Study Guide A - MOCK TEST

(S5) 12. A tRNA molecule is attached to a(n) sugar / amino acid at one end and has a(n) frame / anticodon at the other end.

amino acid; anticodon

(S5) 15. A(n) __________ is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

anticodon

(S5) 5. Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below. Codon Amino Acid or Function 5. AGA 6. UAG 7. tryptophan (Trp) 8. GGA

arginine (Arg)

(S7) 4. A translocation happens when a piece of one chromosome attaches to / detaches from a nonhomologous chromosome.

attaches to

(S3) 12. 10. Place the following sentences in the correct order to summarize the steps of replication. Draw a diagram showing each step a. Enzymes unzip the helix. b. Two identical DNA molecules result. c. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original strands. In order of occurance 10. - 11. - 12.

b

(S5) 13. Place the following sentences into the cycle diagram below to outline the steps of translation. i. The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed. ii. The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids. It breaks the bond between the first amino acid and tRNA. iii. An exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA bearing an amino acid. In Descending order: Ribosome assembles at the start codon of mRNA strand. - A. - B. - C. - Back to A. & When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, it falls apart and the protein is released. (refer to study guide)

A, iii; B, ii; C, i

(S2) 7. The T nucleotide pairs with the ___________ nucleotide, and the C nucleotide pairs with the ___________ nucleotide.

A; G

(S7) 5. In the boxes below is a string of nucleotides. a. Use brackets to indicate the reading frame of the nucleotide sequence. b. Make a point mutation. Circle the mutation. c. Make a frameshift mutation. Use brackets to indicate how the reading frame would be altered by the mutation. a. A T G C G T C C A T G A b. A T G C G T C C A T G A c. A T G C G T C C A T G A

ATC CGT CCA TGA

(S3) 6. Suppose that one strand of DNA has the sequence TAGGTAC. Write down the sequence of the complementary DNA strand. _______________________

ATCCATG

(S4) 10. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following processes is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription and replication. Transcription Replication Both i. is catalyzed by large enzymes ii. is highly regulated by the cell iii. involves complementary base pairing of the DNA strand iv. involves unwinding of the DNA double helix v. occurs within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

All five statements; Both

(S1) 11. Radioactivity was only present in the bacteria that were infected with phosphorus-tagged bacteriophages. This result indicated that the bacteriophages' _______________ had entered the bacteria, but the protein had not.

DNA

(S7) 15. A mutation is a change in an organism's __________.

DNA

(S4) 13. Transcription is the process of copying a sequence of __________ to produce a complementary strand of ________.

DNA; RNA

(S1) 7. In the table below, check the appropriate boxes to show the results of each type of test., DNA or Protein

DNA;DNA;DNA

(S7) 1. From the following list, select the two types of mutations that are gene mutations and select the two types that are chromosomal mutations. a. frameshift mutation b. gene duplication c. point mutation (substitution) d. translocation Gene mutations: ____________ Chromosomal mutations: _____________

Gene mutations: a, c Chromosomal mutations: b,d

(S1) 2. Check the appropriate boxes to indicate the results of Griffith's experiments that are listed below. Injected mice with live S bacteria.

Mice died

(S1) 4. Check the appropriate boxes to indicate the results of Griffith's experiments that are listed below. Mixed killed S bacteria with R bacteria and injected them into mice.

Mice died

(S1) 1. Check the appropriate boxes to indicate the results of Griffith's experiments that are listed below. Injected mice with live R bacteria.

Mice lived

(S1) 3. Check the appropriate boxes to indicate the results of Griffith's experiments that are listed below. Killed S bacteria and injected them into mice

Mice lived

(S2). Name parts of the Nucleotide (you will have to draw this on the test, remember how each part is connected! Remember the nitrogenous base is A, C, T, G) (Pentose is a 5 carbon monosaccharide)

Phosphate group, Deoxyribose (Pentose) sugar, nitrogenouse base

(S5) 3. Would the codons in Figure 5.1 in your textbook be found in a strand of DNA or RNA? ____________

RNA

(S4) 7. The enzyme that helps a cell to make a strand of RNA is called ________________________.

RNA polymerase

(S5) 9. Ribosomes / Vesicles and tRNA molecules / DNA polymerase are the tools that help a cell translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide.

Ribosomes; tRNA molecules

(S1) 5. The S / R form of bacteria caused disease in the mice.

S

(S3) 3. DNA is replicated during the M stage / S stage of the cell cycle.

S stage

(S2) 8. Name the parts of a DNA double helix

Sugar phosphate backbone, deoxyribose, nucleotides

(S4) 5. Place the following words and letters into the table below to contrast DNA and RNA. ribose deoxyribose double single U T DNA (First) RNA (Second) 4. Contains the sugar ____________ Contains the sugar ____________ 5. Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ 6. Typically __________-stranded Typically __________-stranded

T; U

(S5) 7. Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below. Codon Amino Acid or Function 5. AGA 6. UAG 7. tryptophan (Trp) 8. GGA

UGG

(S3) 10. Place the following sentences in the correct order to summarize the steps of replication. Draw a diagram showing each step a. Enzymes unzip the helix. b. Two identical DNA molecules result. c. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original strands. In order of occurance 10. - 11. - 12.

a

(S6) 7. Complete the Cause-and-Effect Diagram describing the lac operon on the next page by putting the letter for each sentence into the appropriate box. a. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, and the repressor cannot bind to the operon. b. Lactose is broken down. c. RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes. d. RNA polymerase is blocked by the repressor. e. The genes are not transcribed. (just refer to the diagram on a online study guide or something)

a

(S7) 16. If a nucleotide is deleted from a strand of DNA, what type of mutation has occurred? a. frameshift mutation b. gene duplication c. point mutation (substitution) d. translocation

a

(S7) 10. Fill in the Cause-and-Effect Diagram using the phrases listed below to explain how a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype. a. altered splice site b. lack of regulation c. no change d. noncoding regions e. premature stop codon In order of may cause/result Point mutations - 6. - 9., _____, no change

a or b

(S3) 7. Select all of the roles that proteins play during DNA replication. a. They help unzip the DNA strand. b. They hold the DNA strands apart. c. They attach nucleotides to the nucleus. d. They remove nucleotides from the DNA strands. e. They bond nucleotides together.

a, b, c

(S6) 9. Complete the Cause-and-Effect Diagram describing the lac operon on the next page by putting the letter for each sentence into the appropriate box. a. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, and the repressor cannot bind to the operon. b. Lactose is broken down. c. RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes. d. RNA polymerase is blocked by the repressor. e. The genes are not transcribed. (just refer to the diagram on a online study guide or something)

b

(S7) 9.Fill in the Cause-and-Effect Diagram using the phrases listed below to explain how a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype. a. altered splice site b. lack of regulation c. no change d. noncoding regions e. premature stop codon In order of may cause/result Point mutations - 6. - _____, 10., no change

b or a

(S6) 1. Circle two reasons why gene expression is regulated in prokaryotic cells. a. Regulation allows the cells to live for a longer period. b. Regulation allows the cells to better respond to stimuli. c. Regulation allows the cells to promote gene recognition. d. Regulation allows the cells to conserve energy and materials.

b, d

(S1) 6. Griffith concluded that there must be a "transforming principle" that changed harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria / mice.

bacteria

(S2) 5. Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional shape of DNA by building models / building genomes

building models

(S3) 11. 10. Place the following sentences in the correct order to summarize the steps of replication. Draw a diagram showing each step a. Enzymes unzip the helix. b. Two identical DNA molecules result. c. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original strands. In order of occurance 10. - 11. - 12.

c

(S6) 6. Complete the Cause-and-Effect Diagram describing the lac operon on the next page by putting the letter for each sentence into the appropriate box. a. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, and the repressor cannot bind to the operon. b. Lactose is broken down. c. RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes. d. RNA polymerase is blocked by the repressor. e. The genes are not transcribed. (just refer to the diagram on a online study guide or something)

c

(S6) 8. Complete the Cause-and-Effect Diagram describing the lac operon on the next page by putting the letter for each sentence into the appropriate box. a. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, and the repressor cannot bind to the operon. b. Lactose is broken down. c. RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes. d. RNA polymerase is blocked by the repressor. e. The genes are not transcribed. (just refer to the diagram on a online study guide or something)

c

(S7) 7. Fill in the Cause-and-Effect Diagram using the phrases listed below to explain how a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype. a. altered splice site b. lack of regulation c. no change d. noncoding regions e. premature stop codon In order of may cause/result Point mutations - coding regions - nonfunctional protein, ____ , 8.

c

(S6) 3. A(n) operator / promoter is a segment of DNA that helps RNA polymerase recognize the start of a gene.

promoter

(S7) 8.Fill in the Cause-and-Effect Diagram using the phrases listed below to explain how a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype. a. altered splice site b. lack of regulation c. no change d. noncoding regions e. premature stop codon In order of may cause/result Point mutations - coding regions - nonfunctional protein, 7., _____

c

(S2) 10. The base pairing rules of DNA relate to Chargaff's rules. The base pairing rules state that A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G. Therefore, the amount of A will be _______________ the amount of T, and the amount of C will be ______________ the amount of G. a. less than b. more than c. equal to

c; c

(S3) 4. DNA replication needs to occur so that every cell / organism will have a complete set of DNA following cell division.

cell

(S7) 2. Which type of mutation affects more genes, a gene mutation or a chromosomal mutation? ___________________

chromosomal mutation

(S5) 14. AGG, GCA, and GUU are examples of _________________.

codons

(S3) 1. DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied / observed during the cell cycle.

copied

(S6) 5. Complete the Cause-and-Effect Diagram describing the lac operon on the next page by putting the letter for each sentence into the appropriate box. a. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, and the repressor cannot bind to the operon. b. Lactose is broken down. c. RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes. d. RNA polymerase is blocked by the repressor. e. The genes are not transcribed. (just refer to the diagram on a online study guide or something)

d

(S7) 6. Fill in the Cause-and-Effect Diagram using the phrases listed below to explain how a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype. a. altered splice site b. lack of regulation c. no change d. noncoding regions e. premature stop codon In order of may cause/result Point mutations - _____ - 9, 10, no change.

d

(S4) 4. Place the following words and letters into the table below to contrast DNA and RNA. ribose deoxyribose double single U T DNA (First) RNA (Second) 4. Contains the sugar ____________ Contains the sugar ____________ 5. Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ 6. Typically __________-stranded Typically __________-stranded

dioxyribose; ribose

(S4) 6. Place the following words and letters into the table below to contrast DNA and RNA. ribose deoxyribose double single U T DNA (First) RNA (Second) 4. Contains the sugar ____________ Contains the sugar ____________ 5. Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ 6. Typically __________-stranded Typically __________-stranded

double; single

(S3) 14. DNA polymerase has a proofreading function that enables it to detect errors / enzymes and correct them.

errors

(S6) 12. A TATA box is a promoter that is found in almost all ___________________ cells.

eukaryotic

(S6) 15. An exon differs from an intron. A(n) _______ is a sequence of nucleotides that is expressed in a protein, whereas a(n) __________ is an intervening sequence of nucleotides that will be removed during mRNA processing.

exon; intron

(S6) 14. The diagrams below represent unprocessed and processed mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. Using the diagrams as a reference, fill in the legend with the corresponding element from the following list: cap, exon, intron, tail. (refer to study guide for legend)

exon; tail; cap; intron

(S2) 2. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? ___________

four

(S6) 10. The cells in your body differ from each other, because they express different sets of _________.

genes

(S7) 11. For a mutation to be passed to offspring, it must occur in the autosomal / germ cells.

germ

(S5) 8. Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below. Codon Amino Acid or Function 5. AGA 6. UAG 7. tryptophan (Trp) 8. GGA

glycine (Gly)

(S3) 13. Human chromosomes have only one / hundreds of origin(s) of replication, where the DNA is unzipped so replication can begin.

hundreds of

(S3) 8. In order for the DNA strands to separate, the ________________ bonds connecting base pairs must be broken.

hydrogen

(S4) 8. The following sentences summarize the three key steps of transcription. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, i. A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other proteins, assembles at the start of a gene / nucleus and begins to unwind the DNA / RNA. ii. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, DNA polymerase / RNA polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA. iii. The RNA strand attaches to / detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed, and the DNA zips back together.

i, gene, DNA; ii, RNA polymerase; iii, detaches from

(S1) 8. A bacteriophage has two main structures: a DNA molecule and a _________________ coat.

protein

(S6) 13. . "Sonic hedgehog" is an example of a ___________ that helps control the expression of many other genes and plays an important role in establishing body pattern.

protein

(S4) 11. . Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following end results is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription and replication. Transcription Replication Both i. makes a double-stranded copy of all the DNA in a cell ii. makes a single-stranded complement of only a particular DNA sequence. iii. occurs only once during each round of the cell cycle iv. occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle to make proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as needed by a cell

i. Replication; ii. Transcription; iii. Replication; iv. Transcription

(S5) 11. The small / large subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.

large

(S7) 13. An agent in the environment that can change DNA is called a _____________.

mutagen

(S7) 12. Can DNA polymerase catch and correct every replication error? _________

no

(S3) 15. The suffix -ase indicates an enzyme. A polymer is a string of repeating structural units. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA by forming bonds between _____________________.

nucleotides

(S5) 4. A reading frame is the order in which _____________ are read.

nucleotides

(S3) 2. DNA replication takes place in the centrosome / nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

nucleus

(S3) 9. DNA replication is called semiconservative because each molecule consists of one ___________ strand and one ___________ strand.

old; new

(S6) 4. An exon / operon is a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more genes / introns that code for proteins needed to carry out a task.

operon; genes

(S2) 6. DNA base pairing results in a molecule that has a uniform width. A sugarphosphate backbone is on the inside / outside. Inside the structure, a base with two rings always pairs with a base with one / two ring(s).

outside; one

(S3) 5. A template is something that serves as a ___________.

pattern

(S5) 1. Translation is the process that converts an mRNA message into a _____________.

polypeptide (or protein)

(S4) 12. The name of each type of RNA tells what it does. mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of ________________ to make. rRNA is a key component of ______________________. tRNA transfers, or carries, _____________________ from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

protein; ribosomes; amino acids

(S1) 10. In their second experiment, Hershey and Chase tagged bacteriophages with __________________ phosphorus. DNA contains phosphorus, but protein contains very little phosphorus.

radioactive

(S3.) 9. In their first experiment, Hershey and Chase tagged bacteriophages with __________________ sulfur. Protein contains sulfur, but DNA does not.

radioactive

(S4) 1. Label the diagram below with each of the following processes: translation, transcription, and replication. For each process, write down whether it takes place in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Occurrence in DNA, (the repeating line that comes from, and goes back to DNA!)

replication; nucleus

(S5) 10. The small / large subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.

small

(S6) 11. Transcription factors bind to the DNA and help RNA polymerase know where a gene __________.

starts

(S5) 16. A ______________ indicates where translation is to stop.

stop codon

(S5) 6. Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below. Codon Amino Acid or Function 5. AGA 6. UAG 7. tryptophan (Trp) 8. GGA

stop codon

(S2) 9. The DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase: the ___________________________ is like the twisting handrails of the staircase, and the ______________________________ are like the steps that connect the railings to each other.

sugar-phosphate backbone; nitrogen-containing bases

(S4) 9. Identify which type of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA) performs each of the following functions. __________ brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein. __________ forms part of ribosomes. __________ is an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein.

tRNA; rRNA; mRNA

(S2) 3. All nucleotides have two parts that are the same: the deoxyribose sugar and __________________. The third part, _____________________, is different.

the phosphate group; the nitrogen-containing base

(S5) 2. A codon is a sequence of ________ nucleotides that code for an amino acid.

three

(S7) 14. UV light damages a DNA strand by causing neighboring __________ nucleotides to break their hydrogen bonds to adenine and bond with each other instead.

thymine

(S6) 16. A promoter is a DNA segment that allows a gene to be ______________.

transcribed

(S6) 2. In prokaryotic cells, gene expression is typically regulated at the start of transcription / translation.

transcription

(S4) 2. Label the diagram below with each of the following processes: translation, transcription, and replication. For each process, write down whether it takes place in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Occurrence between DNA and RNA

transcription; nucleus

(S4) 3. Label the diagram below with each of the following processes: translation, transcription, and replication. For each process, write down whether it takes place in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Occurrence between RNA and Proteins

translation; cytoplasm

(S7) 3. Gene duplication happens when there is equal / unequal cross-over event.

unequal

(S2) 4. Franklin's data revealed that the structure of DNA is uniform / variable in width.

uniform

(S1) 12. A bacteriophage is a type of _________________ that infects bacteria.

virus