schizophreniform disorder. d. undifferentiated type.

What is delusional disorder?

Just delusions

Which of the following is a legal term used to describe individuals between the ages of 8 and 18 who commit illegal acts?

Juvenile Delinquency

What are some early cognitive signs of schizophrenia?

Kids may show abnormal reflexes and inattentiveness

Kraepelin used the term "praecox" to convey that schizophrenia typically develops early in life. The actual age of onset of the condition a. typically is during the early teenage years. b. typically is during the mid-twenties. c. typically is during the mid-thirties. d. typically is during the mid-forties.

What is anhedonia?

Lack of pleasure; indifference toward usually pleasurable activities

Who and when first described Down Syndrome?

Langdon Down in 1866

What is the prodromal phase?

Leading up to the first episode of psychosis - have some psychotic symptoms but not a complete episode - the longer it is, the worse the condition is

________ are delays in cognitive development in the areas of language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills that are not necessarily due to any demonstrable physical or neurological defect.

Learning disabilities

juvenile delinquency

Legal term used to refer to illegal acts committed by minors

Juvenile deliquincy

Legal term used to refer to illegal acts committed by minors.

Is there an epidemic of depression and bipolar disorder among children and adolescents?

Many experts theorize that the increase reflects the fact that doctors are more aggressively applying the diagnosis to children, not an indication that the incidence of the disorder has increased. -the growth in the rate of bipolar disorder - diagnosed discharges might reflect a "progressive rebranding" of hte same clinical phenomena for which hospitalized children previously received different diagnoses such as ADHD.

which is a good example of a person with an impairment of orientation?

Marlon, who is not sure where he is or what month or year it is

Which of the following is true of cannabis

Medical marijuana has evidence for helping with the symptoms of medical conditions and treatments like multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and chemotherapy

What is some evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

Medications blocking dopamine tend to work, the more dopamine that is blocked by a medication the better it works, if you give patients dopamine their psychotic symptoms get worse, drugs that increase dopamine cause psychotic symptoms similar to schizophrenia

Is vascular NCD more common in men or women?

Men

Disability severity and IQ ranges

Mild disability = 50-55 to approximately 70 Moderate disability = 35-40 to 50-55 Severe disability = 20-25 to 35-40 Profound disability = below 20-25

Moira is schizophrenic. She giggles a lot, acts silly, and talks "baby talk." She experiences frequent auditory hallucinations and bizarre delusions. Moira most likely belongs to the ________ subtype of schizophrenia. a. disorganized b. undifferentiated c. residual d. catatonic

What is schizoaffective disorder?

Mood disorder + hallucinations/delusions

sleepwalking takes place during

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, and sleeping walking episodes usually last only a few minutes

At Nadia's last therapy session, Nadia's psychologist noted that she was displaying apathy meaning ____

Nadia was emotionally underractive and seemed indifferent to people or events

Who mapped the genetic location of the Huntington's gene? What chromosome is it on?

Nancy Wexler Chromosome 4

Parental overvaluation is associated with which personality disorder?

Narcissistic

Do older adults tend to show more positive or negative symptoms?

Negative

Negative symptoms a. are those that are harmful. b. are more disturbing to the patient than positive symptoms. c. are a common side effect of antipsychotic medications. d. are characterized as an absence or deficit of normal behaviors.

What is Type 2 Schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms, was not doing well before onset, poor responsiveness to anti psychotic drugs as well as poor outcome of disorder, possible abnormal brain structures

Neurodevelopmental disorders

What are two physiological causes of Alzheimer's disease?

Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

Neuroimaging studies of hallucinating patients suggest that auditory hallucinations a. are actually heard. b. are usually drug induced. c. may reflect a cognitive error. d. activate the brain areas involved in speech comprehension.

Which class of medication is the most predictably effective in reducing tics

Neuroleptics

Is schizophrenia culturally bound?

No, it's universal

Having basic problems in social cognition is one symptom associated with schizophrenia. Which of the following is an example of a lack of social cognition?

Not being able to pick up on emotions associated with facial expressions.

Explain the nun study.

Nuns who wrote less elaborately in their journals were more likely to develop Alzheimer's later on.

What genetic factor has been cited as a cause of anxiety disorders in children?

OCD

What genetic factor has been cited as a cause of anxiety disorders in children?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

One aspect of family environment that has been found to be important in schizophrenia is a. the level of expressed emotion. b. the level of parental grief over their child's illness. c. if the mother is cold and aloof. d. if lots of double-bind communications are used.

One disadvantage of early descriptions of schiziophrenia, such as Kraepelin's use of the term "dementia praecox," is that a. they assumed that what we call schizophrenia only occurred in elderly patients. b. they were actually describing Alzheimer's dementia, not schizophrenia. c. they did not distinguish between the varying types of schizophrenia that we know about today. d. they assumed the intellectual functioning of patients remained constant even as their bodies aged.

One-on-one psychotherapy for people with schizophrenia a. shows very little promise. b. seems to be very effective when combined with medication. c. is an effective replacement for medication. d. has many side effects.

An important precursor of the antisocial behavior seen in children who develop conduct disorder is often what is now called

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and categorized under disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder in DSM-5

What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior?

Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

____ is a weight-loss drug that works by reducing the amount of fat in the diet that can be absorbed once it enters the gut

Orlistat

causal factors of delinquency

PERSONAL PATHOLOGY -some evidence suggests that possible hereditary contributions to criminality BRAIN DAMAGE AND LEARNING DISABILITY -brain pathology results in lowered inhibitory controls and a tendency toward episodes of violent behavior PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS -over half of delinquents show evidence of mental disorders ANTISOCIAL TRAITS -impulsive, defiant, resentful, devoid of feelings of remorse or guilt, incapable of establishing and maintaining close interpersonal ties, and seemingly unable to profit from experience DRUG ABUSE -many delinquent acts - particularly theft, prostitution, and assault are directly associated with alcohol or drug use PATHOGENIC FAMILY PATTERNS PARENTAL ABSENCE OR FAMILY CONFLICT -parental conflict m ay be a key element in causing delinquency PARENTAL REJECTION AND FAULTY DISCIPLINE -Adolescnets who experience alienation from both parents have been found to be more prone to delinquent behavior UNDESIRABLE PEER RELATIONSHIPS -about 2/3 of delinquent acts are committed in association with one or two other people -Broad social conditions may also tend to produce or support delinquency -key importance: alienation and rebellion, social rejection, and hte psychological support afforded by membership in a delinquent gang -gang membership gives them a sense of belonging and a means of gaining some measure of status and approval

The grouping of personality disorders known as cluster A includes ________ disorders.

Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorders.

Which of the following is a risk factor for ODD and conduct disorder?

Parental psychopathology

Which of the following is a risk factor for ODD and conduct disorder?

Parental psychopathology.

The second most common neurodegenerative disorder is ____

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following disorders is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors or rigid movements?

Parkinson's disease

Echolalia

Parrot-like repetition of a few words or phrases.

What is attenuated psychosis syndrome?

Patient has early symptoms of schizophrenia, but are aware of the abnormality of their symptoms

Patients in a catatonic stupor a. are highly suggestible. b. experience overwhelming hallucinations. c. exhibit both echopraxia and echolalia. d. show pronounced motor signs.

What is clanging?

Pattern of sounds seem to govern word choice rather than logical patterns (some words sound nice together but make no sense)

which person is least likely to have a good recovery from moderate brain injury

Paul, who was severely depressed

Mainsteaming

Placement of mentally retarded children in regular school classrooms for all or part of the day.

What is the key difference between positive and negative symptoms?

Positive symptoms are the presence of something that is normally absent, while negative symptoms are the absence of something that is normally present

What is Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome?

Positive symptoms but to a lesser degree, never crystallize all the way - prodromal period in schizophrenia

What is Type 1 Schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms, do pretty well before getting ill, good responsiveness to antipsychotic drugs, fair outcome, abnormal neurotransmitter activity

Dr. Smith believes that a decrease in frontal lobe function underlies the cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. He has hypothesized that effective drug therapy serves to selectively increase metabolic activity in this part of the brain. Which of the following is Dr. Smith most likely to use to test his hypothesis?

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

What is delusional disorder?

Presence of one or more delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer, has never met criteria for schizophrenia, apart from delusions, function is not impaired and behavior not weird - usually goes away on its own

What is Brief Psychotic Disorder?

Presence of one or more of the following: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior - duration is more than one day but less than one month - tend ot have a full recovery

Which Alzheimer's genes are deterministic?

Presenilin 1 & 2

________ rates may be reported in terms of the lifetime risk of contracting a particular disorder.

Prevalence

Why is it better to look at incidence of NCD over prevalence?

Prevalence can be affected by survival rates, while incidence rates cannot

When Marilyn's psychiatrist informed her family that she suffered from schizophrenia, her family members recalled that other family members had behaved like Marilyn. If a geneticist wanted to trace the family's biological history of schizophrenia, he or she would use Marilyn as (the) ________

Proband

Macrocephaly

Rare type of mental retardation characterized by an increase in the size and weight of the brain enlargement of the skull, visual impairment convulsions and other neurological symptoms resulting from abnormal growth of glial cells that form the supporting

macrocephaly

Rare type of mental retardation characterized by an increase in the size and weight of the brain, enlargement of the skull, visual impairment, convulsions, and other neurological symptoms resulting from abnormal growth of glial cells that form the supporting structure for brain tissue.

What is the 2nd order of Theory of Mind?

Realizing someone can have a belief about someone else that is different from reality

What is the 1st order of Theory of Mind?

Realizing someone might be thinking something not true - typically age 4 - means kids can't really lie

According to the DSM-5,which of the following is necessary to render a diagnosis of pedophilia

Recurrent, intense fantasies about sexual activity with a pubertal child

Childhood anxiety disorders are associated with which of the following factors?

Refusing to go to school.

Childhood anxiety disorders are associated with which of the following factors? a. A deficit in conditionability to aversive stimuli. b. Maladaptive learning from an underprotective parent. c. Refusing to go to school. d. Parental substance abuse.

Refusing to go to school.

What is alogia?

Relative absence of speech

hydrocephaly

Relatively rare condition in which the accumulation of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull

Hydrocephalus

Relatively rare condition in which the accumulation of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull.

What is perseveration?

Repetition of thoughts or statement (make the same mistakes over again, say the same phrase over again)

What is stimming?

Repetitive motor movements

What is catatonic rigidity?

Resists effort to be moved

What can result in long-term impairments in face perception?

Restricted visual input during infancy

What is the criteria for Restricted and Repetitive Behavior Criteria?

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least two of the following A. Stereotypes or repetitive motor or verbal behaviors (echolalia, repetitive use of objects) B. Excessive adherence to routines or insistence on sameness (distress to small changes) C. Restricted fixated interests (like an extreme hobby) that is abnormal in intensity and focus D. Unusual sensory behaviors (adverse reaction to specific sounds and textures, fascination with lights or spinning objects)

The projective test called the ____________________ is the inkblot test used in personality assessments.

Rorschach

What is a biological method of treating autism?

SSRIs and anti-psychotics - not nearly as effective as behavioral

The diagnosis is used to describe people who have features of schizophrenia and severe mood disorder

Schizoaffective disorder

Sam shows little emotion and is a loner. He has no social relationships, other than his family, and he seems to experience little pleasure, if any. What personality disorder might Sam have?

Schizoid

_________ is a category reserved for schizophrenia- like psychosis that lasts at least a month but does not last for 6 months and so does not warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia disorder

Schizophrenia is best described as a a. genetically influenced single gene disorder. b. genetically influenced multiple gene disorder. c. genetically determined single gene disorder. d. genetically determined multiple gene disorder.

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

Schizophrenia is caused by excess dopamine activity - comes from research on phenothiazenes that block receptor sites for dopamine

Autism, ADHD, and intellectual

Schizophrenia may be one form of neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic links to ______, _________, and ___________ disabilities

Schizophrenia occurs in about ________ of the general population. a. 1 out of 1,000 b. 1 out of 100 c. 1 out of 10 d. 1 out of 10,000

If someone with schizophrenia does not have a mood disorder for over 50% of the time, what would you diagnose them with?

Schizophrenia with combordid mood disorder

What is some EEG evidence for the etiology behind delusions?

Schizophrenics with intense delusions show reduced N400 wave

What are visual hallucinations?

Seeing things that are not real such as shadows or distortions

__________________ is the most common of the childhood anxiety disorders.

Separation anxiety disorder

Pervasive developmental disorder (PDDs)

Severely disabling conditions marked by deficits in language perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and inability to function in social situations.

causes of Klinefelter's syndrome

Sex chromosome anomaly (XXY)

What is another name for folie a deux, and what is it?

Shared psychotic disorder - someone develops delusions as a result of a close relationship with someone who is delusional

Name some symptoms of neurocognitive disorder.

Short-term memory loss Visuospatial impairment Agnosia Impairment in planning/abstract reasoning

Mental retardation

Significantly sub average general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning and is obvious during the developmental period.

What are delusions of reference?

Similar to ideas of reference, taking a stimulus and interpreting it as meaningful (a sneeze is sending you a message)

Which of the following is not listed in the DSM-5 under elimination disorders?

Sleepwalking disorder

What are olfactory hallucinations?

Smelling things that aren't there

What are some sociocultural influences on schizophrenia?

Social labeling (you are labeled so you cannot get out of role), family dysfunction, expressed emotion, bidirectional interactions

What is Psychotic Disorder due to a general medical condition?

Some conditions can cause psychotic symptoms, such as tumors

What is Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder?

Some substance mimics psychosis, give if symptoms have not worn off by the time the substance does

By far, the most common childhood anxiety disorder is:

Specific Phobia

What is the active phase?

Starts with the 1st psychotic episode, lots of symptoms that impair function

Sterling believes that the TV special that was on last night was shown to tell her that she should break up with her boyfriend. She is absolutely certain this is true and plans to do it. This type of belief is an example of a a. thought broadcasting delusion. b. delusion of reference. c. made feelings delusion. d.thought insertion delusion.

_______________ are the most common types of medications used in the treatment of ADHD.

Stimulants

What are symptoms of Parkinson's disease? Which neurotransmitter is involved?

Stooped posture, slow body movements, tremors, jerkiness in walking Soft monotone voice Dopamine

Studies of adopted children who were at high-risk for developing schizophrenia found that which of the following appeared to increase the likelihood that these children would show high levels of thought disorders? a. Vague, confusing, and unclear communication b. Physical abuse c. Permissive parenting d. Divorce

Studies of family concordance patterns for schizophrenia have found a. little evidence of increased concordance with increased gene-sharing. b. such strong correspondence between gene-sharing and diagnosis that environmental factors have been ruled out. c. strong correspondence between gene-sharing and diagnosis but only for males. d. that the more genetically related you are to someone with schizophrenia, the greater your risk of the disorder.

Studies of monochorionic and dichorionic twins a. offer further evidence of the role of the prenatal environment in schizophrenia. b. suggest that schizophrenia is more heritable than previously thought. c. indicate that the risk of developing schizophrenia is not altered by the prenatal environment. d. establish that genetic relatedness to an affected individual has nothing to do with one's risk of developing schizophrenia.

Studies of the offspring of nonschizophrenic co-twins from discordant twin pairs suggest that a. environmental factors play a more important role than genetic factors in the origin of schizophrenia. b. genetic factors cause schizophrenia, while environmental factors are essentially unimportant. c. a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may remain unexpressed in some individuals unless it is released by some unknown environmental factors. d. the heritability of schizophrenia involves the transmission of a single dominant gene.

Studies on neurocognition have found that people with schizophrenia a. are unable to pay attention on demand b. can't control their thoughts from jumping from topic to topic. c. have abnormal neurochemical changes in response to negative thoughts. d. get too focused on one thing and tune out the rest of the real world.

Does Huntington's tend to affect cortical or subcortical areas of the brain?

Subcortical

In order to diagnose delusional disorder, what causes of delusions must be ruled out?

Substance-induced psychosis Brain tumors/other medical condition

What is the provisional specifier for the schizophreniform disorder?

Symptom are ongoing but it is not schizophrenia yet

What is "sundowner syndrome"?

Symptoms of Alzheimer's tend to get worse at the end of the day

Special factors associated with treatment of children and adolescents

THE CHILD'S INABILITY TO SEEK ASSISTANCE -The law identifies four areas in which treatment without parental consent is permitted: (1) in the case of mature minors (those considered capable of making decisions about themselves); (2) in the case of emancipated minors (those living independently, away from their parents); (3) in emergency situations; and (4) in situations in which a court orders treatment VULNERABILITIES THAT PLACE CHILDREN AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS -children and youth who experience or are exposed to violence are at increased risk for developing psychological disorders -parental substance abuse has also been found to be associated with the vulnerability of children to develop psychological disorders -physical or sexual abuse, parental divorce, family turbulence, and homelessness can place young people at great risk for emotional distress and subsequent maladaptive behavior NEED FOR TREATING PARENTS AS WELL AS CHILDREN -in some instances, in fact, the treatment program may focus on the parents entirely, as in the case of child abuse POSSIBILITY OF USING PARENTS AS CHANGE AGENTS -In essence, parents can be used as change agents by training them in techniques that enable them to help their child. PROBLEM OF PLACING A CHILD OUTSIDE THE FAMILY -Most communities have juvenile facilities that, day or night, will provide protective care and custody for young victims of unfit homes, abandonment, abuse, neglect, and related conditions. -four types of facilities are commonly relied on: (1) foster homes; (2) private institutions for the care of children such as group homes; (3) county or state institutions, and (4) the homes of relatives. -There is evidence to suggest that foster-home placement has more positive effects than group-home placement -children and adolescents in foster homes tend to require more mental health services than do other children VALUE OF INTERVENING BEFORE PROBLEMS BECOME ACUTE -psychologists are attempting to identify conditions in the children's lives that seem likely to bring about or maintain behavior problems and, where such conditions exist, to intervene before development has been seriously distorted -individual and small-group psychological therapy might be implemented for victims of trauma; support programs might operate through school-based interventions; or community-based programs might be implemented to reduce the posttraumatic symptoms -Early intervention has the double goal of reducing the stressors in a child's life and strengthening the child's coping mechanisms.

Treatment and outcomes for conduct disorder and ODD

THE COHESIVE FAMILY MODEL -in this family-group-oriented approach, parents of children with conduct disorder are viewed as lacking in parenting skills and as behaving in inconsistent ways, thereby reinforcing inappropriate behavior and failing to socialize their children BEHAVIORAL AND BIOLOGICALLY BASED TREATMENTS -the effectiveness of behavior therapy techniques and biologically based treatments has made the outlook brighter for children with conduct disorder -a recent study of treating depression and oppositional defiant behavior with the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac), and cognitive behavior therapy found a reduction in oppositionality over those not receiving the medication -teaching control techniques to the parents of such children is particularly important so that they can function as therapists in reinforcing desirable behavior and modifying the environmental conditions that have been reinforcing maladaptive behavior in their children

What are some treatments, outcomes, and prevention for intellectual disability?

TREATMENT FACILITIES AND METHODS -Most authorities agree that this(placing a child in an institution) should be considered as a last resort -Children who are institutionalized fall into two groups (1) those who, in infancy and childhood, manifest severe intellectual disability and associated physical impairment and who enter an institution at an early age; and (2) those who have no physical impairments but show relatively mild intellectual disability and a failure to adjust socially in adolescence, eventually being institutionalized chiefly because of delinquency or other problem behavior. -Education for All Handicapped Children Act, asserts the right of intellectually disabled people to be educated at public expense in the least restrictive environment possible -small private hospitals specializing in rehabilitative techniques -group homes or halfway houses integrated into the local community -nursing homes for the elderly with intellectual disability -the placement of children with severe intellectual disability in more enriched foster-home environments -varied forms of support to the family for own-home care -employment services EDUCATION AND INCLUSION PROGRAMMING -educational and training procedures involve mapping out target areas of improvement such as personal grooming, social behavior, basic academic skills, and (for retarded adults) simply occupational skills.

Which of the following is TRUE concerning sleepwalking disorder?

Takes place during non-REM sleep.

Which of the following is TRUE concerning sleepwalking disorder? a. If a child has one episode of sleepwalking, he or she is likely to have repeated episodes. b. Takes place during non-REM sleep. c. Awakening an individual who is sleepwalking will result in severe physiological stress for the person. d. While moving about, sleepwalkers' eyes are closed so they are in constant danger of injuring themselves.

Takes place during non-REM sleep.

What kind of hobby/object is more appealing to those with autism?

Technology related

The Danish adoption studies have been criticized for a. not treating the subjects found to have schizophrenia. b. not assessing the child-rearing environments of the index and control groups. c. only studying males. d.not confirming the family history of the subjects.

What cognitive task are schizophrenics often bad at?

The Wisconsin Card-Sorting Task

lifetime risk

The ____ ____for developing schizophrenia is widely accepted to be a little less than 1%.

brain

The ______ is the only organ capable of studying and reading about itself.

The fact that a significant number of monozygotic twins share the same placenta, while no dizygotic twins do, suggests that a. we may have overestimated the influence of genetics in schizophrenia. b. being a monozygotic twin is a risk factor for schizophrenia. c. genetic influences are even more important than previously thought. d. monozygotic twins have a form of genetic schizophrenia while dizygotic twins have an environmentally caused form.

The finding that prenatal viral exposure, rhesus incompatibility, and early nutritional deficiency are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia indicates that a. genes do not play a role in vulnerability to schizophrenia. b. anything that interferes with normal brain development might lead to a greater risk of schizophrenia. c. environmental factors are more important than genetic factors when it comes to determining who is likely to develop schizophrenia. d. the results of twin studies reflect the impact of a shared prenatal environment, not shared genes.

The first-generation antipsychotics seem to work because they block dopamine. This is supported by the new research findings that a. patients report they feel better right away, although there isn't any actual clinical changes occurring. b. changes in symptoms occur without any side effects. c. changes in symptoms begin to occur weeks after starting to take the medications, rather than immediately. d. changes in symptoms begin to occur very quickly after starting the medications, not weeks later as previously thought.

What is regression in autism?

The idea that a child might be developing normally, but then lose abilities they already had - can happen but not typical

What is the broad autistic phenotype?

The idea that we are all somewhere on the spectrum, even if it is very low

What is avolition?

The inability to initiate and persist in activities (e.g. personal hygiene)

The individual diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder a. has a mild case of schizophrenia combined with signs of a mood disorder. b. usually exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia that last for at least a month but less than 6 months. c. is likely to take actions based on their delusions. d. experiences a schizophrenia-like psychosis that lasts for less than a month.

The majority of cases of schizophrenia begin in a. late adulthood or old age. b. late adolescence or early adulthood. c. late childhood or early adolescence. d. there is no age where the majority of cases begin.

Which of the following statements about early-onset conduct disorder is true?

The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults.

Which of the following statements about early-onset conduct disorder is true? a. Later problems are not likely. b. Most will develop antisocial personality disorder. c. The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults. d. Environmental factors predict whether or not the disorder persists.

The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults.

What was the greatest problem that emerged as a classification system for childhood disorders was being developed? a. The same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children. b. Few childhood disorders had been identified. c. The role of parents in the development of disordered behavior was overemphasized. d. There was a hesitancy to identify childhood disorders as parents were likely to be blamed for any diagnosis given.

The same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children.

genetic and social environment

The specific causes of ADHD have been widely debated. As with most disorders, available evidence points to both __________ and __________ __________ factors.

delirium

The syndrome called ____________ is characterized by confusion, disturbed concentration, and cognitive dysfunction. It has a sudden onset and involves a fluctuating state of reduced awareness.

What is waxy flexibility?

The tendency to keep one's body/limbs in positions they are put in by someone else

The term "demence precoce" was used by Benedict Morel to describe schizophrenia and to also explain the a. lack of brain damage that characterizes the brain of most schizophrenics. b. effectiveness of psychological treatments for schizophrenia. c. transient nature of most schizophrenias. d. difference between schizophrenia and dementias of old age.

dementia praecox

The term ___ ___ was subsequently adopted by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin to refer to a group of conditions that all seemed to have the feature of mental deterioration beginning early in life.

There is a new trend to focus on dopamine receptor sensitivity rather than on dopamine itself because a. there is strong evidence that people with schizophrenia have too much dopamine. b. there is no strong evidence that people with schizophrenia have too much dopamine. c. the is strong evidence that people with schizophrenia have used too many drugs. d. there is only one type of dopamine receptor.

What is a key difference between Autism and Asperger Syndrome?

There is no language delay in Asperger Syndrome

In what significant ways do correlational research designs differ from experimental research designs?

There is no manipulation of variables in correlational research.

There is some debate as to whether ________ is a variant of schizophrenia or a form of mood disorder. a. residual type b. schizoaffective disorder c. schizophreniform disorder d. undifferentiated type

JoAnn was initially diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. A year later, her doctor changed JoAnn's diagnosis to bulemia nervosa. Likely explanation forthischange? ____

There was a diagnostic cross over

How do autistic people do on social cognition tasks?

They are capable of doing so, but are much slower at it

What do the drugs Lupron and Depo-Provera have in common?

They are drugs used to chemically castrate sex offenders

Why are schoziphrenic people more likely to be violent?

They aren't we just see the violence in people and blame schizophrenia

Explain Gordon Paul and Robert Lentz's approach to treating schizophrenia?

They designed an environment for inpatients that encouraged appropriate socialization, participation in group sessions and self-care, while discouraging violent outbursts. They used a token economy.

What is unique about the brain structure of schizophrenics?

They have enlarged lateral and third ventricles (abnormal development/atrophy of the brain) More common in men than women

Individuals with Down syndrome typically show which of the following characteristics?

They have large tongues and short fingers.

Microcephaly and macrocephaly have what in common?

They involve alterations in head size and shape

Microcephaly and macrocephaly have what in common?

They involve alterations in head size and shape.

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in autistic children?

They lack social understanding.

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in autistic children? a. They have no emotions. b. They lack social understanding. c. Neurological impairment - they can feel but not show emotions. d. Immaturity - they will show more as they get older.

They lack social understanding.

What are gene-linkage studies?

They look for genes/traits that are often inherited along with disorders

What are two benefits of new antipsychotics? Name two.

They reduce the severity of tar dive dyskinesia, and may also help reduce negative affect and improve cognitive functioning Clozapine, risperidone

What did the Brown & Birley study reveal about causes of schizophrenia?

They showed that right before onset, many schizophrenics experienced several stressful life events Stress can lead to worsening of symptoms

Who were the Genain quadruplets, and why were they important?

They were four identical quadruplets who all had schizophrenia But, their time of onset, symptoms, course and outcomes were all different Indicates that even if you're raised in the same house, may not constitute "same environment"

What is the value of research that monitors children at high risk for schizophrenia for a long time? a. It can identify the specific genes responsible for the disorder. b. It can identify factors that precede breakdown and aid in intervention efforts. c. It can separate the impact of genetics from that of subtle neurological impairment. d. It can identify the factors that improve treatment outcome.

What type of hallucinations are the most common? a. Auditory b. Tactile c. Visual d. Gustatory

When Bleuler coined the term "schizophrenia," the kind of split he believed was central to the disorder was a. a division of personality within the person. b. a divergence between the person's chronological age and his or her intellectual performance. c. an inability to make an intimate connection with other people. d. a break with reality.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of having a classification system for mental disorders?

When a label is used to describe an individual's behavior, information about the person is lost.

When adoption studies of schizophrenia contain all the necessary controls and measurements, a. the role of genes is found to be negligible. b. index subjects are more likely to develop schizophrenia than the control subjects. c. the environment is found to be a more important determinant of psychological health than family history. d. no significant effects are seen.

When do we start Cognitive-Behavioral treatment for schizophrenia?

When they are already stable and not actively psychotic

Which of the following accounts for the belief that schizophrenia is becoming more common in males than females? a. Males are more likely to hallucinate than females so may be overdiagnosed. b. Men are more likely to seek treatment. c. Females with schizophrenia have less severe symptoms so may be misdiagnosed. d. Women respond better to treatment than men.

Which of the following best describes the person with paranoid schizophrenia? a. Jake, who shows bizarre behavior, delusions, and disordered speech but has normal emotions. b. Lincoln, whose schizophrenia involves a chronic pattern of wild excitement followed by muteness and immobility. c. Constance, whose speech is incoherent and filled with invented words but whose emotions are inconsistent and inappropriate for the situation. d. Pauline, who is convinced that her husband is poisoning her food and can hear voices (that others cannot hear) calling her a liar and a thief.

Which of the following could be described as "short-term" schizophrenia? a. Undifferentiated schizophrenia b. Schizoaffective disorder c. Delusional disorder d. Schizophreniform disorder

Which of the following has been found to lead to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia? a. Prenatal alcohol exposure. b. Prenatal influenza exposure. c. Alcohol use during middle adulthood. d. Influenza exposure between ages 5 and 10.

Which of the following is a brain area that has been shown to be involved in schizophrenia? a. Parietal lobe b. Occipital lobe c. Hippocampus d. Hypothalamus

Which of the following is a plausible explanation for how maternal influenza might lead to schizophrenia later in life? a. The flu virus may lie dormant in the brain until adolescence when it becomes active and initiates the degeneration that results in the symptoms of schizophrenia. b. The flu exposure may alter the fetal genes such that a susceptibility to schizophrenia is now part of the child's genetic makeup. c. Maternal antibodies could cross the placenta and interfere with brain development such that the risk of developing schizophrenia is enhanced later in life. d. The flu virus frequently has long-term effects on the behavior of affected individuals; maternal infection with influenza may result in an environment that is likely to trigger schizophrenia in the susceptible individual.

Which of the following is an example of a delusion? a. Bob thought the CIA was controlling his thoughts. b. The voices in Jaimie's head told him not to trust the priest. c. Tracy did not think she could get pregnant the first time she had sex. d. Carla saw and felt bugs crawling up her arm.

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia? a. Julia heard voices that told her she was evil. b. Karen no longer socialized with her friends. c. Ellen suspected that her husband had poisoned her food. d. Georgia's speech sounded normal, but made no sense.

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom? a. Hallucinations b. Emotional unresponsiveness c. Emotional turmoil d. Delusions

Which of the following is an example of the most common type of hallucination seen in schizophrenia? a. Bill was convinced that his mother was inserting evil thoughts into his mind. b. Sondra tried to ignore the voices in her head. c. Ned believed he was Elvis. d. Rachel would frequently see her husband, even though he had been dead for several years.

Which of the following is likely a sign of disorganized schizophrenia? a. Dillon believes he is God, but will respond to any direction he is given. b. Peter appears to feel no emotion and tends to make odd facial expressions and movements. c. Kyle constantly is asking for a doctor as he is convinced that his stomach is going to explode. d. Trista fears for her life because the pictures on the wall have told her that she is not safe.

Which of the following is most likely seen in an individual with paranoid schizophrenia? a. Have delusions of reference b. Exhibit primarily negative symptoms c. Show more significant cognitive impairments than are seen in the other subtypes d. Respond poorly to treatment

Which of the following is true about second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? a. They are more effective than first generation antipsychotics. b. They work by decreasing frontal lobe activity. c. They prevent prenatal brain damage. d. They are no more effective than first generation antipsychotics.

Which of the following people has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia? a. A person who came from New Guinea b. Someone who was physically abused as a child c. A person whose father was over 50 when he/she was born d. Someone who has a history of depression

Which of the following people is more likely exhibiting paranoid schizophrenia? a. The teen who has been in a catatonic state for several days b. The woman who believes she is being persecuted because she is Helen of Troy c. The man who shows little emotion,and who makes no sense when he speaks d. The mother of three who first showed signs of schizophrenia in her teens and now is unable to care for herself or her children.

Which of the following statements is correct about changes for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in the DSM-5? a. Schizophrenia will not be included in the DSM-5 b. Subtypes of schizophrenia were removed but the diagnosis of schizophrenia will remain c. Only the paranoid subtype remains d. Only the catatonic subtype remains

Which of the following statements most clearly summarizes our understanding of schizophrenia? a. The relative influence of nature and nurture has been established. b. While much is known about the causes of schizophrenia, there are many questions still to be answered. c. The role of genes in schizophrenia is negligible. d. Schizophrenia is primarily caused by expressed emotion in families.

What is the Inner/Outer advantage?

Young children sort faces by external feature (such as hair), but when they get older it shifts to inner features (facial expressions)

Juvenile Delinquency

____ _____ is the legal term used to refer to violations of the law committed by minors.

Endophenotypes

______ are discrete, stable, and measurable traits that are thought to be under genetic control.

What is Encopresis?

a symptom disorder of children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4

Jarret was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. His doctor most likely based this diagnosis on which of the following

a thorough clinical assessment

Intellecutal Disability is typically treated with ___

a variety of rehabilitation progreams and measures

Patients in a catatonic stupor ________

a virtual absence of all movement.

an example of a person exhibiting paranoid schizophrenia

a woman who believes she is being persecuted because she is helen of troy

In the 1950s and 1960s, psychosocial theories proposed that ________ were responsible for the development of autistic disorder. a. "refrigerator mothers" b. lead-based paints c. childhood inoculations d. authoritative parents

a. "refrigerator mothers"

What is the likelihood that a 42-year-old mother will give birth to an infant diagnosed with Down syndrome? a. 1 out of 70 b. 1 out of 150 c. 1 out of 1000 d. 1 out of 30

a. 1 out of 70

Every year, about ________% of children with enuresis recover without any treatment. a. 15 b. 30 c. 5 d. 40

a. 15

________ is an indication of the neurodevelopmental basis of autistic disorder during the first few years of life. a. Accelerated head and brain growth b. Delayed development of fine motor skills c. Rapid weight gain d. Delayed skeletal development

a. Accelerated head and brain growth

Early and intensive ________ treatment improves the long-term outcome for children with autistic disorder. a. Behavioral b. Pharmacological c. Psychological d. Cognitive

a. Behavioral

Micha is 13 years old. She has a heart defect, very poor eyehand coordination, and she cannot dress herself. She speaks in simple sentences and can follow only simple instructions, but she is good-natured and friendly. Her IQ is 55. In addition to her intellectual deficit, Micha also has Select one: a. functional deficits b. emotional deficits c. social deficits d. attentional deficits

a. functional deficits

Adolescent with ADHD have more car accidents than others. This is most likely due to Select one: a. inattentiveness and poor motor coordination b. co-occuring substance abuse problems c. medications used to treat the condition d. sleep deprivation

a. inattentiveness and poor motor coordination

Which of the following is a symptom of Tourette's syndrome? a. Coprolalia. b. Enuresis. c. Encopresis. d. Pica.

a. Coprolalia.

Which of the following is a risk factor for ODD and conduct disorder? a. inconsistent parental discipline b. Vaccines. c. Middle socioeconomic status. d. Childhood obesity.

a. Inconsistent parental discipline

________ is supportive education which encourages, whenever possible, children with disabilities to be included in regular classroom settings. a. Mainstreaming b. Whole participation c. Integration d. Classroom combining

a. Mainstreaming

A community-based intervention for ODD and conduct disorder is ________, an intensive case management approach to treatment. a. Multisystemic Therapy b. Multimodal Therapy c. contingency management training d. dialectical behavior training

a. Multisystemic Therapy

The most common form of enuresis is a. Primary nocturnal enuresis b. Primary diurnal enuresis c. Secondary nocturnal enuresis d. Secondary diurnal enuresis

a. Primary nocturnal enuresis

Which of the following is recognized as a major biomedical breakthrough in psychopathology because it established the link between mental and physical illnesses? a. The discovery of the cause and later a cure for general paresis (syphilitic insanity) b. The discovery of penicillin as a cure for syphilis c. The development of electroshock therapy for general paresis (syphilitic insanity) d. The discovery that brain injuries could be associated with mental disorders

a. The discovery of the cause and later a cure for general paresis (syphilitic insanity)

Which of the following is most typical of the interpersonal attitudes and behaviors of someone with borderline personality disorder? a. Vacillation between over-idealization and bitter disappointment b. Excessive trust and dependence on others' opinions c. Cruel and callous exploitation of others for personal gain d. Repeated manipulation of others to gain attention

a. Vacillation between over-idealization and bitter disappointment

Regarding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, it is now clear that _______ suffer from the condition, though some of the diagnostic criteria are not applicable to them. a. adults b. infants c. children on the spectrum d. elders

a. adults

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD? a. anxiety b. restlessness c. distractability d. overactivity

a. anxiety

For enuresis, the most empirically supported treatment is the enuresis alarm, once known as the ________ method. a. bell-and-pad b. habit reinforcement c. aversive reversal d. Vibration

a. bell-and-pad

Profound mental retardation describes intellectual functioning represented by IQ levels a. below 20-25. b. below 20-55. c. between 20-25 and 35-40. d. between 35-40 and 50-55.

a. below 20-25.

While the behaviors that are part of ________ are inappropriate at any age, some behaviors that are part of ________ must be considered within a developmental context. a. conduct disorder: ODD b. ODD; conduct disorder c. cultural-familial retardation; mental retardation d. intellectual disability; cultural-familial retardation

a. conduct disorder: ODD

Which of the following is a potential consequence of anorexia nervosa? a. death b. memory loss c. excessive hair growth d. hearing and vision impairment

a. death

The major difference between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder is that Asperger's has no Select one: a. deficits in communication b. restricted and stereotyped behaviors and activities c. difficulties with eye contact d. impairments in social interaction

a. deficits in communication

Lack of control over the bladder after the ___________ years may indicate the presence of enuresis. a. early elementary b. infancy c. preschool d. toddler

a. early elementary

In class, Jason continually blurts out answers, interrupts his teacher and cannot wait his turn in line. Jason is exhibiting which symptom component of ADHD? a. hyperactivity b. impulsivity c. compulsiveness d. inattentiveness

b. impulsivity

in 2003, the Pediatric Research Equity Act gave the FDA the authority to a. mandate pharmaceutical research on children. b. prohibit pharmaceutical research on animals. c. prohibit pharmaceutical research on children and adolescents. d. mandate equal funding into researching disorders of childhood and adolescence.

a. mandate pharmaceutical research on children.

Which of the following appears to be an enduring personality trait of people who are susceptible to developing an eating disorder? a. perfectionism b. neuroticism c. pessimism d. individualism

a. perfectionism

Drew is 9 years old and has been diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disability. He has been observed eating dirt and tree leaves. His behavior is known as Select one: a. pica b. enuresis c. delusional behavior d. rumination

a. pica

A child who has never been able to achieve urinary continence would be diagnosed with a. primary enuresis. b. primary encopresis. c. secondary encopresis. d. secondary enuresis.

a. primary enuresis.

While ________ disorder can be identified as early as the preschool years, ________ disorder is often not apparent until third or fourth grade. a. reading; written expression b. reading; verbal expression c. learning; written expression d. mathematics; reading disorder

a. reading; written expression

An eating disorder characterized by effortlessly regurgitating recently eaten food into the mouth, followed by rechewing, reswallowing, or spitting it out is called Select one: a. rumination disorder b. pica c. bulimia nervosa d. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

a. rumination disorder

Kaylee is a sweet-tempered 5-year-old who once had such a severe temper tantrum that she broke her finger when she punched a wall. The emergency room physician diagnosed Kaylee with oppositional defiant disorder. This may be an inappropriate diagnosis because Select one: a. the diagnosis requires a repeated pattern of negative and defiant behaviors b. ODD is a diagnosis primarily given to adolescent males c. she is older than the typical patient diagnosed with ODD d. temper tantrums are a symptom of ADHD

a. the diagnosis requires a repeated pattern of negative and defiant behaviors

Both conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are more common among children from a. the worst inner-city neighborhoods. b. single-parent families. c. Third World countries. d. families with a large number of children.

a. the worst inner-city neighborhoods.

Brain structure role in schizophrenia

abnormally large lateral and third ventricles in people with schizophrenia, hypoactivity in frontal lobe

separation anxiety disorder is best illustrated by which of the following people

isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him

Research on the families of children with conduct disorder suggests that: a. antisocial behavioral patterns may be learned b. environmental factors are rarely involved in disorders of childhood onset c. genetics do not play a role in the development of antisocial tendencies d. parental substance abuse is the greatest risk factor for early-onset conduct disorder

antisocial behavioral patterns may be learned

Research on the families of children with conduct disorder suggests that

antisocial behavioral patterns may be learned.

Found that girls with ADHD are at high risk for

antisocial, addictive, mood, anxiety, and eating disorders

Hyperactive children are not anxious, even though their overactivity, restlessness, and distractibility are frequently interpreted as indications of

anxiety

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD? a. anxiety b. restlessness c. distractability d. overactivity

anxiety

The most prevalent disorders among children are ___

anxiety and depression

Cassie demonstrates persistent cognitive deficits that can be detected even during periods of illness remission. What does she most likely have?

anxiety disorder

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are ________

anxiety disorders.

prenatal viral exposure, rhesus incompatibility, and early nutritional deficiency are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia indicates that

anything that interferes with normal brain development might lead to a greater risk of schizophrenia

the finding that prenatal viral exposure, rhesus incompatibility, and early nutritional deficiency are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia indicates that

anything that interferes with normal brain development might lead to a greater risk of schizophrenia

children born with phenylketonuria

appear normal

Children born with phenylketonuria,

appear normal at first

Children born with phenylketonuria,

appear normal at first.

We are likely to find that most children with autistic disorder ________

appear obsessed with the maintainence of sameness in their environment

caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease

are at extraordinarily high risk for depression

Girls with conduct disorder ________

are at risk for teen pregnancy

Girls with conduct disorder: a. seek security from a father figure b. are at risk for teen pregnancy c. usually have a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD and or a mood disorder

are at risk for teen pregnancy

girls with conduct disorder

are at risk for teen pregnancy

Girls with conduct disorder

are at risk for teen pregnancy.

Girls with conduct disorder ________

are at risk for teen pregnancy.

genetic factors

are clearly involved in the more severe forms of retardation

Genetic factors

are clearly involved in the more severe forms of retardation.

In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that

are common forms of self-stimulation

Which forms of insanity did kraepelin combine to form schizophrenia?

catatonia( alternating immobility and excited agitatoin) hebephrenia (silly and immature emtionality) and paranoia (deulsions of grandeur or persecution)

Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity: a. are usually well liked by their peers because they are always active b. are usually well liked by their peers because they become "class clowns" c. are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors d. are usually viewed negatively by their peers because they are socially withdrawn

are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors

children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity

are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors

Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity

are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors.

The reticular formation processes _____

arousal reactions and information screening

The incidence of Down syndrome increases

as the age of the parents increases

the incidence of Down Syndrome increase

as the age of the parents increases

The incidence of Down syndrome increases

as the age of the parents increases.

Only since the advent of the mental health movement and the availability of child guidance facilities at the beginning of the twentieth century have marked strides been made in

assessing, treating, and understanding the maladaptive behavior patterns of children and adolescents.

Rates of eating disorders tend to be much lower in black women than in white women. However, one factor that can increase risk in black women is ________

assimilation into white culture and middle class values.

among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are

attention deficit/hyperactivty disorder and separation anxiety disorders

mild to moderate diffuse brain damage is most likely to result in

attention deficits

George is in second grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question, and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go." The most likely diagnosis for George is: a. conduct disorder b. oppositional defiant disorder c. separation anxiety disorder d. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Georder is in second grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the other work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question, and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go". The most likely diagnosis for George is

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

george is in second grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question, and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go." The most likely diagnosis for George is

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are: a. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders b. psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia c. depression and phobic conditions d. obsessive-compulsive disorder and conduct disorder

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

What is the most common type of hallucination?

auditory

what type of hallucinations are most common

auditory

As a toddler, kyle often appeared to be disinterested in others. Kyle might be diagnosed with ____

autism

Many children with ______ become preoccupied with and form strong attachments to unusual objects such as rocks.

autism

Some of the same genes that have been linked with an increased risk of ________ also increase the risk of ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression.

autism

Causes of No. 18 syndrome

autosomal anomaly of chromosome 18

Charles has held a steady job for 10 years with the same firm. He is repeatedly invited to office parties and gatherings but always denies the invitation. He wishes he could enjoy the company of his coworkers in a social setting but is always too frightened of ridicule and anxious of embarrassment. Charles shows signs of ___________ personality disorder.

avoidant

Stu has no friends except his brother. He would desperately love to date women but is certain no woman would be interested in him. He tried a dating service but was convinced that the secretary was trying to get rid of him because he was such a poor candidate. The most likely diagnosis for Stu is _______

avoidant personality disorder

The inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed activity is called _________

avolition

The most recent estimates indicate that as many as 1 in _____ American children have autism spectrum disorder. a. 85 b. 152 c. 1,000 d. 365

b. 152

The estimated hereditability of autism spectrum disorder is _______. a. 40% b. 90% c. 20% d. 70%

b. 90%

Which of the following occurred in the late twentieth century? a. The establishment of large inpatient facilities for the mentally ill b. A movement of the mentally ill from institutions to the community c. Dramatic increases in the cost of caring for the mentally ill d. The inpatient mentally ill population doubled

b. A movement of the mentally ill from institutions to the community

Which of the following is true of the two symptom clusters of ADHD has two symptom clusters (hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive)? a. Hyperactive symptoms are always more severe than inattentive symptoms. b. Children commonly have symptoms from each cluster. c. Symptoms from one cluster always predominate clearly in cases of ADHD. d. Hyperactive symptoms persist longer over the lifespan than do inattentive symptoms

b. Children commonly have symptoms from each cluster

Which of the following protects children from environmental influences, but also makes them more vulnerable? a. A lack of self-understanding b. Dependence on adults c. Unrealistic expectations d. A limited understanding of death

b. Dependence on adults

b. Karen no longer socialized with her friends.

________ is the most common type of specific learning disorder. a. Disorder of written expression b. Reading disorder c. Mathematics disorder d. Recognition-recall disorder

b. Reading disorder

b. Takes place during non-REM sleep.

b. The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence.

Which of the following is a true statement about assessment and professional orientation? a. Regardless of whether a therapist is behaviorally or psychodynamically oriented, the same basic assessment procedures are employed. b. The focus of the assessment will be largely determined by the professional orientation of the clinician. c. While some assessment procedures will vary, a biological screening and administration of a personality test are components of all assessments. d. The assessment techniques employed will serve to reveal the causal factors that are most consistent with the clinician's orientation.

b. The focus of the assessment will be largely determined by the professional orientation of the clinician.

Which statement about the sociocultural factors influencing personality disorders is TRUE? a. There is less variance across cultures than within cultures. b. The incidence and particular features of personality disorders vary somewhat with time and place. c. Many cultures demonstrate different basic personality traits, making a diagnosis difficult. d. They have been highly researched and are well understood.

b. The incidence and particular features of personality disorders vary somewhat with time and place

b. They lack social understanding.

Genetic factors: a. are very common in all levels of retardation. b. are clearly involved in the more severe forms of retardation. c. are involved only in cases of profound retardation. d. are involved only in Down syndrome.

b. are clearly involved in the more severe forms of retardation.

Approximately 60 to 75% of children with autistic disorder have IQs ________, indicating the presence of intellectual disabilities. a. between 40 and 55 b. below 70 c. between 70 and 80 d. above 80

b. below 70

The recent increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorders may be due to Select one: a. the availability of insurance coverage for expensive treatment, which justifies giving this diagnosis b. changes in diagnostic criteria, special education policies, and the availability of diagnostic services c. increases in the number of required childhood vaccines d. increases in the incidence of maternal exposure to toxic chemicals

b. changes in diagnostic criteria, special education policies, and the availability of diagnostic services

Children with ________ disorder are the most likely to engage in behaviors such as vandalism, theft, and destruction of property. a. autism spectrum b. conduct c. oppositional defiant d. attention-deficit hyperactivity

b. conduct

In addition to intellectual disability, ________ is associated with birth defects, abnormal facial features and problems with growth, vision, hearing, memory and behavior. a. Fragile X syndrome b. fetal alcohol syndrome c. autistic disorder d. Down syndrome

b. fetal alcohol syndrome

The most commonly inherited cause of mental retardation is ________, which occurs when a DNA series makes too many copies of itself and "turns off" a gene on the X chromosome. a. cultural-familial b. fragile X syndrome c. Down syndrome d. phenylketonuria

b. fragile X syndrome

In the treatment of ADHD, the use of stimulants is controversial, in part, because children who take stimulants a. have an increased risk for later addiction. b. grow more slowly than other children. c. grow more rapidly than other children. d. have an increased risk for sleep disorders.

b. grow more slowly than other children.

Talking excessively is considered an element of which part of ADHD? a. inattention b. hyperactivity c. stereotypical behaviors d. impulsivity

b. hyperactivity

How well do people with delusional disorder do according to opjordsmoen study?

better than those with schizophrenia but worse than those with psychiatric disorders, overall prety well

When does PKU become apparent?

between 6 and 12 months after birth

After bariatric surgery, what becomes virtually impossible?

binge eating

Delilah is overweight. She likes to eat cookies and other sugary snacks, and often eats an entire package at one sitting. She is upset by this because she knows how important weight is to health, but she does not engage in any compensatory behaviors. Which of the following would be a likely diagnosis?

binge eating disorder

Set-point theory explains why ________

binge eating is likely after a period of caloric restriction

Depakote and Tegretol are most often used to treat ______

bipolar disorder

First and second generation immigrants from _______ countries who live in majority white communities seem o have a higher incidence of schizophrenia than do other populations.

black African

Eating disorders are less commonly found int _____

black women

the term tic is used broadly to include

blinking the eye, twitching the mouth, licking the lips, shrugging the shoulders, twisting the neck, clearing the throat, blowing the nose, and grimacing, among other actions.

The condition of Hydrocephaly appears to result from a

blockage of the cerebrospinal pathways and an accumulation of fluid in certain brain areas

which of the following is an example of a delusion

bob thought the CIA was controlling his thoughts

Both of mary's parents have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bob has an identical twin who has schizophrenia. who is more likely to develop schizophrenia and why

bob, because he has inherited the same susceptibility that his twin is expressing

Neuroimaging studies suggest that ________ personality disorder is associated with increased amygdala activation in emotion-inducing situations.

borderline

Self-mutilation is a characteristic feature of ________ personality.

borderline

Which disorder is characterized by impulsiveness, inappropriate anger, drastic mood shifts, chronic feelings of boredom, and attempts at self-mutilation or suicide?

borderline

Which personality disorder is characterized by impassivity, high levels of affective instability, and a highly unstable self-image

borderline

Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be

both biological and psychological factors

What is the most likely explanation for sex differences in IQ testing? a. Girls' intellectual disabilities rarely show up on IQ testing. b. Boys are more likely to have severe, rather than mild, intellectual disabilities. c. Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with intellectual disabilities due to a lack of effort during testing. d. Girls have superior verbal language skills to boys.

c. Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with intellectual disabilities due to a lack of effort during testing.

Which of the following statements is true concerning classification systems for mental disorders? a. It is far more important that they be reliable than it is for them to be valid. b. Classification systems make it more difficult to gather statistics on the incidence and prevalence of disorders. c. Classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims. d. Although they assist scientists who are researching disorders, they always inhibit our ability to communicate about abnormal behavior in a consistent way.

c. Classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims.

Which childhood disorder is characterized by a continuous and repeated pattern of violating the basic rights of others or breaking societal rules? a. Antisocial Personlaty disorder b. ADHD c. Conduct disorder d. Oppositional Defiant disorder

c. Conduct disorder

Which behavior pattern is extremely unlikely to be found in a child with conduct disorder? a. Firesetting and vandalism b. Substance abuse c. Constant worry about minor issues d. Depression

c. Constant worry about minor issues

Which of the following has been associated with autism? a. Down syndrome b. Mutations of chromosome 23 c. Defective genes or radiation damage d. Huntington's disease

c. Defective genes or radiation damage

________ results from drinking alcohol during pregnancy, and is the leading known preventable environmental cause of mental retardation. a. Conduct disorder b. Attention deficit disorder c. Fetal alcohol syndrome d. Oppositional defiant disorder

c. Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which of the following is a legal term used to describe individuals between the ages of 8 and 18 who commit illegal acts? a. Conduct Disorder b. Oppositional Defiant Disorder c. Juvenile Delinquency d. Psychopathy

c. Juvenile Delinquency

The incidence of Down Syndrome is ________ correlated with maternal age. a. Weakly b. Negatively c. Positively d. Not

c. Positively

c. Refusing to go to school.

Which of the following is one cause of the high frequency of misdiagnoses of personality disorders? a. Diagnostic criteria for personality disorders are too sharply defined. b the development of semi-structured interviews and self-report inventories have decreased diagnostic reliability substantially. c. The clinician must exercise more judgment in making the diagnosis than is the case with many other disorders. d. Unlike with other disorders, it is not possible to use dimensional systems of assessment for the symptoms and traits involved in personality disorders

c. The clinician must exercise more judgment in making the diagnosis than is the case with many other disorders.

c. The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults.

The treatment approach that uses shaping and positive reinforcement to improve social, communicative, and behavioral skills by intensively shaping and rewarding specific behaviors used to treat autism disorders is called Select one: a. sensory integration therapy b. chelation therapy c. applied behavior analysis d. cognitive-behavior therapy

c. applied behavior analysis

When psychologists talk about ________, they are referring to the range of test scores that falls one standard deviation above or below the mean IQ score of 100. a. mild mental retardation b. moderate mental retardation c. average intelligence d. above average intelligence

c. average intelligence

In treating ADHD, ________ teaches parents how to reward positive behaviors and decrease negative behaviors. a. medication monitoring b. cognitive restructuring training c. behavioral parent training d. communication skills curriculum

c. behavioral parent training

Which of the following is one of the factors that likely contributes to the increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in recent years? a. lack of special education programs b. the measles virus c. changes in diagnostic criteria d. MMR vaccines

c. changes in diagnostic criteria

The DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability reflect the idea that no single test of _________ should be used to determine diagnosis. a. verbal ability b. abstract thinking c. cognitive functioning d. developmental progress

c. cognitive functioning

Children with ________ have no trouble presenting material orally but struggle with putting those same ideas into written form. a. dyslexia b. dysthymia c. dysgraphia d. dyscalculia

c. dysgraphia

In her English assignments, Nicole has trouble organizing coherent written paragraphs and makes frequent spelling and punctuation errors, but does excellent in presenting material orally. Nicole most likely has a. dyslexia. b. conduct disorder. c. dysgraphia. d. attention deficit disorder.

c. dysgraphia.

Which of the following is a possible psychological cause of female sexual arousal disorder? a. Antidepressant medication b. Reduced level of testosterone c. Early sexual trauma d.Lower tactile sensitivity

c. early sexual trauma

Stimulant medications such as Ritalin work to reduce the core symptoms of ADHD by Select one: a. stimulating the cerebral cortex to create new neural pathways b. enhancing the release of serotonin and GABA c. enhancing the neurotransmission of dopamine and norepinephrine d. stimulating the "learning center" of the brain

c. enhancing the neurotransmission of dopamine and norepinephrine

Which of the following is the most frequent cause of traumatic brain injury? a. auto accidents b. assaults c. falls d.participating in reaction sports

c. falls

which of the following accounts for the belief that schizophrenia is becoming more common in males than females a. males are more likely to hallucinate than females so may be overdiagnosed b. men are more likely to seek treatment c. females with schizophrenia have less severe symptoms so may be misdiagnosed d. women respond better to treatment than men

c. females with schizophrenia have less severe symptoms so may be misdiagnosed

Encopresis is the repeated elimination of feces into inappropriate places by someone over the age of a. ten. b. eight. c. four. d. five.

c. four.

Because boys with ADHD __________ than girls do, they are more likely to receive treatment. a. articulate their needs better b. have more outspoken advocates c. have more severe symptoms d. develop symptoms earlier

c. have more severe symptoms

Interventions such as supported employment, mainstreaming, and sheltered workshops are used in the treatment of which disorder? a. oppositional defiant disorder b. disorder of written expression c. intellectual disability d. autism spectrum disorder

c. intellectual disability

What is an criteria for anorexia nervosa? a. absence of at least three consecutive menstrual periods b. recurrent episodes of binge eating c. intense fear of gaining weight d. patients ingesting large amounts of water

c. intense fear of gaining weight

A child with Down syndrome has distinctive facial features and a ________ intellectual disability. a. profound b. moderate to severe c. mild to moderate d. an increased risk for

c. mild to moderate

For every ________ girl(s) diagnosed with autistic disorder, about ________ boys are diagnosed. a. one; two b. three; four c. one; four d. two ; five

c. one; four

Each of the following is one of the "four humors" except ________ a. blood. b. phlegm. c. phrenitis. d. bile.

c. phrenitis.

Girls with conduct disorder engage in ________, which includes peer alienation, ostracism, manipulating social networks, and character defamation. a. hierarchical aggression b. backstabbing c. relational aggression d. self-objectifying

c. relational aggression

Unlike boys with conduct disorder, girls with conduct disorder engage in more Select one: a. cruelty to animals b. retail theft c. relational aggression d. hair-pulling fights

c. relational aggression

Sara has an IQ score of 23. What level of intellectual disability does she have, based on her score? a. moderate b. profound c. severe d. mild

c. severe

Someone with autism spectrum disorder would have deficits in social communication and ________ . a. emotional labeling b. their amount of chromosomes c. social interaction d. social isolation

c. social interaction

Approximately 40% of children with ________ will eventually drop out of school, limiting their opportunities for employment. a. conduct disorders b. intellectual disabilities c. specific learning disorders d. pervasive developmental disorders

c. specific learning disorders

Learning disorders are probably the result of Select one: a. brain trauma during birth or infancy b. biological toxins that affect brain functioning c. the inability of several brain areas to work together d. an inability to digest milk products

c. the inability of several brain areas to work together

For about 25% of people with intellectual disability, the cause is a. perinatal. b. postnatal. c. unknown. d. prenatal.

c. unknown.

Encopresis most often results from __________, but its cause is rarely studied. a. parental withholding of reinforcement b. constipation resulting from medical issues c. withholding of stool d. overuse of laxatives

c. withholding of stool

Child molesters are more likely than nonoffenders to believe that

children will benefit from sexual contact with adults

what type of drugs are most likely to be used to inhibit the progression of Alzheimers?

cholinesterase inhibitors

Many theories of the etiology of fetishism emphasize the importance of ______

classical conditioning and social learning

Genetic factors are ________ of intellectual disability.

clearly involved in the more severe forms

Who most often administers psychological treatment in mental health settings?

clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychiatric social workers

Sexual abuse is sexual contact that always involved

coercion

To be diagnosed as a personality disorder, a person's behavior must cause either clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning, and be manifested in at least two of which of the following areas?

cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning,or impulse control

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from symptoms.

cognitive

Which of the following best explains why cognitive-behavioral therapy is a logical approach to the treatment of eating disorders? a. It is the therapy of choice for most disorders. b. The role of learning in the development of eating disorders is well-established. c. Medical interventions have proven ineffective. d. Both thoughts and behaviors need to be altered to achieve a lasting outcome.

d. Both thoughts and behaviors need to be altered to achieve a lasting outcome.

________ are the most common cause of children being brought to mental health clinics. a. Feeding and eating disorders b. Autism spectrum disorders c. Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorders d. Conduct disorder and ODD

d. Conduct disorder and ODD

________ intervention is the most effective treatment for encopresis, with improvement rates ranging from 65% to 78%. a. Behavioral b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Pharmacological d. Medical-behavioral

d. Medical-behavioral

Which of the following is not one of the subsections within the DSM-5's new category of Neurocognitive Disorders? a. Delirium b. Major neurocognitive disorder d. Minor neurocognitive disorder d. Minor cognitive impairmen

d. Minor cognitive impairment

________ is a genetic disorder in which the body cannot break down a specific amino acid. a. Tuberous sclerosis b. Fragile X syndrome c. Praeder-Willi syndrome d. Phenylketonuria

d. Phenylketonuria

Which of the following statements about factors associated with treatment of children and adolescents is correct? a. Psychotherapy is more effective with children and adolescents compared to adults. b. Behavior therapy is more effective with children and adolescents compared to adults. c. Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are both less effective in children and adolescents compared to adults. d. Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are equally effective in children and adolescents and with adults.

d. Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are equally effective in children and adolescents and with adults.

Which learning disorder has been researched the most and appears to be significantly influenced by genetic factors? a. Disorder of written expression b. Disorder of comprehension c. Mathematics disorder d. Reading disorder

d. Reading disorder

Which of the following is not listed in the DSM-5 under elimination disorders? a. Primary Functional Enuresis b. Encopresis c. Secondary Functional Enuresis d. Sleepwalking disorder

d. Sleepwalking disorder

Which of the following is a sufficient element to determine abnormality? a. Suffering b. Maladaptiveness c. Deviancy d. There is no single sufficient element.

d. There is no single sufficient element.

Behavior patterns of autism spectrum disorder include all of the following EXCEPT a. adherence to routines. b. preoccupation with a particular interest. c. self-injurious behaviors. d. ability to start but not end a conversation.

d. ability to start but not end a conversation.

Five-year-old Gabe never cried as an infant; however, he now lacks social interest, will not engage in imitative games with his mother and is extremely sensitive to touch and sound. Gabe is most likely a. dyslexic. b. a slow-to-warm child. c. mentally retarded. d. autistic.

d. autistic.

Joey has a long history with local law enforcement officers. He has been picked up several times for vandalism. His latest arrest is for deliberately setting fire to his stepfather's storage unit. Joey has also been arrested in the past for putting a cat in a dryer. The most likely diagnosis he would receive for his behavior is Select one: a. ADHD b. oppositional defiant disorder c. autism spectrum disorder d. conduct disorder

d. conduct disorder

By the age of 14, Ronald had a legal record which included fire-setting, shoplifting and animal abuse. Ronald's behaviors are symptomatic of a. autism spectrum disorder b. oppositional defiant disorder. c. severe ADHD. d. conduct disorder.

d. conduct disorder.

A form of mild retardation resulting from both biological and environmental factors associated with psychosocial disadvantage is called Select one: a. environmental deprivation syndrome b. FAS c. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome d. cultural-familial retardation

d. cultural-familial retardation

Unlike severe intellectual disability which cuts across all socioeconomic levels, ___________ occurs more commonly in children from lower socioeconomic classes. a. socio-status retardation b. disadvantage-affective c. low income affected retardation

d. cultural-familial retardation

Bedwetting is the commonly-used term for the disorder of elimination known as _____________. a. urinary disorder b. encopresis c. bladder control d. enuresis

d. enuresis

Children with ADHD have a deficit in ________, which are cognitive abilities to formulate a goal, plan the actions to achieve the goal, and maintain the plan in memory in order to execute it. a. high-level cognition b. intelligence quotient c. affective functioning d. executive functioning

d. executive functioning

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities.

which of the following is an example of a negative symptom

emotional unresponsiveness

example of a negative symptoms

emotional unresponsiveness/ not socializing with friends

Interpersonal psychotherapy differs from psycho-dynamic therapy in its _____

emphasis on the present individual personality dynamics

Interpersonal psychotherapy differs from psychodynamic therapy in its

emphasis on the present individual personality dynamics

Children with autism often have additional problems such as

encopresis and sleep problems

Children with autism often have additional problems such as: a. encopresis and sleep problems b. obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome c. conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder d. social anxiety disorder and elective mutism

encopresis and sleep problems

children with autism often have additional problems such as

encopresis and sleep problems

The humanistic perspective focuses primarily upon the capacity of the individual to ________

engage in positive self-growth.

Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia have _____ brain ventricles, with ____ possibility being more affected than _____

enlarged, males, females

As a camp counselor, you are surprised when you hear that one of your young campers takes a hormone replacement drug intranasally to treat a psychological disorder. The disorder is most likely ________

enuresis

all of the following are symptoms of Tourette's syndrome except

enuresis

as a camp counselor you are surprised when you hear that one of your young campers takes hormone replacement drug intransasally to treat a psychological disorder. The disorder is most likely

enuresis

As a camp counselor, you are surprised when you hear that one of your young campers takes a hormone replacement drug intranasally to treat a psychological disorder. The disorder is most likely

enuresis.

What are the types of delusional behavior?

erotomanic, grandiose,jealous, persecutory, somatic

What is disorganized symptoms?

erratic behaviors that affect speech, motor behavior, and emotional reactions

Several family therapy approaches have been developed that differ in some important ways -

in terms of how the family is defined (whether to include extended family members); what the treatment process will focus on (whether communications between the family members or the aberrant behavior of the problem family members is the focus); and what procedures are used in treatment (analyzing and interpreting hidden messages in the family communications or altering the reward and punishment contingencies through behavioral assessment and reinforcement).

A crucial aspect of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation

in the context of normal developmental changes

A crucial aspect of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation: a. as a phenomenon no different in children than in adults b. as a disease process c. in the context of normal developmental changes d. in a cultural context that determines what is acceptable behavior

in the context of normal developmental changes

a crucial aspect of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation

in the context of normal developmental changes

A crucial aspect of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptaion

in the context of normal developmental changes.

A crucial aspect of for those in the field of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation ________

in the context of normal developmental changes.

Psychopaths appear unable to understand and accept ethical values because of ______

inadequate conscience development

Which of the following problematic behaviors associated with dementia and Alzhiemer's disease can be somewhat controlled via behavioral approaches?

inadequate self-care skills

Today, even though great progress has been made in providing treatment for disturbed children, facilities are still

inadequate to the task, and most children with mental health problems do not receive psychological attention.

A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing:

inappropriate affect

What is an inappropriate affect?

inappropriate behaviors that do not fit situation

The DSM-5 criteria for histrionic personality disorder includes __________

inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior

Most cases of ADHD in adults are characterized by _______ rather than ________.

inattention, hyperactivity

which of the following is not a subtype of ADHD found in the DSM-IV-TR

inattentive/impulsive type

Almost all cultures have a strong taboo against ____

incest

The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year. The mayor should ask an epidemiologist for the ________ of the disorder.

incidence rate

the neuropathology in AIDS-related dementia

includes generalized atrophy in the brain

a hypothetical drug might improve cognitive functioning of Alzheimer's patients would probably

increase levels of acetylcholine

The diagnoses of Depression and Bipolar Disorder in children and adolescents have __________ in number of the past few years, although diagnosing them has become controversial.

increased

One effect of Ritalin as a treatment for ADHD is that it ________

increases alertness

One effect of Ritalin as a treatment for ADHD is that it ________

increases alertness.

Treatment of ADHD with drugs such as Ritalin is thought to be effective as it

increases the ability to concentrate

It was once believed that masturbation caused _______

insanity

What do people with schizophrenia commonly lack?

insight that they have a problem

delirium

is usually reversible

Microcephaly may result from a wide range of factors that impair brain development, including

intrauterine infections and pelvic irradiation during the mother's early months of pregnancy

extrapyramidal side effects

involuntary movements that result mainly from taking first-generation antipsychotic drugs

the failies of children with conduct disorders typically

involve rejection and neglect

the families of children with conduct disorders typically

involve rejection and neglect

The families of children with conduct disorders typically

involve rejection and neglect.

most evidence suggests that, if schizophrenia is inherited, it

involves a multitude of genes that work in concert

What is the essential symptomatic behavior in conduct disorder and ODD?

involves a persistent, repetitive violation of rules and a disregard for hte rights of others and is essentially the same as in DSM-IV.

most evidence suggests that if schizophrenia is inherited it...

involves multitude of genes that work in concert

vascular dementia

is a result of many small strokes

Coprolalia

is a vocal tic involving yelling obscenities

Coprolalia

is a vocal tic involving yelling obscenities.

Coprolalia ________

is a vocal tic involving yelling obscenities.

linkage analysis

is being used to help locate genes associated with schizophrenia

Unlike the person with paranoid schizophrenia, the person with paranoid personality disorder _______

is in contact with reality, although he or she may have transient psychotic symptoms

Compared to early-onset conduct disorder, adolescent-onset conduct disorder

is more likely to be outgrown.

the development of conduct disorder in adolescence

is not associated with lasting behavioral problems

The development of conduct disorder in adolescence

is not associated with lasting behavioral problems as much as early-onset conduct disorder

The development of conduct disorder in adolescence: a. predicts the development of other psychopathology in adulthood b. rarely occurs c. commonly occurs in teens who suffer from ADHD d. is not associated with lasting behavioral problems as much as early-onset conduct disorder

is not associated with lasting behavioral problems as much as early-onset conduct disorder

Autism: a. is due to environmental factors like family environment b. is minimally related to genetics c. is caused by exposure to chemical toxins during early development d. is one of the most strongly genetic disorders in the DSM-5

is one of the most strongly genetic disorders in the DSM-5

Autism

is one of the most strongly genetic disorders in the DSM-5.

Autism

is one of the most strongly genetic disorders in the DSM-IV

Functional enuresis: a. always has an organic cause b. usually develops following some traumatic event c. is seen in boys more commonly than girls d. exists in primary, secondary, and tertiary forms

is seen in boys more commonly than girls

Functional enuresis

is seen in boys more commonly than girls.

ADHD

is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a. is commonly diagnosed after age of 15 b. is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities c. is seen equally in boys and girls d. is thought to occur in about 10 percent of school-aged children

is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities

Children with autism usually require ___

life-long care and treatment

The ________ dimension of psychopathy reflects a need for stimulation, a tendency to be easily bored, impulsivity, irresponsibility, a lack of reasonable long-term goals, as well as a parasitic lifestyle.

lifestyle

schizophreniform

like schizophrenia but it has a shorter time span

Punitive approaches to antisocial youth are: a. likely to make problems worse b. effective when intervention occurs before adolescence c. not the norm d. effective at "teaching the child a lesson"

likely to make problems worse

. Punitive approaches to antisocial youth are

likely to make problems worse.

Punitive approaches to antisocial youth are

likely to make problems worse.

Disturbances of the _____ are thought to contribute to the agitation frequently seen in schizophrenia

limbic system

before the accident, Bob was unemplyed and had few friends. lionel, who suffered comparable head trauma...

lionel, because he is most likely to be motivated to recover

What is metacognition?

listening to own thoughts

What is the life expectancy now for children with Down syndrome?

live into adulthood; nevertheless, they appear as a group to experience an accelerated aging process adn a decline in cognitive abilities.

The suicide risk among some disturbed adolescents is

long-lasting and requires careful follow-up and attention

Children who have been abused have been shown to have

long-term adjustment problems, for example, in adjustment to college and adjustment in intimate relationships later in life.

The presence of delirium after surgery is correlated with which of the following?

longer hospital stays

The first sign of neurocognitive disorder in older adults is typically ________

memory problems.

Children with autism are significantly impaired on

memory tasks when compared with both normal children and children with intellectual disability.

intellectual disability is characterized by deficits in general

mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract-thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience.

what do Native americans tend to have higher rates of?

mental disorders

In the United States, one approach that has evolved in recent years is

mental health child advocacy

Which of the following is a childhood disorder coded on Axis II of the DSM?

mental retardation

If you visited an asylum in the 16th Century in Europe you would likely find ________

mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty.

Increased risk for developing alcohol abuse or dependency is related to the ____

mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP)

Onset of Huntington's disease begins in ____

midlife

dementia in HIV

might be due to the HIV virus directly attacking brain cells

Juvenile delinquency occurs when ___

minors commit illegal acts

Overall, research finding indicate that auditory hallucinations occur when patients ______

misinterpret their own inner speech and self-talk

Down syndrome is the best known of the clinical conditions associated with

moderate and severe intellectual disability.

moderate intellectual disability.

Nicole was diagnosed with a conduct disorder. Which of the following strategies would most likely help treat Nicole's behavior?

parenting skills education?

Of all the 18 alkaloids that make up opium, the one present in the largest amount is _____

morphine

If a man was diagnosed with "soldier's illness", he had an addiction to ___ and was involved in ____

morphine, the Civil War

most likely has a learning disability

most likely has a learning disability.

Jenny has an IQ in the average range. How, at school she is doing very badly...

most likely has a learning disbility

What are the theories behind delusions?

motivational view of delusions ( attempts to deal with anxiety and stress) deficit view of delusions (results from brain dysfunction that creates these disorders cognitions or perceptions)

In individuals with severe intellectual disability,

motor and speech development are severely retarded and sensory defects and motor handicaps are common; they can develop limited levels of personal hygiene and self-help skills, which somewhat lessen their dependency, but they are always dependent on others for care

the most common cause of traumatic brain injury is

motor vehicle accidents

Tardive Dyskinesia is a(n)

movement abnormality

The body of knowledge about sexual deviations, abuse, and dysfunctions is _____

much less that is known about other topics in abnormal psychology

Dissociative identity disorder refers to

multiple personalities

Dissociative identity disorder refers to ________

multiple personalities

According to DSM-5, what personality disorder may be more frequently found in men than women?

narcissistic

At a young age, children are not able to understand that the world that others experience is different from their own. Children also tend to overestimate their own abilities. A failure to outgrow these youthful characteristics might explain the development of ________ personality disorder.

narcissistic

Ghia and Armondo often fight because Ghia always believes he is right and is never willing to see things from Armondo's perspective. He is hypercritical of Armondo and retaliatory. Ghia demonstrates characteristics of ________ personality disorder.

narcissistic

Nick is a CEO with an enormous sense of self-importance. He is arrogant, exploitative, and has a need for admiration that causes distress for everyone in his life. N

narcissistic

There is evidence that _________________ is more common in Western cultures, where personal ambition and success are encouraged and reinforced.

narcissistic personality disorder

What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior? a. oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder b. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder c. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and childhood depression d. conduct disorder and childhood depression

oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

how common are delusions in schizophrenia

over 90 percent of those with schizophrenia experience delusions

how common are delusions in schizophrenia

over 90% of those with schizophrenia experience delusions

A person experiencing anoxia would be deprived of ____

oxygen

Prescription medications that are frequently abused include

pain medications

double-bind communication

paradox, saying something but expecting something else

Karl doesn't trust his friends, so he is reluctant to confide in them. He commonly bears grudges and refuses to forgive perceived insults and slights. Karl demonstrates characteristics of ________ personality disorder.

paranoid

Amphetamine psychosis resembles _______

paranoid schizophrenia

What are the schizphrenia subtypes?

paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic

subtypes of schizophrenia include

paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic

Huntington's disease is caused by an autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 4. This means that a person has a 50% chance of developing Huntington's if his or her _____ has the disease

parent

Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve: a. removing the child from the environment that has fostered the maladaptive behavior b. legal intervention c. teaching the child basic moral lessons d. parental participation

parental participation

effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve

parental participation

Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve

parental participation.

Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve ________

parental participation.

Which of the following is a risk factor for ODD and conduct disorder? a. parental psychopathology b. methamphetamine abuse c. middle socioeconomic status d. childhood obesity

parental psychopathology

One of the most important factors in the treatment of children and adolescents is: a. the type of disorder they have b. their intellectual level c. parental willingness to be involved in treatment d. their response to medications

parental willingness to be involved in treatment

One of the most important factors in the treatment of children and adolescents is

parental willingness to be involved in treatment.

One of the most important factors in the treatment of children and adolescents is ________

parental willingness to be involved in treatment.

What are the symptoms types of schizophrenia?

positive, negative, and disorganized

While Type I schizophrenia is dominated by symptoms, Type II schizophrenia is dominated by symptoms

positive; negative

The disorder (hyperactivity) occurs most frequently among?

preadolescent boys - it is six to nine times more prevalent among boys than among girls

When the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the structures underlying them, it's called a ____

prefrontal lobotomy

Persistent and recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation is characteristic of______

premature ejaculation

the best avenue of research for effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease involves

prevention or treatment at the first sign of illness because lost neurons cannot be regained

Throughout his young life, Quincy, age 7, rarely wakes up in the morning to a dry bed. Quincy would be diagnosed as having: a. primary functional encopresis b. secondary functional encopresis c. primary functional enuresis d. secondary functional enuresis

primary functional enuresis

throughout his young life, Quiny, age 7, rarely wakes up in the morning to a dry bed. QUincy would be diagnoosed as having

primary functional enuresis

Throughout his young life, Quincy, age 7, rarely wakes up in the morning to a dry bed. Quincy would be diagnosed as having

primary functional enuresis.

Studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have: a. shown that Prozac is extremely effective in producing long-term symptom relief b. produced inconsistent results c. indicated that while these drugs have few side effects, neither do they have any benefits d. a major drawback: children develop tolerance to the drugs and become psychologically dependent on them

produced inconsistent results

sudies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have

produced inconsistent results

Studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have

produced inconsistent results.

the cohesive model is a treatment strategy for the child with conduct disoorder that

proposes that dysfunctional interactions ahve served to maintain the child's problematic behavior

The cohesive family model is a treatment strategy for the child with conduct disorder that: a. focuses on how the child's behavior elicits negative responses from other family members b. proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior c. teaches the child basic moral lessons d. combines punitive and therapeutic interventions

proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior

The cohesive family model is a treatment strategy for the child with conduct disorder that

proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior.

In 1989 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, which

provides a detailed definition of the rights of children in political, economic, social, and cultural areas.

One concern resulting from possible inaccurate diagnoses of bipolar disorder is that

psychiatrists might overprescribe medications used in the treatment of bipolar disorder

The clinician treating a client with depression who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced" is a:

psychodynamic clinician

all of the following are reasons why cognitive disorders are addressed in an abnormal text except

psychological conditions can signal the onset of brain damage

the terms function and organic are no longer found in the DSM. Functional was previously used to indicate a _____ origin while organic was used to refer to brain damage with a _______ cause

psychological, biological

Before the term "antisocial personality disorder" was used, clinicians were interested in a syndrome that is now called ________

psychopathy

Overall, a diagnosis of ________ appears to be the single best predictor there is of violence and recidivism.

psychopathy

This term is defined as a significant loss of contract with reality

psychosis

Which of the following is a side effect associated with methylphenidate use?

psychosis

Karen suffers from a crippling obsessive-compulsive disorder. She has tried many treatments over the last five years and nothing has helped. She is a potential candidate for ____

psychosurgery

Anti-psychotic drugs are usually used to treat ___ disorders

psychotic

Ordinarily, they (mild intellectual disability) do not show signs of brain pathology or other physical anomalies, but often they require

some measure of supervision because of their limited abilities to foresee the consequences of their actions.

In anorexia nervosa, an eating binge may be followed by ____

purging

In anorexia nervosa, an eating binge may be followed by ______

purging

What are disorganized symptoms?

rambling speech, erratic behavior, and inapproriate affect.

Delirium has a ______ onset and dementia has a _______ onset

rapid onset; gradual onset

How likely is complete recovery from schizophrenia?

rare

Cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease appear to be caused by _____

rare genetic mutations

Kendra has occipital lobe damage and is unable to ____-

recognize familiar faces

Parul was undergoing relapse prevention treatment, where she was taught to ____

recognize warning signals of the possibility of relapse

What is alogia?

refers to the relative absense of speech

the DSM5 diagnosis for someone who has features of schizophrenia and a severe mood disorder is _____ disorder

schizoaffective

Julia clearly had psychotic symptoms. As she also showed symptoms of bipolar disorder, she was ultimately diagnosed with

schizoaffective disorder

This diagnosis is used to describe people who have features of schizophrenia and severe mood disorder

schizoaffective disorder

there is some debate as to whether ______ is a variant of schizophrenia or a form of mood disorder

schizoaffective disorder

Julia clearly had psychotic symptoms. As she also showed symptoms of bipolar disorder, she was ultimately diagnosed with ________

schizoaffective disorder.

DeJuan is highly suggestible and automatically obeys the commands of his brother. he sometimes stands in the same strange posture for hours despite his hands and feet becoming swollen due to immobility. This has been going on for over a year. which diagnosis is best

schizophrenia

What is schizoaffective disorder?

schizophrenia and mood disorder comorbidity must be at least 2 weeks will likely be lifelong with treatment

Harold and tanya both have a wide range of schizophrenic symptoms. harold's symptoms have lasted for 8 months; tanya's have lasted only 8 weeks. According to DSM5, their diagnoses should be

schizophrenia for Harold, schizophreniform for Tanya

The Genain quadruplets all had schizophrenia. The fact that each of the quadruplets suffered from the condition in different ways and to different degrees tells researchers

schizophrenia is not exclusively a genetic disorder

which of the following could be described as "short-term" schizophrenia a. undifferentiated schizophrenia b. schizoaffective disorder c. delusional disorder d. schizophreniform disorder

schizophreniform disorder

Which disorders are included in the schizophrenia umbrella?

schizophrenoform, schizoaffective, delusional, brief psychotic disorders, personality disorders

virginia exhibits a variety of schizophrenic symptoms including delusions, auditory hallucinations, and formal thought disorder. she has been symptomatic for a little more than a month. Virginia qualifies for a diagnosis of

schizopphreniform disorder

Schizophrenic disorders seem to be most strongly linked genetically to ________ personality disorder.

schizotypal

Emily does not have any close friends. Her teachers describe her as an introvert who doesn't appear to enjoy any activities and rarely shows emotion. She also demonstrates oddities in her speech that interfere with her ability to communicate with others. Emily demonstrates the characteristics of ____________

schizotypal personality disorder

Tom tells you that he can make his roommate take out the trash by simply thinking about his roommate doing it. He agrees with you that this could sometimes just be a coincidence, but he seems to truly believe he can sometimes get people to do things just by thinking about it. You find him understandable when he talks, but sometimes hard to follow. His clothes are messy and don't match. Tom tells you not to tell anyone about his power, because he knows that other people don't like him because they are jealous and they would hurt him if they could. The best diagnosis for Tom is ________

schizotypal personality disorder

After her parents' divorce, Julia began wetting the bed. She wets the bed almost nightly and is embarrassed about it in the morning. What disorder would this 7-year-old be diagnosed with?

secondary functional enuresis

Bill stopped needing diapers when he was five, but now he is seven and has started wetting his bed again. He may have ____

secondary functional enuresis

Encopresis is ________ likely to occur in boys than in girls.

six times more likely

a high prevalence of _______ has been reported for children with autism

sleep problems

Which of the following is not listed in the DSM-5 under elimination disorders? a. primary functional enuresis b. encopresis c. secondary functional enuresis d. sleepwalking disorder

sleepwalking disorder

which of the following is not listed in the DSM-IV-TR under disorders of infancy, childhood, and adolescence

sleepwalking disorder

What are the most obvious characteristic of microcephaly?

small head, the circumference of which rarely exceeds 17 inches, compared with the normal size of approximately 22 inches. -children with this as being invariably short in stature but having relatively normal musculature and sex organs. -skull to be cone-shaped, with a receding chin and forehead

Children who are physically or sexually abused show problems in

social adjustment and are particularly likely to feel that the outcomes of events are determined by external factors beyond their own control

Children with conduct disorder show a deficit in

social behavior

Scott has schizophrenia and is responding well to treatment. He still needs help with acquiring the skills he needs to function better on a day-to-day basis, including employment skills, relationship skills, self-care skills, and skills in managing medications or symptoms. He would benefit most from ____

social skills training

When patients are clinically stable, ____ and _____ may be helpful

social skills training, rehabilitation efforts

Research has shown that our chances of becoming obese can increase as much as 57% if someone close to us becomes obese. This evidence hsows that obesity might be ____

socially contagious

Low socioeconomic status and living in a poor neighborhood are ________ variables that increase the probability of a child developing conduct disorder.

sociocultural

Research on the effects of parental depression: a. confirms that genes play a role in the etiology of childhood depression b. suggests that parental psychopathology leads to changes in parenting behavior that has lasting effects on children c. does not indicate that environmental factors play a role in the development of childhood depression d. indicates that the influence of peers is greater than that of parents

suggests that parental psychopathology leads to changes in parenting behavior that has lasting effects on children

research on the effects of parental depression

suggests that parental psychopathology leads to changes in parenting behavior that has lasting effects on children

Research on the effects of parental depression

suggests that parental psychopathology leads to changes in parenting behavior that has lasting effects on children.

After medical complications, ______ is the second most common cause of death in those who suffer from anorexia nervosa

suicide

depressed mood has come to be viewed as an important risk factor in

suicide among children and adolescents

The only effective way to resolve gender dysphoria is through _____

surgical sex reassingment

What are positive symptoms?

symptoms around distored reality

What are negative symptoms?

symptoms involving deficits in a normal behavior such as speech

which of the following is true concerning sleepwalking disorder

takes place during non REM sleep

Marcus was experiencing a side effect of conventional antipsychotic medications. Which of the following might he have been experiencing?

tardive dyskinesia

which of the following would someone with amnestic syndrome not be able to do

tell you who they met 5 minutes ago

damage to the ______ lobes of the brain is most associated with memory loss; damage to the ______ lobes of the brain is most associated with passivity or impulsiveness

temporal; frontal

schizophrenic mother

term used to describe a cold, dominant, and rejecting nature mother

if schizophrenia was a genetic disorder...

than the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be 100 percent

Studies of family concordance patterns for schizophrenia have found

that the more genetically related you are to someone with schizophrenia, the greater your risk of the disorder

studies of family concordance patters for schizophrenia have found

that the more genetically related you are to someone with schizophrenia, the greater your risk of the disorder is

Studies of family concordance patterns for schizophrenia have found ________

that the more genetically related you are to someone with schizophrenia, the greater your risk of the disorder.

Individuals with moderate intellectual disability are likely to fall in the educational category of trainable, which means

that they are presumed able to master certain routine skills such as cooking or minor janitorial work if provided specialized instruction in these activities.

What supports the theory of metacognition?

the SPECT scan that shows auditory hallucinations are caused by increased use of brocas area which produces speech

Cross-cultural studies of tics find that

the average age of tic onset appears to be universal

Causes of Rubella, congenital

the mother's contraction of rubella (German measles) during the first few months of her pregnancy

For a person to be diagnosed with a paraphilic disorder, ________

the paraphilia MUST cause harm

. Research on the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia suggests that:

the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are related to dopamine activity

What is anhedonia?

the presumed lack of pleasure experience

the effects of head trauma on memory suggest that

the process of memory consolidation can be interrupted

early onset Alzheimer's disease differs from the other late-onset form in that

the progression of the disease is more rapid

the case of Phineas Gage demonstrates

the role of the brain in determining personality

what was the greatest problem that emerged as classification system for childhood disorders was being developed

the same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children

which of the following statements about the brain is true

the skull is designed to support as much as two tons of weight

the fact that a significant number of monozygotic twins share the same placenta, while no dizygotic twins do suggests that

we may have overestimated the influence of genetics in schizophrenia

the fact that a significant number of monozygotic twins share the same placenta, while no dizygotic twins do, suggests that

we may have overestimated the influence of genetics in schizophrenia

For children with mild intellectual disabilities, the best approach to education is likely to be ________

well-planned mainstreaming in a regular school.

We are likely to find that many of the children with autistic disorder: a. are girls b. also suffer from depression, tic disorders, and other forms of psychopathology c. come from poverty-stricken environments d. were identified as having the disorder before they were 3 years old

were identified as having the disorder before they were 3 years old

We are likely to find that many of the children with autistic disorder

were identified as having the disorder before they were 3 years old.

We are likely to find that many of the children with autistic disorder ________

were identified as having the disorder before they were 3 years old.

We are likley to find that most of the children with autistic disorder

were identified as having the disorder before they were three years old

We are likely to find that most of the children with autistic disorder

were identified as having the disorder before they were three years old.

which is the most typical example of the onset of Alzheimer's

when Yula's dementia became obvious, her family looked back back on her behavior and realized that she had been exhibiting memory deficits

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