Study Guide ther ex
According to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) endorsed by the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), a rotator cuff tear is considered a(n): Impairment. Health condition. Disability. Functional limitation
health condition
Aerobic conditioning should be performed in a water temperature between 26-28 degrees C 26-35 degrees C 78-95 degrees F 68-85 degrees F
26-28 degrees C
Which person would be LEAST likely to have deficits in balance? Person who had had a CVA within the last 3 months Sedentary person who has evidence of a decrease in muscle strength Diabetic person with neuropathy 2 months status post (R) total shoulder
2 months status post (R) total shoulder
In regards to water temperature, aquatic exercises such as flexibility, strengthening, gait training, and relaxation should be performed between: 78-82 degrees F 78-93 degrees C 26-28 degrees C 26-35 degrees C
26-35 degrees C
When a person is standing in chest-deep water, the percentage of weight bearing is approximately what percentage of body weight? 10% 33% 75% 50%
33%
Submaximal exercise loads are recommended for each of the following patients EXCEPT a(n): 35-year-old client who is participating in a strengthening program. 8-year-old child with a subacute quadriceps strain. 30-year-old patient with an acute rotator cuff strain. 65-year-old sedentary patient following a period of prolonged bed rest.
35-year-old client who is participating in a strengthening program.
In order to achieve adaptive changes, an Isometric muscle contraction should be held for how long? 30 seconds 1 minute 2-3 seconds 6-10 seconds
6-10 seconds
Depending on the individual and their initial level of fitness, a conditioning response generally occurs at: 60% - 90% of max heart rate 100% of max heart rate 40% - 60% of max heart rate 20% - 50% of max heart rate
60% - 90% of max heart rate
Which energy system is the major source of energy during the first 30 seconds of intense exercise? Aerobic system ATP-PC system Anaerobic system
ATP-PC system
Which of the following best defines muscle strength? Work produced by a muscle per unit of time Produce or control forces imposed during functional activities Ability of muscle to contract repeatedly against a load Force generated during a single maximum effort
Ability of muscle to contract repeatedly against a load
Ms. L is a 78-year-old who underwent surgery for internal fixation of an intertrochanteric fracture of the (L) hip 3 days ago. For the next few weeks she must remain nonweight-bearing on the operated side and has begun to use a walker for ambulation. She is able to walk for short distances around her hospital bed but is not yet able to rise from a chair to standing. According to the ICF model, the inability to stand from a sitting position is classified as a(n): Participation restriction Impairment Health condition Activity limitation
Activity limitation
Which of the following is a contraindication to implementing resistance exercise Muscle soreness that occurs after a bout of exercise Acute pain or inflammation Risk of pathological fracture due to osteoporosis Joint instability
Acute pain or inflammation
Which of the following is true regarding closed-chain exercise Muscles develop strength more quickly than with open-chain exercise. It is less effective for developing co-activation of muscle groups and dynamic stability than open-chain training. It is a better choice than open-chain exercise to isolate and train weak muscle groups. Against similar exercise loads, it causes lower levels of shear in the joint than open-chain exercise.
Against similar exercise loads, it causes lower levels of shear in the joint than open-chain exercise.
Each of the following is a true statement about muscle strength and resistance training through the life span EXCEPT: During puberty, although greater muscle hypertrophy occurs in boys than girls as the result of resistance training, relative training-induced strength gains are comparable between the sexes. During the early and middle childhood years prior to puberty, muscle strength increases linearly and is reasonably similar (as little as a 10% difference) in boys and girls. During late adulthood, muscle atrophy occurs to a greater extent in type II than type I muscle fibers. Although muscle strength tends to gradually decrease in middle-aged and older adults, weight training has been shown to be ineffective (does not lead to adaptive strength gains or functional improvement) after the seventh decade of life.
Although muscle strength tends to gradually decrease in middle-aged and older adults, weight training has been shown to be ineffective (does not lead to adaptive strength gains or functional improvement) after the seventh decade of life.
As part of a circuit weight training program, your patient performs 2 sets of 10 repetitions of biceps curls at 70% of a 1 repetition maximum (RM), resting briefly between sets. Which of the following energy systems is primarily being used? Aerobic system Anaerobic-glycolytic system ATP-PC (adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine) system Phosphagen system
Anaerobic-glycolytic system
Which balance strategy is the most effective for regaining balance after a small external perturbation in the anteroposterior (AP) plane? Weight shift strategy Hip strategy Step strategy Ankle strategy
Ankle strategy
The center of gravity in most adult humans is located slightly: Anterior to the S2 vertebra. Posterior to the L2 vertebra. Posterior to the S2 vertebra. Anterior to the L2 vertebra.
Anterior to the S2 vertebra.
Substitute motions by the patient during resistance exercise usually can be avoided by which of the following? Using open-chain techniques Increasing the load Increasing the speed of repetitions Applying alignment and stabilization principles used for manual muscle testing (MMT)
Applying alignment and stabilization principles used for manual muscle testing (MMT)
The difficulty of exercises can be controlled with the depth of immersion and the body's physiological response to hydrostatic pressure. Which of the following best describes a proper progression of a patient's exercise program in order to increase physiological demands? Alternate land exercises with aquatic chest depth exercises Aquatic chest depth to hip depth to land exercises Aquatic hip depth to neck depth to land exercises Land exercises to aquatic chest depth to hip depth
Aquatic chest depth to hip depth to land exercises
To decrease the amount of weight borne by the patient's lower extremities, which of the following variables can be changed for the treatment session? Ask the patient to move from a 2-foot to a 4-foot depth Ask the patient to move briskly in the water Ask the patient to raise his or her arms out of the water Decrease the temperature of the water
Ask the patient to move from a 2-foot to a 4-foot depth
Which of the following sequences represents the correct order for developing and implementing a health promotion program? Assess the need; set goals and objectives; develop the intervention; implement the program; evaluate the program. Evaluate the goals, objectives, and effectiveness of a previously implemented program; modify or update the program based on the evaluation; assess the current needs of a community; implement the new program. Develop a broad-based intervention; set goals and objectives that could be met; assess the community's needs; implement the program; evaluate the program's effectiveness. Develop goals and objectives for a program; assess the need; design an intervention; implement the program; evaluate the outcomes.
Assess the need; set goals and objectives; develop the intervention; implement the program; evaluate the program.
The body systems react, adapt, and develop in response to forces and physical stresses placed on them. All of the following stresses help the body to develop and maintain a functional level of strength EXCEPT: Therapeutic exercise Weight-bearing Bed rest Gravity.
Bed rest
All of the following are correct in regards to Outpatient Cardiac Rehab EXCEPT: Helps determine the effect of medications on increasing levels of activity. Patients are monitored via telemetry to determine HR and rhythm along with blood pressure being recorded at rest and during exercise. The mode of exercise is usually continuous training using large muscle groups, such as stationary bike, elliptical, or treadmill. Begins 1-3 weeks after discharge from hospital and is only allowed up to 10 sessions.
Begins 1-3 weeks after discharge from hospital and is only allowed up to 10 sessions.
The following tests: Romberg, One-limb stance, functional reach, Berg, Tinetti and Timed- Get Up and Go test all assess what? Balance Aerobic endurance Core strength Coordination
Balance
Which word is defined as: "the area between the feet and the support surface"? Base of Support (BOS) Center of Gravity (COG) Balance Limits of Stability (LOS)
Base of Support (BOS)
Which of the following is NOT a good suggestion for a patient with poor balance and low vision? Be sure to wear bifocal glasses while walking. Have regular eye examinations. Use night-lights at home. Wear a hat in the bright sunlight.
Be sure to wear bifocal glasses while walking.
To prevent falls and maximize safety while lifting heavy objects from the floor, an elderly patient is instructed to: Bend at the knees as far as possible, keeping the back straight and placing the load between the legs. Bend at the knees partially while keeping the back straight and pick up the load slowly. Bend the knees partially and rotate and laterally bend the back to lift the load to one side of the hips. All of the above
Bend at the knees partially while keeping the back straight and pick up the load slowly.
You have a patient laying supine with their hands at their sides (0 degrees) and you place a 5# weight in the patient's R hand and instruct them to go through full shoulder flexion (180 degrees). All of the following are true EXCEPT: Between 90 degrees and 180 degrees the shoulder extensors contract eccentrically. Maximum torque of the shoulder flexors is at 0 degrees when starting to lift the weight. At 90 degrees, there is zero torque produced. Between 90 degrees and 180 degrees the shoulder flexors are contracting concentrically.
Between 90 degrees and 180 degrees the shoulder flexors are contracting concentrically.
To improve upper extremity strength, stability, and proprioception, during which of the following variations of push-ups does body weight provide the greatest resistance? Bilateral wall push-ups while in a standing position and leaning into and pushing away from the wall Bilateral push-ups in a prone position with weight on the hands and toes Bilateral push-ups while standing and leaning on the hands on a kitchen countertop Bilateral push-ups in a prone position, head down at an incline with weight on hands and feet on a low table/chair
Bilateral push-ups in a prone position, head down at an incline with weight on hands and feet on a low table/chair
Which of the following is true of pools used for aquatic therapy? Therapeutic pools should not have a depth that exceeds 6 feet because of safety requirements in case of a medical emergency. Built-in filtration systems are available in both therapeutic pools and self-contained pools. One disadvantage of a self-contained individual pool is the inability to incorporate a treadmill. Ventilation is not necessary for installation of a self-contained, individual pool in your clinic.
Built-in filtration systems are available in both therapeutic pools and self-contained pools.
Decreasing the amount of weight bearing by immersing more of a person's body in water is a result of what property of water? Buoyancy Surface tension Viscosity Hydrostatic pressure
Buoyancy
According to the Physical Activities Guidelines, which group should perform 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily? Children/Adolescents (6 yrs +) Adults Older Adults (65 +) Adults with disabilities
Children/Adolescents (6 yrs +)
Which of the following is true regarding aquatic therapy equipment? Buoyancy equipment used for supine positioning is ideal to assist with stabilization needed for eccentric manual resistance exercises. Non-buoyant equipment used underwater provides resistance opposite the direction of movement. Using equipment to increase the surface area of an extremity underwater decreases resistance. Buoyancy equipment placed anteriorly will facilitate posterior movements of the trunk in the vertical position.
Buoyancy equipment placed anteriorly will facilitate posterior movements of the trunk in the vertical position.
For a patient to be 10% weight bearing they would need to be immersed to what area of the body ASIS C7 Lateral malleolus Patella
C7
Which type of fatigue is displayed by a diminished response of the entire body due to the patient's prolonged physical activity, which have created oxygen deficits as well? Threshold for fatigue Cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue Performance fatigue Muscle (local) fatigue
Cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue
Which of the following terms is synonymous with cardiopulmonary fitness and is associated with the aspects of physical function that can be modified by therapeutic exercise? Cardiopulmonary strength Cardiopulmonary stability Cardiopulmonary resistance Cardiopulmonary endurance
Cardiopulmonary endurance
Which of the following is categorized as an extrinsic factor contributing to limited ROM Cast immobilization after a fracture Paralysis Bony block Inflammation of soft tissue
Cast immobilization after a fracture
General precautions during resistance training includes all of the following EXCEPT: Do not apply resistance across an unstable joint. Avoid exercises that place excessive stress on the back. Prevent incorrect or substitute motions. Caution the patient that if exercise is uncomfortable to stop.
Caution the patient that if exercise is uncomfortable to stop.
Which of the following is TRUE in regards to Acute Muscle Soreness? Tenderness with palpation throughout the involved muscle belly Increased soreness with passive lengthening or active contraction of involved muscle Muscle soreness/aching starting at 12 to 24 hours after exercise and subsiding 2 to 3 days later Characterized as feeling of burning/aching in muscle and subsides quickly after exercise stops
Characterized as feeling of burning/aching in muscle and subsides quickly after exercise stops
Your patient is performing pelvic tilt exercises for the first time and needs verbal and tactile cues (feedback) to perform the exercises correctly. This represents which stage of motor learning? Associative Cognitive Contemplative Autonomous
Cognitive
In an aquatic environment, manual resistance exercises of the extremities typically involve which type of muscle contractions? Isometric Eccentric, closed-chain (distal segment fixed) Concentric, closed-chain (distal segment fixed) Concentric, open-chain (distal segment moving)
Concentric, closed-chain (distal segment fixed)
Which of the following components of the ICF model is defined by the individual's life-style, education, and social and environmental backgrounds? Risk factors for health conditions Contextual factors Impairments in body function Participation restrictions
Contextual factors
You are teaching a client total-body relaxation techniques as part of a pain management program. Each of the following is an indicator of relaxation EXCEPT: Decreased skin temperature in the extremities. Decreased muscle tension evidenced by relaxed jaw and hands. Flat facial expression. Lowered heart and respiratory rates.
Decreased skin temperature in the extremities.
What happens to the BOS when a person is in a tandem stance? (tandem stance is a heel to toe stance, as if they are going to walk on a tight rope). Increases Stays the same Decreases BOS will both increase and decrease
Decreases
An example of a task that is performed in an open environment is: Drinking or eating while sitting in a chair. Walking in an empty hallway. Maintain standing balance while standing on a BOSU or balance board Standing at the sink and combing your hair.
Maintain standing balance while standing on a BOSU or balance board
The principle of resistance training that suggests adaptive changes will only last for a short time unless a person participates in a maintenance program is which of the following? SAID principle Wolff's principle Reversibility principle Overload principle
Reversibility principle
The evaluating PT has reported that your patient has the coordination impairment "disturbance of gait." Any of the following would be appropriate activities for you to choose from EXCEPT: Practice walking sideways and backward. Alter speed and direction of ambulation activities. March in place. Displace balance unexpectedly while patient is standing.
Displace balance unexpectedly while patient is standing.
Which of the following PROM exercises provides the most flexion of the lumbar spine Posterior pelvic tilt with patient lying supine Single knee to chest Double knees to chest Posterior pelvic tilt with the patient lying supine with hips/knees at 45°/90°
Double knees to chest
Mary is 30 lb overweight and wants to start exercising for fitness and to lose weight before her high school class reunion next year. For motivation, she has set a specific goal to run a 10K race in 6 months. The best method of training for this event would be: Fast walking, progressing to running 5 to 6 days a week. Bicycling 2 days a week and fast walking 4 days a week. Bicycling 3 days a week. Swimming 1 day a week, bicycling 2 days a week, and running 3 days a week.
Fast walking, progressing to running 5 to 6 days a week.
To achieve maximum elongation of the long head of the biceps brachii during passive stretching Flex the shoulder overhead after extending the elbow with the forearm in pronation Flex the shoulder overhead after extending the elbow with the forearm in supination. Extend the elbow with the forearm in supination and then extend the shoulder Extend the elbow with the forearm in pronation and then extend the shoulder.
Extend the elbow with the forearm in pronation and then extend the shoulder.
A patient is holding a piece of elastic tubing with both hands in front of the body. Both elbows are flexed to 90°, and both upper arms are held gently against the sides of the patient's chest. Instruct the patient to internally and externally rotate both shoulders simultaneously in this position with controlled movement. This activity strengthens the: Internal rotators concentrically and eccentrically External rotators concentrically and eccentrically Internal rotators concentrically and the external rotators eccentrically External rotators concentrically and the internal rotators eccentrically
External rotators concentrically and eccentrically
The PNF pattern of the upper extremity that ends with the shoulder in flexion, adduction, and external rotation is: D2 extension. D1 extension. D2 flexion. D1 flexion.
D1 flexion.
If the strength of a muscle is "good" (grade 4/5) and active ROM cannot be done, repetitive muscle setting (isometric) exercises will accomplish each of the following EXCEPT: Develop or maintain an awareness of the sensation of a muscle contraction. Increase the strength in the muscle. Enhance circulation within the muscle. Maintain mobility between muscle fibers.
Increase the strength in the muscle.
Which term is defined as "the total number of weeks or months during which an exercise program is carried out", for example: 3x10 reps 3 days per week for total of 4 consecutive weeks. Duration Volume Frequency Intensity
Duration
The Five-times-sit-to-stand test (5 x STS) is an example of a test that measures Static balance Reactive balance Sensory organization Dynamic balance
Dynamic balance
The extent to which an active muscle contraction can rotate a joint through its available ROM is also known as: Self-stretching Hypomobility Passive flexibility Dynamic flexibility
Dynamic flexibility
Principles of stress testing include each of the following EXCEPT: To increase the workload during treadmill testing, the speed and/or incline are increased. The workload initially used in the test is low compared with an individual's anticipated aerobic threshold. Each successive workload level is maintained for no more than 30 seconds. Testing is terminated at the onset of symptoms, or definable abnormalities are noted on the electrocardiogram.
Each successive workload level is maintained for no more than 30 seconds.
All of the following can cause impaired range of motion (ROM) EXCEPT: Systemic inflammatory disease. Neurological injury. Early movement after surgery. Muscle imbalance and disuse.
Early movement after surgery.
Mr. J underwent a repair of a torn biceps brachii 2 days ago. During PROM exercises, which combination of motions should you avoid at end range to protect (not disrupt) the healing tissue? Elbow extension, shoulder extension, forearm supination Elbow extension, shoulder flexion, forearm pronation Elbow extension, shoulder extension, forearm pronation Elbow extension, shoulder flexion, forearm supination
Elbow extension, shoulder extension, forearm pronation
The systems responsible for providing information to maintain balance are all of the following EXCEPT: Endocrine system. Vestibular system. Somatosensory system. Visual system.
Endocrine system.
Four methods of training are known to challenge the aerobic system. Which method of training is characterized by a period of exercise followed by a brief period of relief? Interval Max Continuous Circuit Continuous
Interval
All of the following are true of the repetition maximum (RM) EXCEPT: RM can be used to document a baseline for a muscle group's dynamic strength. RM is an effective way to determine an appropriate exercise load to begin and progress strength training. Establishing a 1-RM involves trial and error and so has been determined to be invalid for use in research studies for resistance training. A 1-RM can be mathematically calculated from a patient's ability to perform multiple reps at a reduced load.
Establishing a 1-RM involves trial and error and so has been determined to be invalid for use in research studies for resistance training.
Which of the following is true of resistance training for the patient with known osteoporosis Safe resistance training imposes only submaximal loads—no more than the patient encounters during activities of daily living Only isometric exercises should be prescribed in order to eliminate torque on the bones Resistance training is contraindicated for patients with known osteoporosis due to the risk of pathological stress fracture Evidence has shown that resistance exercise is an essential element in the rehabilitation, conditioning, and aerobic programs of patients both at risk for and with known osteoporosis
Evidence has shown that resistance exercise is an essential element in the rehabilitation, conditioning, and aerobic programs of patients both at risk for and with known osteoporosis
Which of the following is correct about the intensity of exercise and achieving a conditioning response? For a young, healthy individual, training at an intensity of 70% maximum heart rate is considered the maximum-level stimulus for a safe training program. For a sedentary, deconditioned individual, an initial training intensity at 80% of the maximum heart rate is the level of training typically required to achieve a conditioning response. If an adult is young, healthy, and accustomed to exercise, training at 100% of the maximum heart rate is recommended to achieve a conditioning response. For a sedentary, deconditioned individual, low-intensity exercise at the 40% to 60% level is usually sufficient to induce an initial conditioning response
For a sedentary, deconditioned individual, low-intensity exercise at the 40% to 60% level is usually sufficient to induce an initial conditioning response
All of the following statements are true for developing prevention, health, and wellness programs EXCEPT: Include pictures of exercises whenever possible. For children the program should be fun and less structured but more focused on the overall time of activity. The exercise or activity has to be specific to the goals of the individual. For older adults, the program should progress quickly to allow for quicker gains in function.
For older adults, the program should progress quickly to allow for quicker gains in function.
The goals of Healthy People 2020 are based on the nation's vision to: Develop a cure for the common cold. Promote smoking cessation, eliminate tobacco use, and pass legislation in all states banning smoking in public places. Eliminate HIV and develop an immunization for prevention of AIDS. Foster a society in which all people live long and healthy lives.
Foster a society in which all people live long and healthy lives.
In a patient's medical record you see "knee flexion contracture." What does it mean? The patient cannot actively contract the hamstrings to flex the knee. Full, passive knee extension is not possible. The patient is unable to actively extend the knee through the full range of motion (ROM) despite full passive knee extension. The quadriceps muscle group is tight and limits full, passive knee flexion.
Full, passive knee extension is not possible.
How can the therapist modify their water exercises to increase the force of quadriceps contraction required? Have her kick slower, have her use fins, provide jets of water in the direction of knee extension Have her kick faster, have her use fins, provide jets of water in the direction of knee flexion? Have her kick faster, have her use fins, provide jets of water in the direction of knee extension Have her kick slower, have her use fins, provide jets of water in the direction of knee flexion
Have her kick faster, have her use fins, provide jets of water in the direction of knee flexion?
Your goal is to improve lower extremity proprioception, balance, and strength. Which of the following closed-chain exercises is the most challenging? Have the patient stand on one foot on a piece of foam and maintain his balance. Have the patient stand on the floor with weight equally distributed on both feet and throw and catch a ball. Have the patient kneel in an upright position on a piece of foam and shift his weight from side to side. Have the patient stand on the floor on one leg and maintain his balance.
Have the patient stand on one foot on a piece of foam and maintain his balance.
Of the following, which is the most effective way to improve muscle endurance? Have the patient train by using isometric exercises against resistance Have the patient exercise against maximal resistance for a limited number of repetitions Have the patient train using dynamic exercise against submaximal loads over progressively longer time periods Have the patient train on an isokinetic dynamometer at fast speeds only
Have the patient train using dynamic exercise against submaximal loads over progressively longer time periods
You are coaching a patient doing resistance exercises to avoid a Valsalva maneuver. Any of the following are good strategies EXCEPT: Having the patient talk during the exercises. Having the patient exhale with each resisted effort. Cautioning the patient to avoid breath holding. Having the patient inhale with each resisted effort.
Having the patient inhale with each resisted effort.
An individual who perceives a threat of contracting a disease decides to follow specific health recommendations because he believes that he can prevent or reduce the risk of contracting the disease. These behaviors are aligned with what behavioral change theory or model? Transtheoretical model Social cognitive theory Risk assessment theory Health belief model
Health belief model
You are asked to develop a home exercise program aimed at improving strength of a particular muscle group. You set your parameters using which of the following? High load, high repetitions Low load, low repetitions Low load, high repetitions High load, low repetitions
High load, low repetitions
A patient doing hip abduction exercises with a cuff weight in the supine position is primarily applying a resistance force to which of the following muscle groups? Hip flexors Hip abductors Hip adductors Hip extensors
Hip flexors
Individuals with somatosensory deficits in the lower extremities, such as peripheral polyneuropathies, tend to use which of the following motor strategies in response to balance disturbances? Suspensory strategy Ankle strategy Stepping strategy Hip strategy
Hip strategy
If a patient has lower extremity edema, which of the following principles associated with hydrotherapy (an aquatic environment) will assist with decreasing the edema? Hydrostatic Pressure Viscosity Buoyancy Surface Tension
Hydrostatic Pressure
The dynamics of circulation may be affected by immersing a body part in deep water because of the effects of: Buoyancy Hydrostatic Pressure Laminar Flow Viscosity
Hydrostatic Pressure
A patient had surgery and 8 weeks of rehabilitation for carpal tunnel syndrome. You notice that the patient's thenar eminence is almost the same size as that of the uninvolved hand. This change is due to which of the following adaptive changes? Fiber-type transformation Increased recruitment of motor units Hyperplasia of muscle fibers Hypertrophy of muscle fibers
Hypertrophy of muscle fibers
The most effective results of continuous passive motion (CPM) can be expected If the device is applied for at least 5 hours per day but its use is delayed for at least 5 days postoperatively. If the rate of motion is at least 5 cycles per minute, no matter how many hours per day the device is used. If the device is applied as early as possible after surgery for at least 4 to 8 hours per day. If the device is applied immediately after surgery for 1 hour, then on alternate days for 1 hour each time.
If the device is applied as early as possible after surgery for at least 4 to 8 hours per day.
When incorporating functional patterns into ROM interventions, which of the following guidelines is correct? Incorporate the functional movement into the patient's daily activities once the pattern can be performed safely and correctly, without assistance or compensation. Mechanical assistance should not be used for assisted ROM because it will reduce motor learning. Patients with visual impairments should always perform ROM in anatomical planes, avoiding functional patterns, so that joint alignment is maintained. PROM should always be performed in anatomical planes of motion to reinforce motor learning.
Incorporate the functional movement into the patient's daily activities once the pattern can be performed safely and correctly, without assistance or compensation.
Within 1 week of beginning resistance exercise of the shoulder external rotators as a component of a rehabilitation program after a shoulder injury, your patient, Mr. K, is able to increase the level of resistance by using a heavier grade of elastic tubing. This improvement in muscle performance is due primarily to which of the following adaptive changes? Hypertrophy of muscle fibers Increased oxygen to the muscle Increased recruitment of motor units Fiber-type transformation from slow twitch to fast twitch
Increased recruitment of motor units
If present, which of the following conditions is a contraindication to having a patient perform an exercise program in an aquatic environment? High blood pressure Fear of water Influenza Tracheotomy
Influenza
Each of the following is true about the inpatient cardiac rehabilitation program for a patient who has had a myocardial infarction EXCEPT: Inpatient cardiac rehabilitation often involves manually monitoring the heart rate, ventilation, and blood pressure and electrocardiographically monitoring the heart during standing activities and low-intensity supervised ambulation. A purpose of cardiac rehabilitation while the patient is still hospitalized is to initiate patient education about reducing risk factors. Inpatient cardiac rehabilitation usually lasts at least 14-21 days. Inpatient phase begins after the patient's cardiovascular status has been stabilized and while the patient is hospitalized.
Inpatient cardiac rehabilitation usually lasts at least 14-21 days.
When a patient performs a bilateral straight leg raise while in the supine position, the abdominals contract to stabilize the pelvis and lumbar spine. This is an example of: Dynamic balance External stabilization Internal stabilization Submaximal load
Internal stabilization
Which form of motivation comes from the patient's personal goals or to do their best? Performance motivation Task motivation Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Each of the following is characteristic of DOMS EXCEPT: Tends to peak 48 to 72 hours after the conclusion of high-intensity exercise Is believed to be caused by postexercise muscle spasm Increased soreness seen during passive lengthening of the involved muscle groups Occurs more frequently after eccentric exercise than isometric exercise
Is believed to be caused by postexercise muscle spasm
Aerobic exercise training (cardiorespiratory endurance) is defined as improvement in the energy utilization of the muscle by means of an exercise program. Which of the following is true of this type of training? It requires at least 6 months of progressive training for evidence of improvement. It is dependent on sufficient intensity, time, and frequency of exercise. It produces significant crossover effects from one physical activity to another. A person with an initial high level of fitness has more potential to improve than one with a low level of fitness.
It is dependent on sufficient intensity, time, and frequency of exercise.
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about hypomobility? It may be caused by muscle imbalance or weakness. It may occur with or without tissue trauma. It is usually associated with joint instability. It may be associated with loss of passive or dynamic flexibility.
It is usually associated with joint instability.
During your examination of a patient's lower extremity, you have identified tightness of the gastrocnemius muscle. You are teaching a patient to perform self-ROM exercises of the ankle. In order to maintain the gastrocnemius in a relaxed position while moving the ankle into full range of dorsiflexion available, the patient should: Actively flex the toes. Keep the knee flexed. Actively extend the toes. Keep the knee extended.
Keep the knee flexed.
Which strategy is NOT one of the three primary strategies used to control posture? Ankle strategy Knee strategy Stepping strategy Hip strategy
Knee strategy
All of the following are characteristics of an Individual Patient Pool EXCEPT: Large and can be used for groups Therapist typically stays on the outside to give instructions Can be entered via a door Can have treadmills, adjustable currents, and varying water depths
Large and can be used for groups
A patient referred to you in your home-health practice has orders to spend the next 8 weeks on bed rest. You design an exercise program to reduce the adverse effects of prolonged bed rest. Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur as the result of deconditioning from prolonged bed rest? Decreased bone mineral density Orthostatic hypotension Loss of muscle mass Laxity of ligaments
Laxity of ligaments
Which of the following terms is defined as "the sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing his/her base of support"? Limits of stability Center of mass Center of gravity Limits of pressure
Limits of stability
The ability of the body to transport and use oxygen during physical and aerobic activities is an indicator of physical fitness and is measured most commonly using which unit of measure? Blood pressure and heart rate Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) Kilocalorie Metabolic equivalents (METs)
Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
To increase terminal knee extension, you position the patient prone so the lower leg is not supported on the treatment table. The patient relaxes while the lower leg and foot "hang" off the end of the table. The therapist adds a cuff weight around the ankle. What type of stretching procedure is being applied? Ballistic Mechanical Cyclic Dynamic
Mechanical
Active resistive exercise in which external resistance is applied by the use of equipment or apparatus such as a cuff weight is known as: Mechanical Resistance Manual Resistance Closed Chain Resistance Open Chain Resistance
Mechanical Resistance
You instruct a patient to walk on the treadmill set at a speed of 3mph. When using METs to measure energy expenditure, this activity classified at 5.3 METs. What activity level does this classify as? Vigorous activity Light activity Moderate activity Efficient activity
Moderate activity
Increasing the amount of resistance to limb movement in water can be achieved by: Moving the limb quickly, increasing water temperature, agitating the water. Decreasing water temperature, moving the limb further from the surface of the water, slowing limb movement. Increasing agitation, moving the limb closer to the surface of the water, moving the limb quickly. Moving the limb further from the surface of the water, moving the limb quickly, and using a device to increase the effective limb volume.
Moving the limb further from the surface of the water, moving the limb quickly, and using a device to increase the effective limb volume.
A patient has mild joint swelling and pain during active ROM, but resisted tests of the muscles that cross the swollen joints do not cause pain. Your goal is to maintain or possibly increase strength through the available ROM. The most appropriate choice of exercise is: Muscle setting exercises at the end of the ROM. Eccentric/concentric, closed-chain exercise against body weight throughout the ROM. Multiple-angle isometric exercise against resistance. High-velocity isokinetic exercise.
Multiple-angle isometric exercise against resistance.
Fearful patients often experience increased symptoms during and after immersion because of all of the following EXCEPT: Improper form with exercise Neurological disorders Muscle guarding Stress respons
Neurological disorders
Non-communicable chronic diseases are the primary cause of death and illness in the United States (US). The top four chronic conditions in the US in terms of mortality include all of the following EXCEPT: Obesity Diabetes Chronic respiratory disease Cardiovascular disease
Obesity
When looking at the Physical Activity Guidelines, which group should perform (if possible) moderate intensity for a minimum of 150 minutes or vigorous intensity for 75 minutes a week while also including balance exercises. Children/Adolescents (6 yrs +) Adults Older Adults (65 +) Adults with disabilities
Older Adults (65 +)
When looking at the Physical Activity Guidelines, which group should perform (if possible) moderate intensity for a minimum of 150 minutes or vigorous intensity for 75 minutes a week while also including balance exercises. Older Adults (65 +) Children/Adolescents (6 yrs +) Adults with disabilities Adults
Older Adults (65 +)
There are contraindications and precautions to aquatic exercise interventions. Which of the following is NOT either a contraindication or precaution? Seizures Osteoarthritis or osteoporosis Immediate post op total knee replacement Significant balance disorder on dry lan
Osteoarthritis or osteoporosis
If a patient who has an inflammatory muscle disease such as polymyositis engages in a vigorous resistance training program, it is possible that irreversible progressive deterioration, rather than improvement, in muscle strength can occur. The term that best describes this phenomenon is: Muscle overload. Acute muscle soreness Overwork weakness. Progressive muscle fatigue caused by overtraining.
Overwork weakness.
Mr. Z is a 68-year-old man who underwent abdominal surgery 3 months ago. Since his surgery, he has had difficulty walking. You determine that during the period of bed rest and modified activity, his legs have become quite weak, contributing to his difficulty walking. The ROM of his lower extremities is within normal limits. You determine that the 10 RM for the hip extensors and quadriceps bilaterally (measured on a bilateral leg press unit) is only 20 lb. After a brief warm-up on a stationary bicycle, you have Mr. Z perform the following PRE regimen: 10 repetitions of hip and knee extension against 20 lb; 10 repetitions against 15 lb; and 10 repetitions against 10 lb with a rest between each set of 10 repetitions. This approach to PRE is known as: DeLorme regimen Circuit weight training DAPRE regimen Oxford regimen
Oxford regimen
Which of the following best describes ROM exercises? Passive or active stretching exercise beyond the available range of movement Functional excursion of a muscle Passive, assisted, or active movement of a body segment through the available range of motion Active muscle insufficienc
Passive, assisted, or active movement of a body segment through the available range of motion
Which of the following is a true statement about the components of the patient management model described in the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice? A PTA can perform the examination, evaluation, and diagnosis stages. Patient education is the one intervention that should be included for every patient throughout the entire episode of care. "Goals" and "Outcomes" are synonymous terms. It is appropriate to discontinue a patient from an exercise program only when the patient has attained the goals stated in the initial plan of care.
Patient education is the one intervention that should be included for every patient throughout the entire episode of care.
Which of the following exercises would NOT be an appropriate choice for working on static balance control? Patient holds a bar in both outstretched hands and is instructed to maintain the bar in a horizontal position while maintaining balance Patient is instructed to "kick the ball softly" as the PTA rolls the ball towards patient Patient works on maintaining balance in a single-leg stance Patient works on maintaining balance in a tall kneeling position
Patient is instructed to "kick the ball softly" as the PTA rolls the ball towards patient
Which of the following exercises is the BEST choice for working on reactive balance control? Patient lifts boxes that are identical in appearance but different weights Patient stands and reaches in all directions to grasp objects already placed at different levels Patient works on stepping exercises Patient works on maintaining balance in a tall kneeling position
Patient lifts boxes that are identical in appearance but different weights
Which of the following exercises is NOT an appropriate choice for working on anticipatory balance control? Patient walks on a treadmill while PTA changes speed of belt Patient maneuvers through an obstacle course Patient sits and reaches in all directions to grasp objects already placed Patient throws a ball at different speeds and heights
Patient walks on a treadmill while PTA changes speed of belt
Which of the following statements is true regarding the temperature range of water (26°C-35°C) recommended for aquatic exercise? Patients should perform cardiovascular exercise at the low end of this range. Patients should perform intense aerobic exercise at the high end of this range. Patients with multiple sclerosis should exercise in temperatures at the high end of this range. If a patient has an acute, painful injury, perform exercise at the low end of this range.
Patients should perform cardiovascular exercise at the low end of this range.
Meyer and Leblanc provided an algorithm for clinical decision making for aquatic therapy intervention for patients with stable congestive heart failure and/or left ventricular dysfunction. All of the following are true in this algorithm EXCEPT: Patients with Q-wave myocardial infarcts should wait 6 weeks and exercise upright in a water level that does not exceed the xiphoid process. Patients with decompensated congestive heart failure should participate in aquatic exercise for cardiac rehabilitation. Patients with left ventricular dysfunction should not rely on how they feel in the water as an indicator of tolerance for aquatic exercise. Patients with congestive heart failure who tolerate sleeping supine may be able to tolerate a half-sitting position if immersion is not above the xiphoid process.
Patients with decompensated congestive heart failure should participate in aquatic exercise for cardiac rehabilitation.
General guidelines and precautions of resistance exercise to individuals at risk of pathological fractures includes all of the following EXCEPT: Perform exercises that combine both trunk flexion with rotation to improve overall ROM Avoid high-impact activities such as jumping or hopping Avoid high-velocity movements Perform exercises starting with minimal intensity and progress to moderate intensity
Perform exercises that combine both trunk flexion with rotation to improve overall ROM
You test the muscle strength of the middle deltoid and determine it to be 2/5. The goal of an exercise you are having a patient do is to increase muscular endurance of the middle deltoid. Of the exercises described, which is MOST appropriate to meet the goal at this point in the exercise program? Have the patient assume the supine position. Provide as much assistance as needed to enable the patient to flex the shoulder from 0 to 90 for as many repetitions as possible. Place the patient in a supine position on a large mat. As you support the weight of the arm, have the patient abduct the arm through a full ROM as many times as possible against a minimal amount of manual resistance. Place the patient in a sitting position with the elbow flexed and have her abduct the arm through the full ROM 8 to 10 times against light resistance. Place the patient in a side-lying position and have her actively abduct the arm without assistance as many times as possible.
Place the patient in a supine position on a large mat. As you support the weight of the arm, have the patient abduct the arm through a full ROM as many times as possible against a minimal amount of manual resistance.
A 55-year old man with stable congestive heart failure is unable to tolerate land-based exercises for strengthening his back because of chronic low back pain. He has expressed concern with attempting pool therapy because of his inability to swim and his use of pain medications. Which of the following statements is TRUE about his ability to participate in aquatic therapy? Pool therapy can be used to decrease pain, improve mobility, and strengthen muscles. Pool therapy is contraindicated for any individual with congestive heart failure. Pool therapy is contraindicated because of the chronicity of his pain. Fear of water and use of pain medications are a contraindication.
Pool therapy can be used to decrease pain, improve mobility, and strengthen muscles.
The vestibular system provides which of the following types of sensory information for balance control? Position of the head and body with respect to gravity and inertial forces Muscle tension and length Joint movement and position Position and motion of the body and body parts relative to each other.
Position of the head and body with respect to gravity and inertial forces
Mr. K has had chronic low back pain for several years. He has a sedentary life-style that includes office work and being a self-reported "TV junkie." His physician suggests physical therapy for exercise and management of his pain. Even though Mr. K schedules physical therapy, initially he does not think that exercises will help his pain. He does not associate his life-style with his low back pain and therefore does not consider making changes. After his first session with the physical therapist, Mr. K realizes that changes in his life-style and adding regular exercise may help decrease his low back pain. So he decides to continue physical therapy two times a week for 1 month as suggested. Following the first physical therapy session, Mr. K shows he is in which of the following stages of change associated with the transtheoretical model of behavioral change? Action Preparation Contemplation Maintenance
Preparation
All of the following risk factors are common to both coronary artery disease (CAD) and osteoporosis EXCEPT: Family history Smoking Prolonged use of corticosteroids Sedentary life-style
Prolonged use of corticosteroids
The Central Nervous System (CNS) relies on information from three sensory systems. Which system is defined as "provides inputs about the orientation of the body and body parts relative to each other and the support surface"? For example a person can close their eyes and feel where their arm is. This system is sensory only. Posture Proprioception Visual Vestibular
Proprioception
Which of the following terms best describes impaired extensibility of a muscle-tendon unit as the result of spasticity or rigidity from a lesion of the central nervous system? Fibrotic contracture Myostatic contracture Hypotonic contracture Pseudomyostatic contracture
Pseudomyostatic contracture
Awareness of safety measures during exercise protects the patient and the therapist. All of the following measures should be routinely taken to prevent injury to the patient and/or therapist EXCEPT Assess the physical environment for adequate space and equipment. Maintain proper body mechanics while applying manual resistance, stretching, or joint-mobilization techniques. Recommend that the patient discontinue taking any medication that might impair balance or tolerance for physical activity. Provide the necessary feedback and education for proper performance of therapeutic exercise
Recommend that the patient discontinue taking any medication that might impair balance or tolerance for physical activity.
Immersion in water will: Reduce peripheral edema due to the effects of hydrostatic pressure on cardiovascular and renal function Increase peripheral edema due to the effects of buoyancy on cardiovascular and renal function Reduce peripheral edema due to the effects of buoyancy on cardiovascular and renal function Increase peripheral edema due to the effects of hydrostatic pressure on cardiovascular and renal function
Reduce peripheral edema due to the effects of hydrostatic pressure on cardiovascular and renal function
The elderly and individuals with diabetes who have peripheral neuropathy in the lower extremities might experience balance deficits and increased risk for falls due to: Reduced somatosensation in the lower extremities. Inability to participate in balance exercise programs or activities. Increased chance for fatigue. Inability to generate motor output to regain balance
Reduced somatosensation in the lower extremities.
For an elderly person with a history of falls, all of the following are aspects of the home environment that would need to be modified to maximize the individual's safety and independence EXCEPT: Keep an assistive device by the bed in case person needs to get up in the middle of the night to use the restroom. Install grab bars in areas that require person to transfer in tight areas (bathtub, toilet, etc.) Remove all rugs throughout the house Remove all night lights because they can be too bright and make it difficult to sleep
Remove all night lights because they can be too bright and make it difficult to sleep
Which of the following is TRUE in regards to concentric exercise resistance? Resistance is applied in the same direction as the desired motion Resistance is applied in the direction directly opposite to the desired motion Resistance can only be applied with resistance bands Greater external load can be controlled with concentric exercise
Resistance is applied in the direction directly opposite to the desired motion
Muscles in the body must be able to produce, sustain, and regulate muscle tension to meet demands. When an individual performs active exercise in which a muscle contraction is resisting an external force, that is referred to as? Resistance training Endurance training Muscle performance Power training
Resistance training
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for falls in the elderly Use of assistive device Arthritis Depression Resting Tremor
Resting Tremor
You have a patient assume a prone-lying position and prop symmetrically on his forearms. You apply manual resistance in several directions at the shoulder girdles as you ask the patient to hold (maintain) the symmetrical position. This technique is known as: Agonist-contraction. Rhythmic stabilization. Repeated contractions. Recurrent facilitation.
Rhythmic stabilization.
Which of the following exercises in water is an example of an open-chain exercise? Holding on to the side of the pool and allowing the body to float away from the side of the pool, while still holding on, to increase shoulder flexion Pushing off the side of the pool with the feet Running in deep water (greater than height of patient) Standing in shallow water performing knee bends (waist level)
Running in deep water (greater than height of patient)
Your patient is a sedentary 52-year-old man who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day and has a family history of cardiovascular disease. The most appropriate method of determining his cardiovascular fitness is: Heart rate following 6 minutes of fast running. Distance run in 12 minutes. Time required to run 1.5 miles. Sample expired air during multistage treadmill testing to provide a direct measure of VO2 max
Sample expired air during multistage treadmill testing to provide a direct measure of VO2 max
Each of the following exercises could be considered closed-chain work of the lower extremities EXCEPT: Squats Step-ups Lunges Seated long arc quads
Seated long arc quads
You have designed and are directing an exercise class for individuals who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure. This type of program falls within the definition of which type of prevention? Multifactorial prevention Primary prevention Tertiary prevention Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention
A person's body (or extremity) that has a specific gravity of less than 1.0 has a tendency to float; a person's body that has a specific gravity of more than 1.0 has a tendency to sink. A lean body mass person has a tendency to _______in water, compared to a person who has a greater overall fat mass? Float Swim Sink Specific gravity is equal in both lean mass and fat mass
Sink
Which of the following descriptions of stretching procedures performed for several repetitions during a single treatment session and repeated over a series of stretching sessions represents the safest and most comfortable process to achieve soft tissue lengthening? Apply an end-range, high-load force slowly, maintain the end-range stretch for an extended time period, and release the stretch quickly. In an end-range position, apply several high-intensity, rapid-velocity stretch forces. In an end-range position, apply several low-intensity, rapid-velocity stretch forces. Slowly apply a low-load force; maintain the end-range position for an extended time period and release the stretch force slowly.
Slowly apply a low-load force; maintain the end-range position for an extended time period and release the stretch force slowly.
To most effectively use the phenomenon of creep in a stretching routine: A high-intensity, rapidly applied force should be used. The force should be great enough to cause necking. The force should be repeated in a cyclic manner. The tissues should be warmed and the force (load) maintained as long as tolerated.
The tissues should be warmed and the force (load) maintained as long as tolerated.
A stress test should be terminated if: Cheeks become flushed. Respiratory rate and depth increase without shortness of breath. There is a significant drop in systolic blood pressure in response to an increasing workload. Pt becomes fatigued but is maintaining form/execution of test.
There is a significant drop in systolic blood pressure in response to an increasing workload.
Each of the following is a step in the process of evidence-based practice EXCEPT: Integrate relevant evidence with clinical experience and expertise to make decisions about the management and care of a patient. Spend many hours gathering any and all information that might be used to answer the question. Convert the patient problem to an answerable clinical question. Assess the outcomes of interventions based on evidence
Spend many hours gathering any and all information that might be used to answer the question.
A closed chain exercise of the LE can still be performed even if there is a 50% weight bearing restriction of the LE. True False
True
Patients with small, open wounds and tracheotomies can enter the pool as long as it is covered by a waterproof dressing. True False
True
The person with a low level of fitness has more potential to improve than the one who has a high level of fitness. True False
True
Your patient has poor upper quarter posture, and you are training the scapular depressors in order to improve thoracic and scapular position for postural control. Against low resistance, the scapular depressors are muscle setting for 60 seconds. What muscle fibers primarily are recruited during this activity? Type I Type IIA Type IIB Type IB
Type I
Which of the following individuals is NOT appropriate for aquatic intervention? The patient has an amputation, with recent dehiscence (drainage) The patient has balance dysfunction, with gait deviations The patient has fibromyalgia, with pain on weight bearing The patient is elderly, and 6 months ago had a total knee
The patient has an amputation, with recent dehiscence (drainage)
Each of the following is an indication that muscle fatigue is occurring when a patient is exercising against resistance EXCEPT: Muscular tremor occurring during the exercise. The patient may attempt to use a substitute motion and muscle group to perform the exercise. The patient may not be able to complete the available range of motion (ROM) against the initial level of resistance applied (1st rep). Uncomfortable sensation in the muscle with possible cramping
The patient may not be able to complete the available range of motion (ROM) against the initial level of resistance applied (1st rep).
Your patient is lying supine and you are strengthening the iliopsoas on the (R) using manual resistance. The main reason you would want to place the patient's (L) hip and knee in flexion (foot planted on the table) is to: Improve the mechanical efficiency of the iliopsoas on the (R). Stabilize the pelvis in a neutral to posteriorly rotated position to lessen the possibility of an anterior pelvic tilt occurring, placing stress on the low back. Place the pelvis in a slight anterior tilt so the trunk is more stable and the iliopsoas can generate greater tension. Stretch the erector spinae muscles in the lumbar region of the back.
Stabilize the pelvis in a neutral to posteriorly rotated position to lessen the possibility of an anterior pelvic tilt occurring, placing stress on the low back.
Which factors affect the amount of resistance provided by elastic resistance bands during exercise? Stretch of the band and angle of the band in relation to the moving bone Angle of the band in relation to the moving bone and length of the muscle Stretch of the band and speed of movement Length of the muscle and stretch of the band
Stretch of the band and angle of the band in relation to the moving bone
A balance task when a person quickly lowers his/her body Center of Mass (COM) by flexing the knees, causing associated flexion of the ankles and hips is called: Combined Strategy Suspension Strategy Hip Strategy Weight Shift Strategy
Suspension Strategy
Mrs. B is an 87-year-old resident of Western Hills Skilled Nursing Facility. She sustained a compression fracture of the T12 vertebra several weeks ago when she inadvertently sat down forcefully on a hard chair. Incorporating resistance training that focuses on eccentric exercises of her quadriceps and gluteal muscles in weight-bearing positions (e.g., controlled squatting and partial lunges) represents what principle of therapeutic exercise? Specificity of training Reversibility of training Overload principle Overflow principle
Specificity of training
What do we call an exercise program, usually for an athlete, that mimics an individual's anticipated function? For instance, to be a good cyclist, you would have the athlete cycle. Specificity of training Overload principal SAID principal Reversibility Principal
Specificity of training
Individuals who become unstable or fall in condition 4 ( standing on foam with eyes open) and in condition 5 (standing on foam with eyes closed) during the Clinical Test of Sensory Integration on Balance Test (Foam and Dome Test) most likely have deficits in: Proprioception. Vision. Vestibular function. Somatosensation.
Somatosensation.
To maintain balance in condition 2 (standing on a firm surface with eyes closed) of the Clinical Test of Sensory Integration on Balance Test, a person must rely solely on: Visual and vestibular information. Visual and somatosensory information. Vestibular information. Somatosensory and vestibular information.
Somatosensory and vestibular information.
The most common way for the PTA to perform manual stretching is Teach the pt how to utilize equipment (pulleys, belt, towel, etc) to maintain the stretch themselves. Apply cuff weight to distal segment and allow gravity to stretch the area. Stabilize the proximal attachment and move the distal segment. Stabilize the distal attachment and move the proximal segment.
Stabilize the proximal attachment and move the distal segment.
A balance test that can reliably detect deficits in individuals with chronic ankle instability is the Functional Reach Test. Star Excursion Balance Test. Postural Stress Test. Multi-Directional Reach Test.
Star Excursion Balance Test.
A quad set is what type of contraction? Isokinetic Static Dynamic Eccentric Dynamic Concentric
Static
The Romberg Test measures: Reactive balance control. Static balance control. Anticipatory balance control. Dynamic balance control.
Static balance control.
During a stretching maneuver, you apply a 30-second stretch of a shortened muscle group just up to the point of tissue resistance. After this maneuver, rather than relaxing with the patient and returning the body segment to a neutral position, you move the body segment into the newly gained range to apply another stretch of the same muscle group and hold the stretch for an additional 30 seconds. What term best describes this type of stretching? Ballistic Static Static-progressive Cyclic
Static-progressive
Which balance strategy is the most effective in regaining balance after a large force that displaces the COM beyond the limits of stability is applied? Ankle strategy Hip strategy Step strategy Suspension strategy
Step strategy
The ability of the body to regulate temperature must be considered with the prescription of aquatic therapy for both the healthy and the rehabilitating patient. All of the following are true of temperature regulation EXCEPT: Patients are unable to maintain adequate core warmth at water temperatures below 25°C. The ambient air temperature should be equal to the water temperature to avoid overheating or chilling while in the pool area. The body is not as efficient at dissipating heat in the water as it is on land. Water temperatures above 37°C cause increased cardiac demand both at rest and while exercising, especially with prolonged time or deep immersion.
The ambient air temperature should be equal to the water temperature to avoid overheating or chilling while in the pool area.
Of the following, which is the best definition of an "8 RM"? The number of repetitions of a particular exercise a patient can perform in 8 seconds against a specific load (amount of resistance) The greatest amount of resistance (load) a patient can lift or lower through the available ROM in 8 seconds The number of sets (bouts) of a specific exercise a patient can perform for 8 repetitions The greatest amount of resistance (load) a patient can lift or lower through the available ROM for 8 repetitions (no more, no less)
The greatest amount of resistance (load) a patient can lift or lower through the available ROM for 8 repetitions (no more, no less)
If a patient, who is in a prone-lying position with a cuff weight around his ankle, flexes his knee from a fully extended (0°) position to a fully flexed (150°) position, what type(s) of contraction will occur in which muscle group(s)? HINT: Think of gravity The knee flexors contract eccentrically throughout the full ROM. The knee flexors contract concentrically from 0 deg to 90 deg, and the knee extensors contract eccentrically from 90 deg to 150 deg of flexion. The knee flexors contract concentrically through the full ROM. The knee flexors contract eccentrically from 0 deg to 90 deg, and the knee extensors contract concentrically from 90 deg to 150 deg of flexion.
The knee flexors contract concentrically from 0 deg to 90 deg, and the knee extensors contract eccentrically from 90 deg to 150 deg of flexion.
You are a PTA consulting with a local YMCA on exercise prescriptions for fitness clients. Which of the following components would NOT need to be included in an exercise prescription? Frequency of exercise Duration of exercise Time of day to exercise Intensity of exercise
Time of day to exercise
An example of a functional balance test would be Single Leg Balance Stance Test (SLB) Push and Release Test Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT)
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)
Which of the following statements about stretching is true? To effectively stretch the tensor fascia latae, you first flex the hip to 30 and then adduct the hip. To stretch the posterior tibialis, you dorsiflex and evert(abduct) the foot and ankle. To maximally lengthen the wrist extensors, you fully flex the wrist and flex the elbow. To stretch the long head of the triceps brachii, you fully flex the elbow and then extend the shoulder past neutral.
To stretch the posterior tibialis, you dorsiflex and evert(abduct) the foot and ankle.
Helen is helping her son move boxes from his house to the moving van. She walks into the hallway and sees a box on the floor and gets in position to pick up the box. If Helen were to overestimate the weight of the box the following would happen: Too much momentum would be generated causing Helen to fall forward or utilize a stepping strategy. Too little momentum would be generated causing Helen to fall backward or utilize a stepping strategy. Too much momentum would be generated causing Helen to fall backward or utilize a stepping strategy. Too little momentum would be generated causing Helen to fall forward or utilize a stepping strategy.
Too much momentum would be generated causing Helen to fall backward or utilize a stepping strategy.
After a musculoskeletal injury of the lower extremity, you develop an aquatic exercise program for your patient. An aquatic exercise program is the least effective for: Transfer of training to maximal land-based functional activities. Enabling early weight bearing. Increasing range of motion. Reducing risk of re-injury during the early stage of rehabilitation.
Transfer of training to maximal land-based functional activities.
Which of the following forms of resistance training is most appropriate for a 9-year-old child with weakness of the elbow musculature as the result of an elbow sprain, followed by several weeks of elbow immobilization combined with daily active (nonresisted) ROM? Low-load, high-repetition biceps curls on equipment usually used by the adult patient population High-load, low-repetition biceps curls on equipment specifically designed to adjust to a child's body proportions Underhand bilateral toss of a weighted ball Supervised exercise by unlicensed support personnel
Underhand bilateral toss of a weighted ball
In terms of exercise order, if you are exercising multiple muscle groups in a single session, sequence considerations should include all of the following EXCEPT: Upper extremity muscles before lower extremity muscles. Large muscle groups before small muscle groups. Multijoint muscles before single-joint muscles. High-intensity exercises before low-intensity exercises.
Upper extremity muscles before lower extremity muscles.
To maintain gains in ROM achieved as the result of a stretching program, it is recommended to: Perform daily resistance training of the muscle group opposite the stretched muscle. Perform daily resistance training of the stretched muscle. Use the stretch-induced gains in ROM during functional activities as soon as able on a regular basis. Apply heat on a daily basis to the lengthened muscle groups.
Use the stretch-induced gains in ROM during functional activities as soon as able on a regular basis.
Ballistic stretching Should be used with elderly patients or patients with long-standing contractures. Is effective only if done concurrently with joint-mobilization techniques. Can be very effective because the rapid force has greater chance of reaching the plastic range, leading to tissue remodeling. Utilizes quick bouncing movements during the stretching maneuver, resulting in an increased chance for tissue trauma and muscle soreness.
Utilizes quick bouncing movements during the stretching maneuver, resulting in an increased chance for tissue trauma and muscle soreness.
What term is defined as: "the magnitude of internal friction among individual molecules in a liquid. This is like a fluid's thickness and accounts for the resistance one encounters when moving through water." Hydrostatic Pressure Buoyancy Surface Tension Viscosity
Viscosity
Consistent with the taxonomy of motor tasks, which of the following activities is the best example of body transport in an open environment with intertrial variability without manipulation? Walking around a school track with several other people while carrying a cup of coffee Maintaining standing balance while on an escalator Walking on a trail made up of grass, rocks, and sand with several other people walking as well. Maintaining sitting balance in chairs of different heights in your family room when you are home alone
Walking on a trail made up of grass, rocks, and sand with several other people walking as well.
To improve a patient's dynamic postural control using visual and vestibular inputs, the most appropriate activity for the patient to perform is: Walking with a narrowed base of support on a firm surface with eyes closed. Walking with a narrowed base of support on foam with eyes open. Standing in place on a firm surface with eyes open. Standing on a foam surface with feet apart and eyes closed
Walking with a narrowed base of support on foam with eyes open.
While testing a patient's balance, you have the patient perform a series of activities, starting with those that require a low level of balance control and progressing to more difficult tasks. Of the following, the task that requires the greatest amount of balance control is: Walking with one foot placed in front of the other (Tandem walk). Catching and throwing a ball while sitting. Raising the opposite arm and leg while in the quadruped position. Standing in tandem stance
Walking with one foot placed in front of the other (Tandem walk).
When a patient is involved in a stretching program, it is recommended that you: Strengthen the muscle to be stretched in order to convert nondistensible, noncontractile tissue to easily distensible contractile tissue. Avoid strengthening the muscle that has been stretched because it is easier to achieve elongation when the muscle is weak. Warm up the tissues to be stretched by engaging in light-intensity active exercise or using therapeutic heat prior to stretching. Avoid active exercises for warm-up prior to stretching because it may increase excitability of the muscle tissue and prevent relaxation during stretching.
Warm up the tissues to be stretched by engaging in light-intensity active exercise or using therapeutic heat prior to stretching.
As a result of supraspinatus impingement syndrome, Mrs. J is unable to lift her arm fully overhead without pain. You plan to design an exercise program consisting of both discrete and serial tasks. You do not want to include continuous tasks at this time. Which of the following should NOT be included? Active reaching exercises to place small objects in a cabinet Warming up on the upper extremity (UE) ergometer (UE cycling) ROM exercises using a cloth to wipe down the wall Active assisted stretching by lifting a cane overhead in supine
Warming up on the upper extremity (UE) ergometer (UE cycling)
Each of the following is a prescreening question that should be addressed before participation in a health promotion program, EXCEPT: Have you ever been diagnosed with a heart condition? Do you experience chest pain when you engage in physical activity? Do you ever lose your balance or lose consciousness? What are your blood pressure and heart rate normally?
What are your blood pressure and heart rate normally?
Each of the following is a contraindication to stretching adaptively shortened tissues EXCEPT: Sharp, acute pain during ROM. When ROM is limited because scar tissue has reduced soft tissue extensibility. A bony block. When tight (shortened) soft tissues provide functional stability of a body segment affected by paralysis.
When ROM is limited because scar tissue has reduced soft tissue extensibility.
Which of the following is a contraindication to PROM exercises? Presence of chronically impaired circulation When movement of a body segment is disruptive to the healing process Presence of muscle weakness or paralysis When a patient is in a coma
When movement of a body segment is disruptive to the healing process
Which of the following describes the most effective patient position and use of the buoyancy of water for self-stretching the hamstrings? In a buoyancy-supported supine position (flotation devices around the neck and hips), perform a unilateral straight-leg raise, lifting the leg to be stretched out of the water. With a buoyancy device secured around the ankle of the leg to be stretched, stand on the opposite leg and hold on to the side of the pool for balance. Allow the buoyancy device to lift the leg to the surface of the water with the knee extended. With a buoyancy device secured around the distal thigh of the leg to be stretched, stand on the opposite leg and hold on to the side of the pool for balance. Keep the knee relaxed as the buoyancy device lifts the thigh and flexes the hip. Sit on the steps of a pool in waist-deep water, hips flexed to 90, with a buoyancy device secured around the ankle of the leg to be stretched.
With a buoyancy device secured around the ankle of the leg to be stretched, stand on the opposite leg and hold on to the side of the pool for balance. Allow the buoyancy device to lift the leg to the surface of the water with the knee extended.
Part of a preseason screening program for high school athletes includes physician testing for the stability of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. The physician identifies an athlete with signs of shoulder instability that is contributing to the athlete's shoulder pain. The athlete is referred to Physical Therapy and evaluated by your supervising PT. You treat the patient with an exercise program designed to reduce the severity and duration of the diagnosis which will reduce the risk of injury during the season. This is an example of what type of prevention? Primary Secondary Indirect Tertiary
secondary
