Study Guide for Mid-term Exam 1
Negative Peace
· absence of war; no active, organized military violence o Negative peace can exist in the absence of culturally accepted notions of social justice
How have changes in the technology of war discouraged war(less acceptable)?
Bc you can do so much more damage, easier to kill people, can be so remote (that I push a button here and I will not see what I did)
What are the five key characteristics of each generation of peacekeeping?
)a. Neutrality i. no need to identify an aggressor; ii. not change the balance of power in the situation. b. Non-enforcement mission i. Goal is to facilitate ceasefire in former "hot" zone, but not to stop fighting or punish an aggressor c. Consent of host countries i. Only work in countries where there is an invitation from the state that will provide the land for them to stay d. Limited military capability i. Lightly armed with no capability to threat former combatants e. 1st gen: Limited Function i. Core purposes are to supervise the ceasefire and separate opposing forces, tho additional functions may be specified from one mission to the next f. 2nd gen: Complex Function i. Complex mandate aimed at helping parties fighting on the battlefield to competing in th eplotical arena (Tradition: Between Egypt and isreal: supervise and watch each other what they are doing)
What is Collective Security?
A system in which all, or nearly all, states agree to unite against any aggressor, whoever it may be.
What is the relationship between Alliances and Balancing Power?
Alliance: a tool as one strategy in balancing power. Treaties between two or more states in which parties pledge mutual defense in case of attack. i. NATO, a classic Cold War alliance (Dutch 还有美国联合起来去balance power 和苏联) ii. Cumulative power of partners help insure an adequate balance, especially for small and medium states
What is the first known peace treaty?
Around 1270BC between the Egyptian and the Hittites.
Why has peace researcher Gene Sharp described world government, at least in today's world, as either a dangerous illusion or a severe threat to positive peace?
Because it is unrealizable, or, if achievable, would constitute a severe danger to world peace, to freedom, or to justice. (WE DO NOT AGREE ON BASIC THINGS SO WE ARE NOT READY FOR IT) b. HE WANTS TO SEE THE WG THO
What is the difference between bilateral and multilateral diplomacy?
Bilateral involves two parties, and multilateral involves more than two.
How does diplomacy seek to overcome the security dilemma?
By establishing coherent, consistent relationships over time.
How does mirror-image weaken balancing power as a peace tool?
By seeing yourself entirely good, and your enemy entirely bad.
What is World Government
Centralized, federal institutions for governing the entire planet.
Why does Samuel Huntington believe that differences among cultures in the world will reemerge as the principle cause of war in the 21st century?
Cultural conflicts today are less negotiable, with economic modernization and social change threatening local identities and traditions, and interactions between people of different civilizations are increasing. Increased civilization-consciousness in non-western when western power is at its height
What are the two types of International Law?
Customary law: Generally accepted principles, rules, and norms that have evolved over time. i. Including accepted standards proposed in the writings of classical legal theorist such as Hugo Grotius (1625). Treaty law: Written agreements between states that establish principles, rules, or norms for governing their interactions. i. Typically written into domestic laws ii. Can be subject to international arbitration / adjudication iii. May be elaborated or clarified through interpretations of tribunals: international Court of Justice
What are Diplomacy?
Diplomacy: The use of authoritative agents to maintain mutual relations, communicate, and carry out political, economic, and legal transactions between states.
In addition to military sanctions, economic sanctions can be used to enforce collective security. Even if economic sanctions are less violent than military sanctions, are they peaceful? Why not?
Even economic sanctions are ultimately violent because they hurt probable innocents.
Sigmund Freuds' concept of the Ego, Superego, and Id? (Freud/culture)
Freud/culture: culture norms can be used to suppress ego; socio-political-economic institutions i. People all have a creative instinct and a destructive instinct; we cannot suppress these instinct but can create institutions (social/psychological) to control them ii. There is concept of identification and feelings of community; culture can have an impact on psyche and holds possibility of redirect these instinct
What is Hard Power?
Hard power: The ability to get what you want by offering inducements and threats. i. Carrots and sticks
How does crisis decision-making weaken balancing power as a peace tool?
Has a short time horizon, restrictions on options, and high stress increases the use of cognitive shortcuts.
In what ways are the ideas of philosopher Thomas Hobbes about human nature similar to Sigmund Freud's concept of the Ego, Superego, and Id? What is the relationship between socio-political-economic institutions (culture) and the propensity for violence and war?
Hobbes: human nature: violence; culture exists to suppress the violence in everyone except top dogs bc there is no institution to suppress the king i. Human nature: man against man; life is nasty, cruel, brutish and short; social institution exist to limit violence
How does in-group identity, which has been essential for the survival of the human species, also encourage war?
Indoor people believe they are good and dislike outdoors, creating conflicts.
What are International Organizations?
International Org: Institutions created to coordinate the policies of states with respect to a particular political, military, social, economic, or environmental issue. i. Members are sovereign states ii. Have permanent staff and headquarters iii. Controlled by member state through a congress or assembly iv. UN
What are International Regimes?
International Regimes: A set of treaties and organizations dealing with a particular issue area that establish rules and principles through which states coordinate their policies to achieve common interests. i. THE NUCLEAR ... REGIME
How have changes in the technology of war made war more palatable?
It is more palatable bc it is remote, less acceptable bc it is dangerous
How does wishful thinking weaken balancing power as a peace tool?
It tends to convince yourself that your actions will succeed or the risks aren't that high.
Did Konrad Lorenz believe that war is inevitable in human society? Why not?
Konard Lorenz: aggression = survival instinct by evolution; but we can suppress it; we can prevent the war i. Predator-prey relationship; Inter-species riverly; intra-species competition (aggression) ii. Aggression not designed to kill (intra-spices killing do exist)：其他动物不杀，人类杀 iii. Human: certain adaptations facilitate killing: weapons, especially the remote weapons; militant enthusiasm 1. We control militant enthusiasm by knowing the conditions that excite the reflex (two people on the same side of the militant enthusiasm 互相兴，越说越起劲) it is for ourselves, recognize and the choose not to do it a. Threat from outside; negative emotions towards the threat; elite wiling to respond together; enforce with joint effort
What are the four conditions that excite the war reflex according to Konrad Lorenz?
Konrad Lorenz said that the four conditions that excites the war reflex is that 1. Threat from the outside; 2. Negative emotions toward the sources of the threat; 3. An elite willing to mobilize the response; 4. other individuals who join with us and reinforce the reflex
In what ways are the ideas of philosopher John Locke about human nature similar to Sigmund Freud's concept of the Ego, Superego, and Id? What is the relationship between socio-political-economic institutions (culture) and the propensity for violence and war?
Locke: cooperation. Primarily designed to help us avoid wars and violence i. Violence is a function of social structures and human weakness ii. People can create and develop culture that violence is unnecessary / illogical
Did Margaret Mead believe that war is inevitable in human society? Why not?
Margaret Mead: war is a social/culture invention; we can prevent the war i. Evidence the Eskimos, a people who have all the reasons for war and all the pre-adaptations necessary for war but they do not know war ii. Two things required for ending war: 1. Recognize the defect of the old invention 2. New invention of alternative needed
What is militant enthusiasm?
Militant enthusiasm: people have the enthusiasm to go into war; will the enthusiasm maintain?;
1. What are Negotiation?
Negotiation: Direct communication between parties to a conflict aimed at resolving or at least managing the conflict without resort to violence.
How has the theory of Neofunctionalism explained the process of integration from the European Steel and Coal Community to the European Union today?
Neofunctionalism: As integration creates new conflicts, states will either get out from regional institutions, at high cost, or create new rules and institutions that deepen their cooperation. i. When they have the European steel community and they found out that they do not have one for economy so they can easily discuss about that with the base on the steel community
What did UNTAC do in Cambodia?(the new kind of peacekeeping)
P15
What is Peacekeeping?
Peacekeeping: invented by UN bc collective security did not work as hoped i. The introduction of neutral, lightly armed military forces, under international control and auspices and at the request of the parties to the conflict, to supervise the situation and separate opposing forces.
What is pseudo speciation, and how is it related to bias against out-groups, on the one hand, and in-group identity, on the other?
Pseudo speciation is Dehumanization: charteriszations that make others less human and it is more acceptable to kill them; and it is the real cost of hate speech
What is the relationship between Arms Control and Disarmenent?
Relationship: They both reduce the likelihood of war, eliminate or reduce weapons, limit wasteful spending and stabilize competition, and create agreements that help build trust over time.
What is International Law?
Rules, principles, and norms that specify what behavior is or is not permissible in the interactions among states.
What is the Security Dilemma?
Security Dilemma: -Uncertainty about the intentions of other actors which encourages each to act as if the other could pose a threat.
Structural Violence
Situations that have the effect, even if not the intention, of denying people rights or which stunt the optimum development of any individual. Reason for the indeterminism of positive peace as an end state
What is Soft Power?
Soft power: The ability to get what you want by cooperation. i. Framing the agenda, providing new perspectives/ info, persuasion, positive attraction ii. Not inherently peaceful (a tool of statecraft); less violent than hard power
What are the strengths and weaknesses of balancing power and alliances as peace tools?
Strength of balancing power and alliance: i. Under the control of the state ii. Has a direct impact on the rationality of using war to achieve political or economic goals. Weakness of balancing power and alliance i. Creates an enemy mentality ii. Adding capabilities to balance exaggerates the security dilemma iii. Imbalances can trigger opportunistic wars iv. Less useful to less powerful states and not useful for non-state actors or others who use asymmetric warfare v. What constitutes a balance can be ambiguous given imperfect information and cognitive impediments to rationality
What are the strengths and weaknesses of international law as a peace tool?
Strength of international law i. Accepted principles, norms and rules make behavior more predictable ii. Can be transformative if we come to assume that states, like people, should operate within a framework of law. 1. Freud and the impact of culture on human psyche 2. The defense of sovereignty (autonomy and control) iii. Useful when state does not have unilateral control 1. Environmental problems and shared issues Weakness of international law i. Still operate in the state system ii. Enforcement depends on political interests 1. Why is domestic law obeyed? a. Self-interest, duty, coercion and socialization iii. Can be used to oppress as well as to set people free
What are the strengths and weaknesses of peacekeeping as a peace tool?
Strength of peacekeeping i. No need to identify an aggressor or take sides ii. Peacekeepers resist using force and try to prevent a spiral of violence iii. Flexible, including attempts to address the underlying causes of war Weakness of peacekeeping i. Require a ceasefire/peace agreement ii. Requires continuous cooperation of parties in the conflict 1. Peacekeepers create disincentives to return to war and incentives to stay in peace process iii. Require special training of troops and high level of cooperation iv. Require commitment of international community to provide funding and risk lives of their people v. Risks escalation to peace enforcement actions 1. MOST LIKE CIVIL WARS (MORE CONFLICT WHEN PEOPLE DO NOT SHARE THE SAME FUNDAMENTAL, THEY FIND MORE DISAGREE, AND THEN THEY WENT BACK TO FIGHTING)
What are regional integration strengths and weaknesses as a peace tool?
Strength of regional integration i. Despite conflicts, war unlikely to happen within regional associations bc of the cost of disruption and institutionalized (expected) cooperation Weakness of regional integration i. Conflicts can lead to decay of commitment to integration ii. Failure of regional institutions to cope can lead to de-legitimization iii. Interest groups may never transcend national boundaries so states remain the most robust political institutions 1. LABOR LOWS: NATIONAL; （德国和法国有不一样的劳动法，德国的法律可能更偏向德国公司，法国公司过去就会觉得不公平，就和法国政府说，法国政府就去欧盟，欧盟调解，如果调解成功，德国法国把劳动法合并。更加的integrated，但是如果不成功的话，那就是一个问题，法国可能会对欧盟不高兴） iv. Regions may succeed but build walls against actors outside the region
What are the strengths and weaknesses of international organizations and international regimes as peace tools?
Strength: i. Functional agencies allow states to deal with many issues as coordination problems. ii. Cooperation in functional agencies promotes learning about other people and how to cooperate. iii. Functional organizations help all states meet needs of people, promoting positive peace. iv. Interdependence among states is extended to a variety of functional areas, increasing the cost of disrupting the system by going to war. v. Functionalist theory suggests that International Org and Regimes can be the mechanism for making international Law transformative. 1. By creating and learning to work within these institutions; by constraining nation states through increasing interdependence, people can know about how the world works and make people think whether wars are acceptable (might change the perception). Weakness: i. Learning in functional areas may not have an impact on power competition. ii. Can politicize functional issues if conflicts cannot be dealt with adequately. iii. Increasing interdependence can create new conflicts. iv. Functional organizations involve only certain elites, who may not have influence over state policy.
As peace tools, what are the strengths and weaknesses of arms control?
Strengths of Arms Control i. Stabilize competition/reduce the likelihood of war. ii. Eliminate or reduce weapons that have little strategic value but do great potential harm. iii. Limit wasteful spending and stabilize arms competitions. iv. Create agreements that help build trust over time. Problems of Arms Control i. Uncertain impact given technical complexity. 1. From limiting the number of launchers to limiting the number of warheads, but what about yield? 2. Alternative interpretations of certain provisions: Is Iran violating nuclear arms agreement? ii. Legitimize other dimensions of arms competition and create a false sense of security. 1. London and Washington Naval Treaties: from battleships to aircraft carriers
As peace tools, what are the strengths and weaknesses of diplomacy and negotiation?
Strengths of Diplomacy and Negotiation: i. Responding directly to the need for info about the intentions, demands, needs, and interests of other actors or other parties to conflicts. ii. Make it possible for states to move beyond the security dilemma by establishing coherent, consistent relationships over time. Problems of Diplomacy and Negotiation i. It is a tool that can put a country/state in a position for war ii. Can be undermined by psychological and social factors when processing info and making decision.
As peace tools, what are the strengths and weaknesses of third party involvement?
Strengths of Third Party Involvement i. Being an indispensable channel of communication in difficult times, where they can see real needs more clearly. ii. See creative opportunities for bridging, and bring resources for compensation. Weaknesses of Third Party Involvement i. Being able to distort communication or agenda. ii. Cannot force agreement and may create false expectations. iii. May make enemies or lose legitimacy.
When is treaty law most effective typically?
THE TREATY LAW WRITTEN INTO THE DOMESTIC LAW (CANADA AND US ACID RAIN) i. AFTER THEY HAVE THE LAW, THE COUNTRY WILL DO IT THEMSELVES
What is Hard and Soft Powers' relationship to diplomacy?
They build relationships that enhance prospects for influence through sharing and gathering information.
How does the first known peace treaty illustrate the ancient origins of negotiation and diplomacy?
They were able to resolve the problem and establish a mechanism for ongoing communication. i. Marriage ii. Permanent representatives at the two courts
1. How is Samuel Huntington's argument related to the dynamics of in-group/out-group bias?
When identity is defined in ethnic religious terms, the lines between "us" and "them" becomes harder.
How would a world government compensate for some of the weaknesses of Regional Integration and International Organizations as peace tools?
Would have authority over: Military, Interstate commerce, Economic development, and Social policy. i. Unify things so it would be no conflict b. In group out group: world government: we are us.
What is Regional Integration?
a. A specialized type pf international regime b. Agreements by states to join together in federal-type associations in which certain state functions are located within regional rather than national institutions. c. Example: EU &AU i. EU and African Union: general focus 1. EU does not have responsibility over international peace but it could , THYE NEVER HAD TOO 2. African union has responsibility of the peace, THEY DO PEACE KEEPING INSIDE AFRICA, PEACE ENFORCEMENT d. Typically begin as an economic free trade area or efforts to regulate certain industries jointly
What are the weaknesses of collective security?(7)
a. Actors must agree that aggression has occurred and who committed the aggression b. Requires commitment to intervene in conflicts with no immediate link to national interests i. Treat to peace anywhere is a threat to peace everywhere c. Threat to peace anywhere is a threat to peace everywhere d. Would be aggressors must assume that the system will work, or deterrence will fail e. Turning back aggression militarily is war f. Even economic sanctions are ultimately violent because they hurt probable innocents g. Economic sanctions demand even more cooperation and take time to work
What are Arms Control and Disarmament?
a. Arms control: A mutual agreement to limit the number of capabilities of weapons in order to reduce the security dilemma or reduce the degree of violence if war occurs. b. Disarmament: A mutual agreement to eliminate weapons in order to eliminate large scale military violence.
According to Malley and Agha, the Camp David negotiations in 2000 were probably doomed from the outset. Why?
a. Barak: M4, 9/10/11 b. Barak did not trust Palestine, and Afarat didn't agree with Israel because they kept changing their bottom line. i. Barak emphasis on big, historic proposal that never came, they want to solve everything at once ii. No genuine written Isreali proposel iii. No recognition that past backtracking ( I:they made an promise, they did not do it, A dislike it, B tries to ignore the history of the mispromise and still want to A to believe) had made confidence building essential (以色列可以违规，巴雷斯坦不可以， 巴每次都被记住， 以可以不不被记住) c. Barak: all or nothing; Afarat thinks that he is being set to failure i. Afarat feared of a trap, focused on not loss than the maximum gain. (It could seem like Iseal and Barak want peace and Afarat does not want)
How does misperception weaken balancing power as a peace tool?
a. By filtering out or distrusting information that goes against existing assumptions b. by having communication problems and cultural differences; c. by under/overestimate capabilities or threat
1. What is Balancing Power as a peace tool?
a. Creating sufficient military power, singly or in alliance with other, to deter aggression or remove threat of coercion by creating a stable equilibrium. i. Negative peace is maintained bc war is unlikely to achieve political aims at a reasonable cost
According to negotiation theory, what are the four strategies for achieving a win-win or integrative result in negotiations?
a. Expanding the Pie: i. Make distributional issues go away b. Nonspecific Compensation: i. Provide something of equal value but outside the conflict to make up for lost goals c. Logrolling: i. Giving each party what they really want as opposed to what they are explicitly demanding d. Bridging: i. Finding creative alternatives that satisfy needs, usually in unanticipated ways
How do the two instances in which the UN used military sanctions to enforce collective security illustrate the weaknesses of collective security?
a. Failed unifying North and South Korea, b. started the Gulf War. (Iraq-1990, invasion of Kuwait spurs economic and military sanctions)
Why is the United Nations not a typical international organization?(6 reasons)
a. General purpose b. Universal membership c. Special responsibility for international peace and security d. Most of its agenda deals with economic and humanitarian issues e. A forum for multilateral diplomacy f. A Secretariat carries out routine functions, programs, and activities
How does the conflict between the German and Anglo-American schools of sociology illustrate the argument that human culture can either make war more acceptable and likely, or less acceptable and thus possibly also less likely?
a. German sociology: war and violence is necessary for the strength and maturity for human institution. We get better by fighting; b. Anglo-American sociology: war as a problem of in-group amity and out-group hospitality; people like to cooperate in society; war is less likely being accepted.
What are the four trends that Michael Klare argues might promote war in the 21st century?
a. Globalization (manufacturing, finances and trade) b. Population growth c. Resource depletion (non-renewables: petroleum; renewable: fisheries, forest, keystone animal species) d. Global climate change (food production and water)
Mediation and Good Offices are types of neutral third party intervention in conflict resolution. What historical examples were discussed in class to illustrate each?
a. Good office i. Example: Oslo Peace Accords 1. Norwegians offer hunting lodge outside of Oslo and Israel and Palestine, hunting lodge b. Mediation: i. Example: Camp David: Jimmy Carter and Egyptian, and primary minister of Israel
Mediation and Good Offices are types of neutral third party intervention in conflict resolution. What are Good Offices and Mediation?
a. Good office i. Providing a neutral place and friendly assistance without becoming involved in the discussion of issues. b. Mediation: i. Participating actively in the discussion of issues by offering proposals and interpretations that facilitate resolution of the conflict.
How might the promotion of multiple loyalties dampen the clash between civilizations?
a. It requires parties to develop a better understanding of the basic religious/philosophical assumptions underlying other civilizations and the ways in which people in those civilizations see their interests. It will require effort to learn how to co-exist with one another. b. China and America wants to handle world economy differently bc of culture c. Multiple identity can help prevent the conflict
What was Charles Osgood's GRIT strategy, and why was it not generally well-received by international relations researchers?
a. It was a unilateral strategy, and wasn't received well due to negotiation being a far better idea, since the strategy involved watching the enemy and seeing what they would do in order to take a step forward or back. b. Nobody thinks unilateral is a good idea, offer something and people ask for something more
What are the key differences between first generation peacekeeping and the new peacekeeping that emerged after the end of the Cold War?
a. Limited function (Traditional)—Core purposes are to supervise and separate. b. Complex function (New)—Helping parties fighting on the battlefield or competing in the political arena. i. They do anything that the party wants them to do to help with the situation
What are the four cognitive impediments to rationality that we discussed in class?
a. Misperception, b. Mirror-image, c. Wishful Thinking, d. Crisis Decision-making
According to Fisher, Ury, and Patton, what are the four principles for conducting win-win or "principled" negotiation?
a. Separate people from the problem, b. focus on interests not positions, c. generate a variety of opinions, d. insist that the results meet some objective.
Are economic sanctions more or less likely to succeed than military sanctions?
a. The probability of Economic sanctions happening are much higher i. Getting sanctions of E seems easier and cheaper but might not be cheaper; might not work as well as military sanctions (as well as the world powers do not support the other side) ii. E sanction does not work if there is one country that is still "friend" with the one in the sanction, it is not working; m sanction is tsill going to work as long as the friend is not powerful b. Need everyone to be on the same side to against the aggressor
How was collective security supposed to compensate for the weaknesses of balancing power?
a. to limit the impulse/opportunity for states to use violence to achieve goals or resolve conflicts. b. Benefits: i. Ultimate deterrent, if states expect it to work 1. No state can stand against all other states ii. No enemy mentality nor arms competitions iii. Universal, hence more legitimate than Great Power condominiums 1. Concert of Europe iv. Aimed at deterring violence, so in theory less violent 1. Economic sanctions privileged over military sanctions
Positive Peace
an end stage in which there is no physical or structural violence 1. A just sustainable order; a world characterized by life-affirming and life-enhancing values and structure 2. A world in which every individual can reach their full human potential ii. A world that actively and self-consciously works toward a just, sustainable order
Why does the security dilemma make war more likely?
unsure about what others doing can lead to overacting and accidental, not initially intended harm to one or the other which lead to a harder conflict
How does the Bom Jesus de Mata barrio in northeastern Brazil illustrate the dynamic and dilemma of structural violence?
· Bom Jesus de Mata barrio in northeastern Brazil: Hurting without hitting. Institutions, practices and structures of society does violence to the people. o Wages of urban poor cannot feed the family; malnutrition leads to physical and cognitive problems; both rich and poor attribute to the inferiority of the people, not poverty; (even babies who die of malnutrition are seen as weak and lacking the will to live)
