Study Guide 4

Associate the following structures with the appropriate nonvertebrate chordate subphylum (i.e., Cephalochordata or Urochordata).

"Cephalochordata": - A notochord that persists throughout the animal's life - Oral hood with tentacles - Myomeres "Urochordata": - Tunic - Tadpole like larvae - Endostyle

Associate the following characteristics with the correct group of primates.

"Prosimians" - Possess large eyes; nocturnally active; - Included the lemurs and tarsiers "Old World Monkeys" - Lack prehensile tails, walk using palms of their hands "New World Monkeys" - All species are arboreal; - Possess prehensile tails; found in South America "Hominoids" - Largest brain size; - Truly bipedal

Check all of the characteristics listed below that apply to the cnidarian life cycle.

- extracellular digestion of food -use nematocytes to capture food -polyp and/or medusa body forms

The Miller-Urey experiment showed:

- life could be generated in their apparatus after one week. - the essential biological molecules associated with life cannot be generated in an "abiotic" environment.

Systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. Check all of the criteria that systematists would use to classify animals under specific phyla.

-Adult body symmetry -The embryological formation of body cavities -Gene sequencing -The number of tissue layers

Label the major germ layers and body cavities for the two body plans shown. Note: Three of the labels identify similar areas in each body plan. The other two labels are specific to each body plan.

-Left: pseudocoelom -Right: coelom -Middle from top to bottom: Ectodermally derived tissue, Endodermally derived tissue, Mesodermallly derived tissue

All species of animal have general features in common. Check all of the features that would apply to animals.

-Most animals have the capacity for active movement -Animal zygotes undergo mitotic divisions called cleavage -All animals are heterotrophs

The hominoids share several characteristics, which distinguish them from other anthropoids. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into the hominoid group.

-They exhibit adaptable behavior, more so than any other group of animals. -They possess a larger brain size than the other anthropoid groups. -Comparing DNA sequences, humans are closely related to chimpanzees -Hominids are bipedal, while apes are knuckle-walkers.

Select the true statements concerning echinoderms.

-Tube feet are used for locomotion and grasping objects -Echinoderms are well represented in the fossil record -The blastopore of a sea star becomes its anus

Cartilage and bone contributed to increased size in vertebrates. Evaluate the following statements about these endoskeletal tissues and determine if they are true or false.

1. A key element of vertebrate bone is a series of dermal ossicles made out of calcium carbonate.False 2. Bone also contains crystals of a calcium phosphate salt.True 3. Cartilage contains fibers of the protein collagen.True 4. Vertebrate muscles work against bone to provide extraordinary powers of locomotion.True 5. Compared to chitin, bone is much less dynamic and more brittle.False

Parasitic leeches possess a number of adaptations associated with blood-feeding. Evaluate the following statements about blood-feeding in leeches and determine if they are true or false.

1. All leeches are ectoparasites that suck blood from their hosts. (FALSE) 2. The muscular pharynx acts directly to pump the blood from the host into the leech.(TRUE) 3. Leeches secrete anticoagulant to keep the blood of their host flowing.(TRUE) 4. Leeches avoid being detected when biting their host by injecting an anesthetic into the host's wound.(TRUE) 5. Blood-feeding leeches often detect hosts by sensing gradients of nitrogen gas (N2) in the environment.(FALSE)

While birds share several features with reptiles, two primary characteristics distinguish them from living reptiles. Evaluate the following statements about birds and determine if they are true or false.

1. Birds do not produce amniotic eggs.False 2. Birds possess reptilian scales on their feet and lower legs.True 3. Feathers are modified reptilian scales.True 4. Many bones in the bird skeleton are fused, making them more rigid than a reptile skeleton.True 5. Feathers are made of chitin.False

Order the following events from earliest to most recent.

1. Formation of the earth 2. Earliest prokaryotic cells 3. Earliest eukaryotic cells 4. Multicellularity5. First plants 6. First reptiles 7. First mammals 8. First primates

In a tidepool, you discover a worm with a flattened body. What one feature would suggest that it is a nemertean rather than a platyhelminth?

A complete gut with mouth and anus

What is the trigger for global glaciations?

A drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide

When true multicellularity evolved, what two specific mechanisms must have evolved to support it? (Choose two.)

A way to regulate differential gene expression Cell-cell signaling pathways

Label the five extant classes of fishes and match the appropriate characteristics to each group.

Actinistia: - Ancestral to amphibians; paired lobed fins - ex: coelacanths Dipnol: - These lobe-finned fishes can breathe air and live for extended periods out of water - ex: lungfish Actinopterygii: - Most diverse group of vertebrates - ex: ray-finned fishes Chondrichthyes: - Cartilaginous skeleton; no swim bladders - ex: sharks, skates, rays Petromyzontida: - Jawless fish with no paired appendages; parasitic and nonparasitic types - ex: lampreys Myxini: - Jawless fish with no paired appendages; scavengers - ex: hagfishes

Which feature would only be found in the Bilateria?

Anterior cephalization

Label the three orders of amphibians and match the appropriate characteristics to each group.

Anura: - adults compact, tailless body; rear limbs specialized for jumping. - ex.frogstoads Caudata: - slender body; limbs set out at right angles to body - ex.salamandersnewts Apoda: - snalike body, no limbs; little or no tail. - ex.caecilians

Explain the challenges of moving from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Complete the following sentences selecting from the terms provided.

Because of their large body size, ancestral amphibians likely faced challenges supporting themselves out of the aquatic environment. Although there was far more oxygen available to gills in air than in water, the delicate structure of gills couldn't be supported in the terrestrial environment. The costs of locomotion on land and greater oxygen demand from enlarged muscles led to modifications of the heart and circulatory system. These early amphibians could not venture too far away from water because egg deposition was restricted to moist environments.

Using the fossil record as a guide, select all of the true statements.

Birds are related to reptiles and evolved at about the same time as the first reptiles. Single-celled eukaryotes lived for about 500 million years before multicellular eukaryotes evolved.

Identify and label the four most recognized classes in the phylum Mollusca.

Bivalvia - clam Cephalopoda - squid Gastropoda - snail Polyplacophora - chiton

Polar bears and snowy owls are found north of the Arctic circle where there are few terrestrial reptiles. How do they survive these conditions?

Both are endothermic and maintain elevated body temperatures.

Label the four extant classes of arthropods and match the appropriate characteristics to each group.

Chelicerata: - Mouthparts are pincers or fangs Crustacea: - Mandibular mouthparts with biramous appendages Hexapoda: - Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of three unique regions Myriapoda: - Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of a head followed by numerous similar segments

Chloroplasts have their own chromosome, are about the size of a bacterium, and reproduce separately from the nucleus of a plant cell. Determine which statement(s) are true.

Chloroplasts are free living organisms. Chloroplasts are cyanobacteria. Organisms lacking chloroplasts are incapable of photosynthesis.

Match the organisms with the type of development they exhibit.

DEUTEROSTOME - sea star - human PROTOSTOME (SPIRALIA) - earthworm - planarian - snail - bryozoan PROTOSTOME (ECDYSOZOA) - crustacean - onychophora

The Australian mammal fauna consists of numerous marsupial species that are not found on any other continents. On the other continents the marsupials have largely been replaced by placental mammals. What is the most likely explanation for the diversity of marsupials found in Australia?

Due to Australia's tectonic isolation few placental mammals were able to colonize Australia.

Annelids have a basic body plan that is a tube within a tube. There are, however, major differences between the two principal classes within this phylum. Associate the following characteristics with the appropriate annelid class.

Errantia: Primarily marine habitat, Parapodia, Many chaetae, Trochophore larvae. Sedentaria: Terrestrial or freshwater habitats, Hermaphroditic, Few or no chaetae, Thickened band on the body.

Several features are unique to vertebrates. Complete the following sentences related to vertebrate characteristics by selecting from the terms provided.

For the majority of vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column during embryonic development. Vertebrates also have a well-differentiated head with three pairs of well-developed sensory organs. In addition to these two key characteristics, this group possesses a group of embryonic cells called the neural crest that contribute to the development of many vertebrate features. These features include a heart and a closed circulatory system. These and other internal organs are surrounded by an endoskeleton that provides extraordinary powers of movement.

What is meant by pentaradial symmetry?

Having 5 planes of symmetry

Which type of echinoderm is most likely to be mistaken for sea slug?

Holothuroidea

Which feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts provides evidence for their endosymbiotic origins?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.

As a group, the mollusks are morphologically diverse, but they do share several defining features. Complete the following sentences about mollusk characteristics with the correct terms.

Mollusks have a thick epidermal sheet or mantle, which covers the dorsal side of the body. The muscular foot has been adapted for a number of different functions across the phylum including locomotion, attachment, feeding, and digging. Mollusks have centralized digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems within a visceral mass. Many mollusks feed using a rasping, tonguelike structure called the radula. The nephridium is the principal structure used by mollusks to maintain osmotic balance.

Associate the following statements with the appropriate group of mammals.

Monotremes: - mammals that lay shelled eggs - possess a cloaca Marsupials: - embryos use short-lived placentals - Many species live in Australia and South America Placentals; - embryos nourished by a long-lived placenta. - includes humans

In order for the first cells to develop, a phospholipid-like molecule would be necessary. How would the absence of these molecules impede the development of the first cells?

No membrane to protect and concentrate the necessary molecules.

Why is a mass release of phosphorous a potential explanation for glaciations?

Phosphorous increases the productivity of photosynthetic organisms and carbon fixation.

Match the descriptions to the type of development with which they are associated

Protosome: -Spiral cleavage -Blastospore becomes mouth -Coelom forms from mesodermal cells that move apart from one another to create an expanding cavity within the mass of the cells -Determinate development Deuterostome- Coelom forms from cells that pouch off the end of the archenteron -Indeterminate development -Radial cleavage -Blastospore becomes anus

One of the key steps in the origin of life is the development of a molecule that can store information and catalyze reactions. Which molecule has the capacity to accomplish both tasks?

RNA

Arrange these animals in term of their relatedness to humans. The most closely related organisms first and the most distantly related organism last.

Sea star, crab, acoel flatworm, jellyfish, sponge

Round worms (Phylum: Nematoda) move by essentially thrashing from side to side. Segmented worms (Phylum: Annelida) are capable of much more controlled and intricate movements. What feature of annelids, missing in nematodes, allows for the annelids' more complex locomotion?

Segmentation

Sponges are comprised of several cell types, which are similar to those found in the Eumetazoa, but also display a unique degree of flexibility. Complete the following sentences discussing sponge cell types.

Sponge cells are unique because throughout their development they can differentiate from one type of cell to another. Sponges are truly multicellular organisms. Choanocytes are flagellated cells that line internal cavities and are responsible for pumping water and small particles into the sponge. The exterior of a sponge is comprised of flattened cells that form an outer epithelium. The inner layer of a sponge, the mesohyl, contains several types of amoeboid cells, which secrete materials to form a skeleton-like structure for support.

Associate the following statements with the appropriate reptile skull type.

Synapsid skull: - skull present in the first domain reptile group - skull present in therasips - skull with a single temporal hole Anapsid skull: - skull present in turtles - skull without temporal holes Diapsid skull: - skull with two pairs of temporal holes

A number of major evolutionary innovations arose in the fish lineage. Check all of the evolutionary innovations associated with the fishes.

Teeth arose from the rough scales of ancestral sharks. Skeletal developments leading to the amphibian movement onto land probably evolved from lobe-finned fishes The anterior gill arch formed the basis for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw.

Cephalopods have several unique characteristics that set them apart from other mollusks. Complete the following sentences about cephalopods with the correct terms.

The cephalopod foot has evolved into a series of arms, which are primarily used for handling prey. Among the invertebrates, cephalopods possess the largest brains. Unlike the other classes of mollusks, the cephalopods possess a(n) open circulatory system. Cephalopods can move using jet propulsion by pumping water through the mantle cavity and out of their siphon. Cephalopods undergo direct development and lack a larval stage.

Explain the significance of the evolution of the amniotic egg. Complete the following sentences selecting from the terms provided.

The evolution of the watertight amniotic egg with its series of membranes allowed reptiles to replace amphibians and become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate. Starting with the outermost membrane, the chorion lies just beneath the porous shell of the egg. The amnion encases the developing embryo within a fluid filled cavity. The yolk sac provides food for the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut. The allantois surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are excreted.

There are advantages and disadvantages to having an exoskeleton. Complete the following sentences about exoskeletons with the correct terms.

The exoskeleton is made of chitin, which is extremely strong and flexible. The exoskeleton provides antagonism for muscle action. The exoskeleton protects against water loss. As the arthropod grows, the exoskeleton must become thicker to bear the force from the muscles. To grow the arthropod must undergo ecdysis, during which time they are extremely vulnerable to predators.

Bivalves lack a radula. How do they eat?

The gills filter water and extract organic matter.

The two principal clades of protostomes are the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa. Complete the following sentences describing the major characteristics of each clade.

The lophotrochozoan animals are protostomes that grow by gradual additions of mass to the body. In this clade, many animal groups, such as phylum Mollusca, have a trochophore larva, and some groups have a lophophore feeding structure. The ecdysozoan animals are protostomes that grow step-wise by a process called molting. Of the many phyla falling under this clade, the Arthropoda contains the largest number of described species of any phylum in the animal kingdom. Members of this phylum are coelomate animals with jointed appendages and segmented external skeletons composed of chitin.

Visiting the aquarium, you see that the sharks tend to keep swimming. The leafy sea dragon, however,can stay motionless in the water column to avoid the attention of predators. What bony fish adaptation(s) make this possible?

The swim bladder and the operculum help it to float and respire.

Elephantiasis is a human disease that is caused by a parasitic nematode that lives in the circulatory system. What causes the massive swelling of tissue that has given the disease its name?

The worms block the lymph vessels, which causes the swelling.

Select the true statements concerning ctenophores.

They are diploblastic. They have some tissue derived from mesoderm. They have a modified radial symmetry.

Many parasitic flatworms have complex lifecycles involving several host organisms. For Asian liver flukes, humans are the final host. What would result if humans were not available for a population of Asian liver flukes?

They could not reproduce.

There is a group of terrestrial salamanders called the lungless salamanders, which do not have lungs. Based on what you know about amphibians in general, how would you guess they are able to obtain oxygen?

They exchange gases across their moist skin.

Place the labels in the correct locations to show the muscular actions required for an earthworm to move forward through the soil.

Top of diagram: - Longitudinal muscles contracted - Longitudinal muscles contract, and segments catch up. Chaetae attach to the ground and prevent backsliding. Bottom of diagram: - Circular muscles contracted - Circular muscles contract, and anterior end moves forward. Chaetae lose attachment to ground - Circular muscles contract, and anterior end moves forward.

Annelids and arthropods were once considered closely related. Some juvenile forms of arthropods resemble annelids (maggots and caterpillars). However, modern classification schemes separate them into distant groups. What feature suggests a fundamental difference between the two groups?

Whether growth is continuous or step-wise

The chordates share several features which have played a significant role in the evolution of the phylum. Check all of the features that one would use to exclusively classify members of Chordata and not members of Echinodermata.

a postanal tail during embryonic development pharyngeal pouches during embryonic development a notochord on the dorsal side of the gut in the early embryo a hollow nerve cord

The segmentation of animals has allowed for several advantages. Indicate if the following statements concerning segmentation are true or false.

a- locomotion is more efficient in segmented animals because independent segments can move semi-independently(True) b-partitions isolate each segment, so each must contract or expand in unison(False) c- In segmented animals like earthworms 9phylum Annelida), each segment may develop a nearly complete set of adult organ systems(true) d- Redundancy in segmented animals is not an advantage(false)

A worm that is solid from the gut epithelium to the outermost epithelium would be considered

acoelomate.

Members of the phyla Annelida and Mollusca belong to the spiralian group Lophotrochozoa because they both possess a(n) ______________ and a have marine representatives that undergo a ciliated larvae stage called a _______________.

coelom; trochophore

The biggest challenge that faced the first terrestrial vertebrates who left the aquatic environment was

desiccation.

Birds are sometimes thought as a special type of reptile because they share a common ancestor with the _________________, the crocodiles and alligators, and both birds and crocodiles and birds possess a __________________ heart.

dinosaurs; four-chambered

The mammals share several characteristics, which distinguish them from all other classes of vertebrates. Check all of the features that are found in mammals.

embryonic development often assisted by a placenta hair used for insulation, camouflage or as sensory structures endothermic metabolism mammary glands

Rotifers are often called wheel animals because they are radially symmetrical.

false

The scolex of a tapeworm contains the mouth and the anterior neural ganglia.

false

Choanocytes

filter particles out of the water

In the Bryozoa and the Brachiopoda, the lophophore is a ciliated, circular or U-shaped structure that is used for both _________________ and __________________.

gas exchange; feeding

The arthropods are the most successful group of animals; several key features explain their success. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum.

growth takes place through ecdysis a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin jointed appendages segments specialized into functional tagmata

Lancelets and hagfish are

jawless

In the current animal classification system __________ is thought to have originated once, and ____________ is thought to have evolved multiple times.

molting, segmentation

The high internal pressure and lack of circular muscles means nematodes cannot

move by changing their diameter.

The problem with classifying people or other organisms into races is that the characteristics used to define races are usually _______________. Constant ____________ has prevented the human species from fragmenting into subspecies.

not well correlated; gene flow

A biologist looking for synapomorphic traits for chordates would choose

pharyngeal slits or pouches.

A fossil lacking any external structure and having a diameter of less than 10 micrometers would most likely be a fossil of a(n) _________.

prokaryotic cell

Label the taxonomic names and the characteristics of the extant groups of reptiles.

squamata: sauria: - limbs set at right angle to body - ex. lizards squamata: serpentes - no legs - ex. snakes rynchocephalia: - sole survivors of a once successful group that largely disappeared before dinosaurs - ex. tuataras chelonia: - armored reptiles with shell of bony plates - ex. turtles, tortoises, sea turtles cocodylia: - advanced reptiles with 4-chambered heart and socketed teeth. - ex. crocodiles, alligators

Ctenophora have been shown to exhibit characteristics of triploblasts and they are a sister group to metazoans.

true

The two largest clades in the Bilateria are the protostomes and the deuterostomes.

true

Vertebrates are able to grow to relatively larger sizes than invertebrates because

vertebrates have an endoskeleton made of bone and cartilage.