study notes

Victory of the Samothrace (Nike)

-found at Sanctuary of The Great Gods in Samothrace in 1863 - 180 b.c Hellenistic Period -nike on the prow of stone ship -possibly commermorates a naval victory -large open movements of figure, contrasting of light and dark on deeply sculpted form, contrasting textures of feathers, cloth and skin

Peplos Kore

-found at the acropolis in Athens -530 b.c Archaic Period -same form as Anavysos but clothed bc is a woman -"peplos" is rectangular cloth covering the torso to give a blouse effect -

Kritios Boy

-found at the akropolis in Athens -Classical Period -displays self confident seriousness -begginnings of contrapossto

Olpe

-found in Corinth -Orientalizing Period -utilizes "black figure: technique

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

-found in the rubble of the Temple of Hera at Olympia in 1875 -sandals are not accurate for his time period -classical period

Funerary Krater from Dipylon

-from Dipylon Cemetary in Athens -Geometric Period -funerary kraters were used as grave markers -this one details a pictorial record of funerary rituals associated with the deceased -the geometric shapes used to represent human forms is what has given this geometric style its name

Parthenon, Athens

-from classical period -dedicated to Goddess Athena -optical illusion looks like its made of straight lines but not -was a treasury

Anavysos Kouros

-from the cemetery of Anavysos near Athens - 530 b.c Archaic Period -documents artists interests in lifelike human forms - grave monument symbollic of fallen soldier Kroisos -

Praxiteles

-late classical sculptor -made "Hermes of Stone who carries the infant Dionysos -first to depict female statue fully nude

Homer

-lived sometime during the 8th century -epics part orally transmitted stories, remains of Mycaneans, and some culture of his own day

High classical period

only 50 years, "high" is used to qualify the art of the time reflects the value judgements of art historians who have considered this period a pinnacle of artsist refinement, producing works that set a standard of unsurpassed excellence "Greece Golden Age"

Roman temples

page 127

Geometric Period and Orientalizing Period*

period in which the greek polis emerges

Paintings and Mosaics

pg 101 - high classical period

Corinthian order in hellenistic architecture

pg 103

Temple of Olypian Zeus, Athens

pg 103

Greek theaters

pg 104

Epigonos dying gallic trumpeter

pg 105

The Celts

pg 106

Painting - Painted stoa built on the north side of the Athenian Agora, about 460 BCE known to be decorated with paintings by the most famous artists of the time, including Polygnotos of Thasos (c.475 to 450 BCE)

pg 96

Praxiteles or his followers - Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

pg 99

Pergamon

pg. 105

Hagesandros, Polydoros and athenodoros of Rhodes - Laocoon and his sons

pg. 108

Nike of Samothrace

pg. 109

Roman arch

pg. 126 -Late 1st century BCE -

Early empire - 27 BCE - 96 CE

pg. 128

Greek and Roman deities

pg. 60

Temples

pg. 64

Battle between the gods and the giants

pg. 64 -Notable for its complex representation of space - sense of 3d recession, sculptors overlapped the figures - sometimes three deep-varying the depth of the relief to allow viewers to grasp their placement within space. -originally such sculptures were painted with bright color to enhance the lifelike effect

Painted pots (black figure) pg. 73

pg. 73 / variety of pots

Black-figure and red figure

pg. 74 Lysippides painter Herakles driving a bull to sacrifice - Andokides Painter - driving bull to sacrifice - both c. 525 -520 BCE.

Death at Sarpedon

pg. 75 - closer look -- by Euphronos (painter) and Euxitheos (potter) - 515 BCE. Red figure

Bronze foundry

pg. 77

Reconstruction drawing of the tomb of the diver, Poseidonia

pg. 80 -Early classical wall paintings - of c.480 -470 BCE in the Tomb of the Diver, discovered in 1968 just south of the Greek colony of Poseidonia in souther Italy.

A diver - tomb of diver

pg. 81

A symposium scene -Tomb of diver

pg. 81

Doric frieze

pg. 87

Grave stele of a little girl

pg. 96

Late classical period

pg. 96

Polycleitos

-creator of Doryphoros -Like Myron, Polycleitos was a disciple of the bronze welder Hageladas. He was from Sicyon and worked from about 450 BC.

Greek and Persian Wars

-defeat of Persians begins early classical period in 480 b.c -these wars gave them a self confidence that accelerated their artistic development, inspiring artists to seek new ways to express their cities accomplishments

Torc

- third and first centuries was excavated in 1866 from a celtic tomb in northern france

triglyph

- a tablet in a doric frieze with three vertical grooves

korai

-plural for kore

Phidias

-sculptor of Athena Parthenos

Sculpture

105

an effort to obtain realistic human form

greek art changes over time due to...

Linear A

"Linear" used primarily by Minoans

Linear B

"Linear" used primarily by Mycaneans

Patrician carrying portrait busts of two ancestors

(known as the Barbernini Togatus) -page 124

no

*Have artistic styles in 600 b.c ideals of figures changed since 2450 b.c egyptians?

Presentation of the Peplos (frieze)

-

Akropolis

- "city on top of a hill" later served as a fortress and sanctuary. - city grew so Akropolis became the religious and ceremonial center devoted primarily to the goddess Athena, the city's patron and protector.

Propylia

- 437 monumental gatehouse that had been part of the original design of the Akropolis complex. -No sculptoral decoration but its north wing was originally a dinning hall that later ebcause the earliest known museum, a gallery built specifically to house a collection of paintings for public view.

Metropolitan Kouros

- 600 BCE - recalls pose of proportion of Egyptian sculptures - as like the statue of Menkaure - young Greek stands rigidly upright, but he is human form -free standing. -Archaic kouroi are much less lifelike than their Egyptian forebears - Archaic smile - mouth forms closed-lip expression - total nudity of the Greek Kouroi is unusual in ancient Mediterranean cultures but accepted in case of young men.

Reconstruction drawing of the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi

- 6th -3rd century BCE. -pg. 62 -Delphi was the site of the Pythian games, (olympian games)

Burial chamber, tomb of reliefs

- Cerveteri, Italy. 3rd Century BCE. -pg. 119 -tombs carved out of rock to resemble rooms in a house. - flat ceiling supported by square stone posts. - walls plastered and painted and fully furnished. -Couches were carved from stone and other fittings formed of stucco. - simulated pots, jugs, robes, axes and other items molded and carved to look like real objects hanging on hooks.

Temple of Athena Nike

- Designed and built about 425 BCE probably by Kalikrates - reduced to rubble during Turkeish occupation of Greece in the 17th century CE - temple has since been rebuilt. -27 by 19

Statue of Athena Parthenos

- installed in the temple and dedicated in 438 BCE. Original vanished but descriptions and later copies allow a clear sense of its appearance and its imposing size, looming nearly 40 ft. wall.

Whiteground ceramic painting

- style of lost contemporary wall and panel painting - painters first applied reffined white slip as the ground on which they painted designs with liquid slip. pg97

Berlin Kore

- Early Archaic Korai are severe and stylish as the male figures - a funerary statue found in a cemetary at Keratea and dated about 570-560 BCE - more than 6ft tall -holds pomegranate in right hand - symbol of Persephene who was abducted by Hades and whose annual return brought the springtime.

Married couple (larth tetnies and thanchvil tarnai embracing

- lid of sarcophagus c. 350-300 BCE. -portrays a reclining Etruscan couple. - sculptor of relief was influenced by Greek Classicism in the rendering of human forms, inimacy is far removed from the cool, idealized detachment characterizing Greek funerary stelai.

Warrior krater

- From Mycenae Greece,. C. 1300-1100 BCE. -a large krater, bowl for mixing water and wine and used both in feasts as grave markers- an example of the technically sophisticated wares being produced on the Greek mainland between 1300 and 1100 BCE. -(pg. 55)

Agora

- marketplace, open space for farmers and artisans to display goods.

Woman and Maid

- style of the Achilles painter - quiet sadness, inhabit different worlds, glance failing to meet

Porch of the maidens

- on the south side facing the Parthenon is even more famous. Raised on high base, its six stately caryatids weight is supported on one enlarged leg, while the free leg bent at the knee rests on the ball of the foot. Three caryatids on the left have their right legs engaged, other three opposite. Creates a sense of closure, symmetry and rhythm.

Temenos

- reserved for worship - for centuries ancient greeks had worshipped at sanctuaries where an outdoor altar stood within an enclosed sacred area

The Orator

- Lifesize bronze portrait of Aulus Metellus - the roman's official's name is inscribed on the hem of his garment in Etruscan letters - dates to about 80 BCE

The Warrior

- reveals a striking balance between idealized smoothness of "perfected" anatomy conforming to Early Classical standards and the reproduction of details observed from nature, such as the swelling veins in the backs of the hands. Contrapposto is further developed here than in the Kritios Boy, with a more pronounced counterbalance between tension and relaxation raising the prospect of a shift.

Old woman

- roman first century CE copy of a Greek work of the second century BCE

Erechtheion

- second important temple erected on the Akropolis under Perikle's building program, began in the 430s BCE and ended in 406 BCE just before the fall of Athens to Sparta. - asymmetrical plan reflects the building's multiple functions in housing several shrines and also conformed to sloping terrain. - mythical contest between the sea god Poseidon and Athena for patronage over athens

Riace warriors

- shipwreck, earthquake protected ancient bronzes from recycling - recently 1972, divers recovered a pair of heavily corroded, larger than life bronze figures of warriors from the seabed off the coast of Riace, Italy dating about 460-450 BCE -deeper look on pg. 83

Exekias

-creator of "Ajax and Achilles playing a game" -most famous athenian black figure painter -was an ancient Greek vase-painter and potter who was active in Athens between roughly 545 BC and 530 BC

Anavysos Kouros

- althletic body of a Kouros from Anavysos - dates about 530 BCE- documenting the increasing interest of artists into more lifelike renderings of the human figure - symbolic type, not a specific individual - page 71

Women at a fountain house

- black figure hydria water job -pg. 95

Thomas Bruce

- british earl of Elgin and ambassador to Constantinpole, acquired much of the survivng scupture from the Parthenon. - He shipped it back to london in 1801 to decorade a lavish mansion for himself and his wife - by the time he returned to England, his wife left him and the ancient treasures were at the center of a financial dispute and had to be sold. - The Elgin Marbles, most of the scuptures are now in the British Museum. The Greek government tried to have the treasure returned, unsuccessfully.

Charioteer

- spectacular and rare life-size bronze, cast about 470 BCE, documents the skills of Early Classical bronze casters. - Found in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, together with fragments of a bronze chariot and horses, all buried during an earth quake in 373 BCE

The Parthenon

- Sometime around 490 BCE, Athenians had begun work on a temple to Athena Parthenos that was still unfinished when the Persians sacked the Akropolis a decade later. - In 447 BCE Perikles commisisoned the architexts Kallikrates and Iktinos to design a later temple using the existing foundation and stone elements.

Reconstruction drawing of the megaron (great room) of the Pylos palace

- c. 1300-1200 BCE. Watercolor by Piet de Jong. -English artist (1887-1967) began his career as an architect but his service in the post WWI reconstruction of Greece inspired him to focus his talents on recording and reconstructing Greek archaeological excavations. -In 1922, Arthur Evans called him to work on the reconstructions at Knossos, and Piet de Jong spent the rest of his life creating fanciful but archaeologically informed visions of the original appearance of some of the greatest 20th century discoveries of ancient Greece and the Aegean during a long association with the British school of Archaeology in Athens.

Douris - Frolicking Satyrs

- c. 480 BCE - Red figure decoration on a psyker. ceramic -Wine cooler, made to float in a krater filled with chilled water

Archaic period

- c. 600-480 BCE - pg. 61 -Doesn't deserve its name - "old fashioned" actually a time of great new achievement in Greece.

West pediment of the temple of Aphaia, Aegina

- c.500-490 BCE

"Peplos" Kore

- dated about the same time as Anavysos Kouros - she is votive rather than a funerary statue - like the kouros, she has a rounded body form but she is clothed. - Same motionless pose as the Berlin Kore but her bare arms and head convey a sense of soft flesh covering a real bone structure, less stylized.

Art of the goldsmith

- earings dated back to 330-300 BCE -pg 101

Nike (victory) adjusting her sandal

- figure bends forward graceful, allowing her tunic to slip off one shoulder - large overlapping wings balance her unstable pose - unlike decorative swirls of heavy fabric covering the Parthenon goddesses or the weighty, pleated robes of the Erectheion caryatids, the textile covering the Parthenon goddess - one of the most discreetly erotic images in ancient art

Temple of Aphia on Aegina

- fully developed and somewhat sleeker Doric temple - part of a sanctuary dedicated to a local goddess named Aphaia -built on the island of Aegina during the first quarter of the 5th century BCE -pg 64

Reconstruction of the Palace Complex at Knossos, Crete

-Aegean -how it would have appeared during the new palace period -site occupied since the neolithic period -the Minoan complex of the Old Palace period (1900-1700 B.C) -rebuilt during the New Palace period (1700-1450 B.C) after earthquakes and fires -final destruction was in 1375 B.C -New Palace was considered highest point of Minoan civilization -excavators found a recent storeroom with enough ceramic jars to hold 20,000 gallons of olive oil -confusing layouts due to earth quakes and reconstruction of the centuries

Lion Gate at Mycenae

-Aegean -was the gate to the city of Mycenae during Helladic Age -lions are metaphor for power -stucture is most likely a symbol of a palace or temple -combination of symbols signifies the legitimate power of the ruler of Mycenae

Bronze Dagger Blade at Mycenae

-Aegean art -from Shaft Grave iv at Grave Circle in Mycenae, Greece -1550-1500 B.C -bronze inlaid with gold, silver and niello -In Homer's Illiad, he deccribes similar decoration on agememon's armor and Achilles Shield -shows the wealth of Mycaen ruler elites -depicts 4 Minoan hunters attacking a lion -fleeing animals stretch out in the "flying gallop" pose to indicate speed and energy

two views of the harvester Rhyton

-Almost certainly of ritual significance are a series of stone rhytons - vessels used for pouring liquids that Minoans carved from steatite (a greenish or brownish soapstone) and serpentine (usually dull green in color.) - From Hagia Triada, Crete. New Palace period c. 1650-1450 BCE. -The harvester rhyton was a cone-shaped vessel (only the upper part is preserved) barely 4 1/2 inches in diameter. It may have been covered with gold leaf, sheets of hammered gold.

Figure of a woman with a drawing showing evidence of original painting and outlining design scheme

-Cyclades c. 2600-2400 BCE at the Met in New York -These sculptures have been found almost exclusively in graves, and, although there are few surviving male figures, the overwhelming majority represent nude women and conform to a consistent representational convention. -They are presented in extended poses of strict symmetry, with arms folded just under gently protruding breasts, as if they were clutching their abdomens - Necks are long, heads tilted back and faces are featureless except for a prominent elongated nose.

Reconstruction drawing of the "palace" complex, Knossos, Crete

-As it would have appeared during the New Palace period. Site occupied since the Neolithic period; the Minoan complex of the old Palace period (c. 1900-1700 BCE) was rebuilt during New Palace period (c. 1700-1450 BCE) after earthquakes and fires; final destruction c. 1375 BCE.

Aegean Art

-Before 3,000 BCE til 1100 BCE, several bronze age cultures flourished across the Aegean

Head with remains of painted decoration

-Cyclades c. 2500-2200 BCE. -Art historian Gail Hoffman has argued that patterns of vertical red lines painted on the faces of some figures were related to Cycladic rituals of mourning their dead. -Perhaps these sculptures were used in relation to a succession of key moments, throughout their owner's lifetimes - such as puberty, marriage and death - and were continually repainted with motifs associated with each ritual, before finally following their owners into their graves.

Athena Attacking the Giants

-Detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar from Pergamon -hellenistic period -figures break out of their archaelogical boundaries and invade the spectators space -many consider this use of space -many consider this the benchmark of the Hellenistic style -balancing opposing forces against dynamic diagonals

Flotilla Fresco from Akrotiri

-Detail of the left part of a mural from Room 5 of West House, Akrotiri, Thera. New Palace period c. 1650 BCE. -The depiction of lions chasing deer, perhaps signifying heroism or political power, has a long history in Aegean art. -The block of land at the left seems to represent one of two spits of land in Thera that separates the sea from an enclosed area of water within a volcanic caldera at the center of the island. Both the volcanic quality of the painted rocks as well as their division into horizontal registers as bands of color reproduce the actual geological appearances of this terrain. --The arrangement of ships and leaping dolphins in the central part of the mural uses vertical perspective to indicate recession into depth. In this system, higher placement is given to things that are in the distance, while those places lower are closer to the viewer. -Each of the 7 vessels of the fleet on this fresco (only 4 can be seen in this partial view) is unique, differing in size, decoration and rigging. It has been suggested that this represents a single moment from a nautical festival, perhaps a spring ceremony to kick off a new season of sailing. -Note the difference between the surviving fragments of the original fresco and the modern infill in this restored presentation of a dolphin swimming alongside the ships

Shaft graves

-Earliest burials were in shaft graves aka vertical pits 20 to 25 feet deep. - graves of important people were enclosed in a circle of standing stone slabs - ruling families laid out their dead in opulent dress and jewelry and surrounded them with ceremonial weapons, gold and silver wares, and other articles indicative of their status, wealth and power.

Siphnian Treasury, Delphi

-Found at the Sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi -From Archaic Period -used "caryatids"-columns carved into the shape of women -able to know the date because the silver and gold mines of Syphians who lived on the Cycladic Islands were flooded in 525 b.c so this was before that

New York Kouros

-Found in Attica, Greece -600 B.C Archaic Period -recalls Egyptian pose and proportions -stone cut away from the body to make the form free-standing -mouth forms closed lip expression known as archaic smile

Doryphorus by Polykleitos

-Found in Pompeii -Classical period -most famous greek scultpure of Classical period

Warrior from Riace (also known as Warrior A)

-Found in the Sea off Riace Italy -Classical period -balance of anonomy from Early Classical and copying natural details -contrapossto pose -these human ideals will continue through higher classical period

Pendant of gold bees

-From Chryssolakkos, near Mallia, Crete. Old Palace Period, c. 1700-1550 BCE. Gold. -The early Minoan pendant with a pair of gold bees exemplifies early sophistication in filigree (delicate decoration with fine wires) and granulation (minute granules or balls of precious metal fused to underlying forms) the latter used to enliven the surfaces and to outline or even create 3D shapes.

Bull's head rhyton

-From Knossos, Crete. New Palace Period c. 1550-1450 BCE. -Bulls are a recurrent theme in Minoan art and rhytons were also made in the form of a bull's head. The sculptor carved this one from a block of greenish-black serpentine to create an image that approaches animal protraiture.

Kamares Ware Jug

-From Phaistos, Crete. Old Palace period c. 2000-1900 BCE. -During the Old Palace period, Minoans developed elegant new types of ceramics, supped in part by the introduction of the potter's wheel early in the second millennium BCE. -One type is called a Kamares ware, after the cave on Mount Ida overlooking the architectural complex of Phaistos, in southern Crete, where it was first discovered. - Hallmarks of this select ceramic wave - so south after that it was exported as far away as Egypt and Syria - Were its extreme thinness, use of color, graceful, stylized, painted decoration. An example from about 2000-1900 BCE has a globular body and a "beaked" pouring spout.

Horsemen (frieze)

-From the Ionic frieze on North side of Parthenon -classical period -message is that athenians are healthy, vigorous people that are united and looked upon with favor by the gods

Master sculptor Vulva - Apollo

-From the temple of Minerva, Portonaccio, Veii. c. 510-500 BCE. -A splendid example is a life-size figure of Apollo. - to make large clay sculptures, artists had to know how to construct figures so they didn't collapse under their own weight while the raw clay was still wet. -Dating from about 510-500 BCE, and originally part of a four-figure scene depicting one of the labors of Hercules, this boldly striding Apollo comes from the temple dedicated to Minerva and other gods in the sanctuary of Portonaccio at Veii. -demonstrates that Etruscan sculptors were familiar with the Kouroi of their Archaic Greek counterparts. -

Pericles

-General(c. 495 BCE-429 BCE) -Ancient Greek statesman Pericles, leader of Athens from 460-429 B.C., organized construction of the Parthenon and developed a democracy based on majority rule. -Pericles was born c. 495 B.C. in Athens, Greece. After inheriting money as a teen, he became a great patron of the arts. In 461, he assumed rule of Athens—a role he would occupy until his death. During his leadership, he built the Acropolis and Parthenon and led Athens' recapture of Delphi, the siege on Samos and the invasion of Megara. In 429, he died of the plague.

helladic architecture

-Mycenaeans built fortified strongholds called citadels to protect the palaces of their rulers. These palaces contained a characteristic architectural unit called a megaron that was axial in plan, consisting of a large room, entered through a porch with columns and sometimes vestibule. The Mycenaeans also buried their dead in magnificent vaulted tombs, round in floor plan and crafted of cut stone.

Mask of Agamemnon

-One of Heinrich Schliemann's famous discovery in the shaft graves in Mycenae was a solid gold mask placed over the face of a body he claimed was the legendary Agamemnon, uncovered in Nov. 30, 1876. -Funerary mask, from shaft grave v, Grave circle A, Mycenae Greece. c. 1600-1550 BCE. Gold. -Pg. 53

Girl gathering Saffron Crocus flowers

-The image is from Fresco of c. 1650 BCE found in a house in Akrotiri, a town on the Aegean island of Thera that seems to have been famous for the saffron harvested from its crocuses. -Saffron was valued in the Bronze Age Aegean mainly as a yellow dye in textile production but it had medicinal properties and was used to alleviate menstrual cramps. -the latter use may be referenced in the painting, since the fresco was part of the elaborate painted decoration of a room that some scholars believe housed the coming-of-age ceremonies of young women at the onset of menses.

Ancient Aegean World

-The three main cultures in ancient Aegean were the Cycladic, in the Cyclades; The Minoan, on Thera and Crete; the Helladic, including the Mycenaean, on mainland Greece but also encompassing the regions that have been the center of the two earlier cultures -Cycladic culture - c. 2500 BCE - 1900 BCE / Minoan culture - c. 2000 BCE - c. 1400 BCE / Mycenaean culture - c. 1600 BCE - c. 1100 BCE

Landscape ("Spring Fresco)

-Wall painting with areas of modern reconstruction, from Akrotiri, Thera, Cyclades Before 1630 BCE. National Archaeological Museum, Athens. -In another Akrotiri house, an artist has created an imaginative landscape of hills, rocks and flowers, the first pure landscape painting we have encountered in ancient art. -A viewer standing in the center of the room is surrounded by orange, rose and blue rocky hillocks sprouting oversized deep-ted liliies. -Swallos sketched by a few deft lines, swoop above and around the flowers. -The artist unifies the rhymthic flow of the undulating landscale, the sylized patterning imposed on the natural forms and the decorative use of bright colors alternating with darker neutral tones, which were perhaps meant to represent areas of shadow. -The colors may seem fanciful to us, but sailors today who know the area well attest to their accuracy, suggesting that these artists recorded the actual colors of Thera's wet rocks in the sunshine, a zestful celebration of the natural world.

Alexander the Great

-created greek empire that extended from greek mainland and egypt across Asia minor and as far East as India -was a king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. -He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of twenty.

Bull leaping

-Wall painting with areas of modern reconstruction, from the palace complex, Knossos, Crete. Late Minoan period c. 1450-1375 BCE. -Minoan painters worked on a large-scale, covering entire walls of rooms with geometric borders, views of nature and scenes of human activity. Murals can be painted on a still-wet plaster surface (buon fresco) or a dry one (fresco secco) -One of the most famous paintings of Knossos depicts one of the most prominent subjects in Minoan art - bull leaping - The panel restored from excavated fragments is one of a group of paintings with bulls as subjects from a room in the east wing of the complex. This action perhaps rpresented an initiation or fertility ritual - shows three scantily clad touths around a gigantic dappled bull, which is charging in the "flying-gallop" pose. -The pale-skinned person at the right, her paleness probably identifying her as a woman is prepared to catch the dark skinned man in the midst of his leap and the woman at the left grasps the bull by its horns, perhaps to help steady it or prepare to begin her own vault. Framing the action are strips of overlapping shapes, filled with ornament set within striped bands.

contrapposto

-an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs. -One leg seems to bear more weight than the other (discussed in regard to Greek art).

Death of Sarpedon, by Euphronios

-archaic period -painted by Euphronios and pottery by Euxitheos -uses forshortening -attention to drapery folds and overlapping forms gives the 3D effect.

Iktinos and Kallicrates

-architects of the parthenon

Aphrodite of Knidos

-by Praxiteles -first sculpture by well-known greek artist to depict a woman as fully nude

Early classical period

-c. 480-450 BCE - greeks established an ideal of beauty that has endured in the Western world to this day. -humanism, rationalism, idealism - ancient greeks believed the words of their philosophers and followed these in their art

Apoxyomenos

-classical period -depicts a man after his workout removing dirt and oil from his body with a scraping tool called a stirgil

Archer ("paris"

-color in greek sculpture - pg. 69 -ancient greece did not always have pure marble surfaces - once painted with bright colors - long revealed evidence of polychromy -

Lysippos

-created a new Canon of Proportions -sculptor behind "man scraping himself"

Laocöon and His Sons

-created by Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athenodoros of Rhodes -priest Laocoon warning not to bring within their walls the giant trojan horse -struggling figures, anguished faces, intricate diagonal movements

capital

-detailed top of shaft on ionic column

kore

-female statue

apotheosis

-glorification of a subject to a divine level -elevation to divine status; the perfect example of something

frieze

-horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration usually higher on a building -

Archaic

-means antiquated or old fashioned -art historians wanted a dramatic contrasting term to the classical period -of an early period of art or culture, especially the 7th-6th centuries BC in Greece. -chiefly characterized by an increased emphasis on the human figure in action, naturalistic proportions and anatomical structure, simplicity of volumes, forms, or design, and the evolution of a definitive style for the narrative treatment of subject matter.

Lapith fighting a Centaur (metope)

-metope relief from the Doric frieze found on the South side of Parthenon -classical period -forms reduced to the essentials -x shaped composition

Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos

-mosaic from Pompeii Reconstructed West front of the Altar from Pergamon -Hellenistic period -document an interest in dramatic narratives -diagonal disruption and foreshortening -illusion of solid figures through modeling

pediment

-on the tip top of doric column

Orientalizing period

-pg. 61 - 7th century BCE - did not copy artists of Near East, Asia Minor and Egypt but drew on work in media -including sculpture, metalwork and textiles - the invent a new approach to painting vessels.

Euphronios

-painter of the death of Sarpedon -one of the best know red figure artists -circa 535 - after 470 BC) was an ancient Greek vase painter and potter, active in Athens in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. -As part of the so-called "Pioneer Group," Euphronios was one of the most important artists of the red-figure technique.

Battle Between the Gods and the Giants

-part of the North Frieze decoration on Siphian Treasury -Giants are no larger than mortal men - a battle between good and evil or greek and barbarian (anyone not greek) -giants flee

kouroi

-plural for kouros

kouros

-recalls the pose and proportions of the egyptians -men

metope

-square space between triglyphs in doric frieze

Panathenaic Festival

-terms means "all Athenians" -athens most important religious celebration -honoring the goddess Athena's birthday -celebrated every June in honour of the goddess Athena. -The Lesser Panathenaia was an annual event, while the Greater was held every four years.

Henrich Schliemann

-uncovered remains of "Mycanean Civilization" -took artifacts out of turkey without alerting authorities

Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game, by Exekias

-unknown location where found -Archaic period -either artist and patron imagined the scene or is from a lost literary source -still considered derived from epic cycle of the trojan war

black figure and red figure

-used for painting ceramic vessels -applying slip (clay and water) and sculpting it. -black figure was silouetted -red figure was the opposite

Portrait head of an elder from Scoppito -

1st century BCE. -New roman idealization emphasized - rather than suppressed - the hallmarks of advanced age and distinguishing aspects of individual likeness. - The mode is most prominent in portraits of Roman patricians

Kritious Boy

480 BCE - beginning of contrapposto - a convention later developed in full by high Classical period. -

Statuette of a male figure from Palaikastro, Crete

An unusual large male figure reconstructed from hundreds of fragments excavated in eastern Crete at Palaikastro between 1987 and 1990. The blackened state of the remains bears witness to damage in a fire that must have destroyed the building where it was kept since the fire damage pervades the archaeological layer in which these fragments were found. The cause of the fire is a mystery. -This statuette is a multimedia work assembled from a variety of mostly precious materials. The majority o the body was carved in exquisite anatomical detail - including renderings of subcutaneous veins, tendons and bones - from the ivory of two hippos' teeth, with a gap in the lower torso for a wooden insert to which was attached a kilt made of gold foil.The materials and size suggest its importance. Some have interpreted this as a cult stature of a young god, others have proposed it was a effigy for a religious ceremony but these remain speculations.

Tholos tombs

Around 1600 BCE, members of the elite class of the mainland had begun building large above-ground burial places referred to as tholos tombs or beehive tombs because of their rounded, conical shape. - More than 100 such tombs have been found, 9 of them in the vicinity of Mycenae.

The Canon of Polykleitos

Best known theorist of the High Classical period was the sculptor Polykleitos of Argos. About 450 BCE, balancing careful observation with generalizing idealization, he developed a set of rules for constructing what he considered the ideal human figure, which he set down in a treatise called "The Canon" -perhaps the bronze statue of Achilles -Roman marble copy of the Spear Bearer shows a male althlete, perfectly balanced, with the whole weight of the upper body supported over the right leg -pg. 90

Dying warrior

Best-preserved fragments from the west pediment is the Dying Warrior - tragic but noble figure struggles to rise up, supported on bent leg and elbow - extracting an arrow from his chest - figure originally would have been painted and fitted with authentic bronze accessories

Plan of the megaron of the Pylos palace

C. 1300-1200 BCE - The architectural complex at Pylos was built on a raised site without forifications and it was organized around a special area that included an archive, store rooms, workshops and a megaron with a formal throne room that may also have been used to host feasting rituals involving elite members of the community. -Pg. 52

Cyclopean

Drywall masonry, using largely unworked boulders - believed it was only the enormous Cyclops could have moved such massive stones.

Olpe (pitcher)

Corithian "olpe" or wide-mouthed pitcher dating 650-625 BCE - rossettes flowers - early example of the black-figure technique.

Michael Ventris

Deciphered Linear B in 1952

Young women and men

Detail of the procession, from the iconic frieze on the east side of the Parthenon c. 447 -432 BCE.

Horsemen

Detail of the procession, from the iconic frieze on the north side of the Parthenon c. 447 - 432.

Doric and Ionic architectural orders

Doric: most easily recognised by the simple circular capitals at the top of columns. It was the earliest and in its essence the simplest of the orders, though still with complex details in the entablature above. -Iconic: capital is characterized by the use of volutes. The Ionic columns normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform; the cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart.

Processional frieze

Enclosed within the Parthenon's Doric peristyle, a continuous 525 foot-long Iconic frieze ran along the exterior wall of the cella. - Since the 18th century, the subject has been seen as a procession celebrating the festival that took place in Athens every 4 years, when the women of the city wove a new wool peplos and carried it to the Akropolis to clothe an ancient wooden cult statue of Athena

Capitoline she-wolf

Etruscan bronze sculpture -c. 500-470 BCE. - story of twins Romulus and Remus - founders of Rome who were nursed back to health by a she-wold after having been left to die on the banks of the Tiber. - restored and cleaned during 1997 - 2000.

Boys climbing rocks and diving tomb of hunting and fishing.

Etruscans have conceived tombs as homes for the dead. painters envisioned their subjects inhabiting a bright, tanglible world beyond the tomb. Late 6th centure BCE, tomb from Tarquinia, wall paintings show two boys spending a day in the country. surrounded by the graceful flights of brightly colored birds.

Octopus flask

From Palaikastro, Crete. New Palace period, c. 1500-1450 BCE. - The ceramic arts, so splendidly realized early on in Kamares ware, continued throughout the New Palace period. Some of the most striking ceramics are characterized as "Marine style," because the depictions of sea life on their surfaces. -In a stoppered bottle of this type known as the octopus flask, made about 1500-1450 BCE the painter created a dynamic arraignment of marine life in seeming celebration of Minoan maritime prowess.

The Lion gate

Gate to the city of Mycenae. -A conglomerate stone that can be polished to glistening multicolors - A corbeled relieving arch above the lintel forms a triangle filled with a limestone panel bearing a grand heraldic compositions - guardian beasts flanking a single Minoan column that swells upward to a large, bulbous capital. -The beasts supporting and defending the column are magnificent, supple creatures rearing up on hind legs. - Their faces must have once turned toward the visitor. - A metaphor for power, the lions rest their feet on Minoan-style altars. Between them stands the mysterious Minoan column, also on the altar base. (pg. 50)

Man and centaur

Greek artists of the Geometric period also produced figures of wood, ivory, clay and cast bronze. Small statues of humans and animals are similar to those painted on pots. -A tiny bronze of this type - a mythical creature, part man and part house dates to about the same time as the funerary krater. pconfronting each other - maybe Herakles -pg. 61

Mycenae

Greek writers called the walled complex of Mycenae, the home of Agamemnon, legendary Greek king and leader of the Greek army that conquered the great city of Troy, as described in Homer's epic poem, the LLiad.

Alexander the Great confronts Darious III at Battle of ISSOS

Hellenistic period - 323 -31/30 BCE

Attributed to the Hirschfield workshop Funerary Krater.

Large funeary vessels were developed at this time for use as grave markers, many of which uncovered at ancient cemetary of Athen just outside the Diplyon Gate - example is a pictorial record of funeary rituals associated with the important person whose death is commemorated by this work. On the top register, the body of the deceased is depicting laying on its side atop a funerial bier.

Man scraping himself -

Lysippos - pg 101

Amasis painter Dionysos with Maenads

Mid 6th century BCE amphora with bands of decoration above and bwlos a central figural composition illustrates this development - painting on it has been attributed to artists Amasis Painter, since this distinctive style was first recognized on vessels signed by a prolific potter named Amasis. -Two female worshipers of the wine god Dionysis intertwined with arms around each other's shoulders - celebration not fear - amasis painter favored strong shapes and patterns over conventions for making figures appear to occupy real space.

Exekias

Most famous for all the Athenian black-figure painters - signed vessels as both potter and painter - took subjects from Greek mythology - patrons considered history -pg. 74

Vapheio cup

One of two cups found near Sparta, Greece, c. 1650-1450 BCE. Gold. - An example of repoissé in which artists gently pushed up relief forms (perhaps by hammering) from the back of a thin sheet of gold. Experienced goldsmiths may have formed simple designs freehand, or used standard wood forms or punches.

Lapith Fighting a centaur

Panel presents a pause within the fluid struggle, a timeless image standing for an extended historical episode. -Forms are reduced to their most characteristic essentials and so dramatic is the chiastic composition that we accept as visual contradictions. Lapith is caught at a total equilibrium.

Citadel at Mycenae

Pelponnese, Greece. Site occupied c. 1600-1200 BCE. Walls built c. 1340, 1250, 1200 BCE, creating a progressively larger enclosure.

The Greek orders

Pg. 66

The Denarious of Julius Caesar

Propaganda value of portraits was not lost on Roman leaders. In 44 bce, Julius Caesar issued a Denarius (widely circulated coin) bearing his portrait conforming to the Roman ideal of advanced age. - First roman leader to place his own image on a coin, initiating a practice.

Art in the age of Augustus

Roman artists of the Augustan age created a new style - a new roman form of idealism that, though still grounded in the appearance of everyday world, is heavily influenced by a revival of Greek Classical ideals. -enriched the art of portraiture in both official images and representations of private individuals, they recorded contemporary historical events on public monuments and Roman imperial propaganda.

Treasury of Siphnians

Sanctuaries also included treasuries built by the citizens of Greek city-states to house and protext their offerings. - Small but luxurious treasury of the Piphians was built in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi by the residents of the island of Siphonos in the Cyclades, between 530 and 525 BCE. -today in fragments house in the museum of Dephi - no columns - caratids - columns carved in the form of clothed women in finely pleated flowing garments, raised on pedestals - the capital support a tall entablature conforming to the Iconic order which features a plain, or three-paneled architrave and a continuous carved frieze, set off by richly carved moldings.

Dagger blade with lion hunt

Shaft Grave iv, grave circle A. Mycenae, Greece. c. 1550 - 1500 BCE. Bronze inlaid with gold, silver and niello length. -(pg. 54)

dancers and diners, tomb of the triclinium

Tarquinia, Italy. c. 480-470 BCE. -Painted frieze - diversions are more mature in focus as young men and women frolic to the music of lyre and double flute within a room whose ceiling is enlivened with colorful geometric decoration -pg. 119

Treasury of atreus

Tholos tomb, about 1300 to 1200 BCE. It is roofed with a corbeled vault built up in regular courses or layers of ashlar - precisely cut blocks of stone - smoothly leaning inward and carefully calculated to meet in a singular capstone at the peak.

Classical period

Three phases 1.Early classical period (c.480-450 BCE) 2. High classical period (c.450-400 BCE) 3. Late classical period (c. 400-323 BCE) Early period begins with defeat of the Persians in 480-479

Reconstruction drawing of the citadel at Mycenae at its most developed state

Unlike at Knossos and Akrotiri, where we can understand multistory structures because multiple levels survived and have been excavated, at Mycenae we have, for the most part, only foundations. To certain extent, we must conjecture concerning the upper portions of these buildings.

Head of a man (known as "Brutus" -

c. 300 BCE. Bronze - rome.

Reclining couple on sarcophagus from cerveteri

c. 520 BCE. Terra cotta. Rome. -The remains of the deceased were placed in urns made of clay or stone. -a husband and wide are shown reclining on a dining couch - pg. 119

A youth pouring wine into the Kylix of a companion

c.480 BCE - red figure decoration on a kylix by Douris -

Ajax and achilles playing a game

c.540-530 BCE. Black figure painting on ceramic amphora. - all-purpose storage jar signaled by its shape, substance and size. A strip around the belly of its form was reserved for Exekias - mid century bCE artist who signed it proudly as both potter and painter - presentation of a narrative episode from the Trojan war, one of the signal stories of the ancient Greek's mythical conception of their past. -pg. 56

Greek art

c.900-600 BCE. -page 58 -Around the mid 11th century BCE, a new culture began to form on the Greek mainland. - Athens developed ceramic production, sculpture and vessels. - Geometric period, the Greeks created own architectural forms and were trading actively with neighbors of the east. -By c.700 BCE, in a phase called Orientalizing period, they began to incorporate exotic foreign motifs into native art.

Sir Arthur Evans*

responsible for discovering and naming the minoan civilization -found Linear A and Linear B

Augustus of Primaporta

sculpture discovered in Livia's villa at Primaporta near Rome - see an emperor as he wanted to be remembered. - earlier sculptural traditions hallmark of Augustan art. - illustrates the way roman emperors would continue to use portraiture for propaganda expressing direct authority or powerful traditional stories and styles pg 129

Bronze Age*

time period from 3000 B.C to 1100 B.C

Dark Ages*

time period withloss of literacy, trade, knowledge of architecture and sculpture

Crete*

where Minoans empire centered

Peloponnesus as well as Athens and Delphi*

where the Mycanean empire centered around

The greek legend of the hero Pelops who was said to have conquered the entire region. Peloponnesus means "Island of Pelops"*

where the name peloponnesus comes from

greek artists were competitive to be better than eachother for commissions

why were greek artists different from egyptian artists?

Kantharos

wine cup