Study Guide Chapter 25

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

William Randolph Hearst

(San Francisco Examiner) was also a yellow journalism editor and put together a newspaper empire made of a chain of newspapers.

Hatch Act

1887 - Provided for agricultural experimentation stations in every state to improve farming techniques.

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Florence Kelley

A lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers

Yellow journalism

A term for sensationalistic, irresponsible journalism. Reputedly, the term is an allusion to the cartoon the "Yellow Kid", created by Joseph Pulitzer, in the old New York World, a newspaper especially noted for its sensationalism.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration. Also urged voting against Catholics

Theodore Dreiser

Captured big-city life (for both good and bad) in his novel "Sister Carrie".

Boss Tweed

City boss of the Tammany Hall district in New York City, pretty much ran the immigrants' lives.

Joseph Lister

English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912)

Hull House

Founded by Jane Addams (1889). It was a "settlement house"—immigrants came there for counseling, literacy training, child care, cultural activities, and the like.

Horatio Alger

He wrote rags-to-riches stories, usually about a good boy that made good. They all championed the virtues of honesty and hard work that lead to prosperity and honor. His best known book was titled "Ragged Dick".

Frank Norris

His novels criticized corrupt business. "The Octopus" (1901) was about railroad and political corruption and "The Pit" was about speculators trading in wheat.

Emily Dickinson

I hope you know who this person is.

"New Immigration"

Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe—Poland, Italy, Slovakia, Croatia. They largely came from nations with little democratic traditions. They were usually Catholic, uneducated, and were generally penniless. After 1880

"Old Immigration"

Immigrants that came from northern and western Europe—Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia. They largely came from nations with some democratic backgrounds and were of the fair-skinned Anglo-Saxon type. They were Protestant (except for the Irish and a few Germans). They were generally better educated and with a bit of money behind them. Before 1880

Chinese Exclusion Act

It banned the immigration of Chinese. This was the first immigration law to specifically target and ban a specific ethnicity.

Tuskegee Institute

It was a normal school for black teachers and taught hands-on industrial trades.

Chataqua movement

It was a series of lectures, a descendant of the earlier "lyceum" circuit. Many well-known speakers, like Mark Twain, spoke.

Emma Lazarus

Poet whose words were inscribed on the bottom of the Statue Of Liberty: "Give me your tired, your poor Your huddled masses yearning to be free,..."

Dr. Charles W. Eliot

President of Harvard. Symbolically, he changed Harvard's motto from Christo et Ecclesiae (for Christ and Church) to Veritas (Truth).

Charles Darwin

Published "On the Origin of Species" in 1959. His theory of evolution argued that higher forms of life had evolved from lower forms of life via random mutation and survival-of-the-fittest.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Published "Women and Economics", a classic of feminism. She shunned traditional femininity, said there were no real differences between men and women, and called for group nurseries and kitchens to free up women.

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

Sculptor who made the Robert Gould Shaw (leader of 54th black regiment in the Civil War) memorial in Boston Common.

Carrie Chapman Catt

She changed the argument from "women deserve the right to vote since they're equal" to "women deserve the right to vote in order to carry out their traditional roles and homemakers and mothers."

Women's Christian Temperance Union

The first mass organization among women devoted to social reform. The two main parts to its purpose were Christianity and temperance.

Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin

They published a periodical that shocked proper, Elizabethan society. They announced her belief in free love, they both pushed for women's propaganda, and charged that respectable Henry Ward Beecher had been having a long affair.

William James

Through his writings he helped establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology explored the philosophy and psychology of religion.

Louis Sullivan

Was the father of the skyscraper. He used steel, concrete, newly invented elevators, and the motto "form follows function."

Henry George

Wrote "Progess and Poverty" which examined the relationship between those two concepts. His theory was that "progress" pushed land values up and thus increased poverty amongst many.

Edwin L. Godkin

Wrote the magazine "Nation". It was read by intellectuals and thinker-types and was reform minded. It pushed for civil service reform (government jobs based on talent, not connections), honest government, and a mild tariff.

"dumbbell" apartment

an apartment that had an air shaft vertically down the through the building to let in air.

Henry James

brother of philosopher William James, usually wrote about innocent Americans, normally women, thrown amid Europeans. His best works were "Daisy Miller" (1879), "The Portrait of a Lady" (1881), and "The Bostonians" (1886).

"Social Gospel"

churches should address social issues and problems.

Henry H. Richardson

designed buildings with his trademark high-vaulted arches. His style was very ornate and reminiscent of Gothic cathedrals. The Marshall Fields building in Chicago was his masterpiece.

William Dean Howells

editor of "Atlantic Monthly", wrote about common people and controversial social topics.

Comstock Law

federal law promoted by a self appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Henry Adams

grandson of John Adams, wrote a history of the early U.S. and "The Education of Henry Adams", his best known.

Salvation Army

helped anyone struggling to make a go of things by doling out soup.

William Naismith

invented basketball

James Whistler

lived an eccentric life. His best-known painting was of his mother.

George Inness

painted landscapes.

John Singer Sargent

painted portraits of European nobility.

Thomas Eakins

painted realistically, as seen in his graphic surgical painting "The Gross Clinic."

Mary Cassat

painted women and children, as with her "The Bath" showing a mother bathing a small girl.

Edward Bellamy

published the novel "Looking Backward". It's character fell asleep and awoke in the year 2000 to an ideal society. His solution was that the government had taken over all business, communist/socialist-style, and everything was rosy. Intellectual-types enjoyed discussing the book and its ideas.

Walt Witman

revised his classic "Leaves of Grass." He also wrote "O Captain! My Captain!", inspired by Lincoln's assassination.

Mary Baker Eddy

started the Church of Christ, Scientist (AKA "Christian Science"). The main belief of Christian Science was healing through prayer, not through medical treatment.

Dwight Lyman Moody

started the Moody Bible Institute and pushed for Christian charity and kindness. His goal and achievement was to connect biblical teachings and Christianity to modern city life.

"P.T." Barnum and James A. Bailey

started the circus and adopted the slogan, "The Greatest Show on Earth".

George Washington Carver

studied the peanut, sweet potato, and soybean there and came up with many uses for them: shampoo, axle grease, vinegar, and paint.

Winslow Homer

was perhaps the most "American" painter. He typically painted scenes of daily New England life and the sea. Homer's topics included schoolhouses, farmers, young women, sailors, and coastlines

Gen. Lewis Wallace

wrote "Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ". It countered Darwinsm with faith in Christ and sold 2 million copies.

Jack London

wrote about the wilderness in "The Call of the Wild" (1903), "White Fang", and "The Iron Heel".

Stephen Crane

wrote brilliantly and realistically about industrial, urban America in "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets" (1893). It old of a girl-turned-prostitute and then suicide.

Henry James

wrote influentially on psychology with books like Principles of Psychology and Pragmatism (saying America's contribution to any idea was its usefulness, or not).

Bret Harte

wrote of the West in his gold rush stories, especially "The Luck of Roaring Camp" and "The Outcasts of Poker Flat."

Kate Chopin

wrote openly about adultery, suicide, and the ambitions of women in "The Awakening"