Study.com CSET Subtest 1

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

(7 years war) French & Natives vs. English & Colonists. Ended in 1763 with victory at Quebec ended seven years' war with the British winning. The Taking of Montreal in 1760 ended french as a major power. Natives sided with french as they were the lesser of two evils and had inter-racial relations and treated them with respect.

Centrifugal Force

1. economic and social forces pushing households and businesses outward from central and inner-city locations OR 2. forces of disruption and dissolution threatening the unity of a state

How did the status of Korea in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War differ from its status after the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910?

A few years later, the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 resulted in the complete annexation of Korea to Imperial Japan. Korea was placed under Japanese police rule.

Papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paper like writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France. The Peace of Utrecht ended the war. After the fighting had concluded, many of the treaties signed recognized Philip (France) as King Philip V of Spain.

Decolonization within Rwanda contributed to the Rwandan Genocide how?

After European control, two local tribes, the Hutus and the Tutsis, were left to attempt to seize power in Rwanda. The Hutus were able to established a nationalism following that recognized the Hutus as the appropriate leaders of the country. The Tutsis became the enemy, resulting in a genocide of up to around a million Tutsis.

Why did Prussia join the coalition against Napoleon in 1813?

After Napoleon's failed Russian campaign in 1812, Russia promised Prussia to help it regain lost territory from the times of the Treaty of Tilsit. Thus, gaining the coalition a new ally against Napoleonic France.

Samnite Wars (343-290)

Allowed the Roman Empire to acquire regions in Italy along the west coast (first), the east coast (second), and the central region between the coasts(third)

Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604)

An intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England that was never formally declared. The war was punctuated by widely separated battles, and began with England's military expedition in 1585 to the Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester in support of the resistance of the States General to Spanish Habsburg rule. Spainish Armada(1588) happened during this war.

Which facet of the War of the Austrian Succession was characterized by border disputes, bloody raids and attacks on settlements and villages?

Anglo-French conflict in North America largely consisted of informal warfare characterized by bloody border raids and attacks on settlements and villages.

How did Thomas Aquinas defend and protect the Church?

Aquinas sought to prove both the existence of God and the importance of the Roman Catholic Church by making use of the same Aristotelian logic that had threatened the church leaders before. In doing so, he left the Roman Catholic Church a much more agile and reflexive body.

What important shift happened in the history of money around 700 BCE?

Around 700 BCE, metal ingots with seals were refined into coins, which was the default currency in the West for about 2,000 years.

What is the best description of the relationship between merchant guilds and craft guilds?

As merchant guilds grew bigger and more powerful, they began to take advantage of individual craftsmen. The craftsmen then began to form their own guilds called craft guilds.

Babylon succeeded in overthrowing Assyria because _____.

Assyrian rule was incredibly savage. Assyrian Kings boast of their vicious cruelty in inscriptions and even commemorated some of their more vicious exploits in engravings. Though this excessive cruelty served the Assyrians well as they grew their empire, these same shock-and-awe tactics would bring about the downfall of the Assyrians. When the Babylonians decided to throw off Assyrian rule, they found ready allies throughout the empire. Medes, Scythians, Cimmerians and Judeans all rose up.

Why did Rome's economy strongly suffer when it was attacked by foreign invaders?

Because the economy was highly dependent upon slaves and imports for its grain production

Why did the United States want to increase their influence in the Americas during the 1800s?

Because they wanted to be able to set prices and control trade in the period when the European powers were declining.

Which of the following identifies why Italy became the first commercial capitalist in Europe?

Between around 750 and 1050 CE, an urban revolution occurred in Europe, and this included an increase in trade. Italy developed a system that included use of business contracts and letters of credit.

Which world faith was NOT practiced in the Middle East when Mohammed was born?

Buddhism. Mohammed was born into a world of polytheism that included Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and idol worship.

What is an example of a religion that is BOTH monotheistic AND polytheistic by literal definition?

By definition, a religion cannot be monotheistic and polytheistic. These terms are mutually exclusive.

How did Romans 13:1-2 from the Bible impact the rule of Charlemagne?

Charlemagne used these verses to defend the concept of a king being divinely appointed and therefore free from earthly authority.

Why did Charles II make the Declaration of Breda?

Charles' 1660 Declaration of Breda was made in order to smooth his transition back into power. In it he stated he would not prosecute any who professed loyalty to his throne for crimes committed during the interregnum, and he would honor land acquisitions during the same period.

Queen Elizabeth came to the throne after the reign of her half-sister, _____.

Coming to the throne in 1558 after the violent reign of her Catholic half-sister, Mary I - known infamously as Bloody Mary - Elizabeth worked to heal her land of the violent clashes between Catholics and Protestants.

How were Cortes and Pizarro different?

Cortes was of noble birth, a born leader, which made his climb to the top of the Spanish military somewhat unremarkable, but Pizarro was not a nobleman, which meant his quick promotions within the Spanish military were unexpected and quite impressive.

What was the difference between the White Guelfs and the Black Guelfs?

Dante sided with the White Guelfs, who were opposed to the Pope. The Black Guelfs, who terrorized Florence, were in favor of the Pope.

During the Age of Enlightenment, Rene Descartes posited which of the following concepts associated with religion in relation to universal law?

Descartes recognized that laws of nature were quantifiable. His theories emphasized that there was no need for religious laws guiding universal laws, thus leading to concepts like Deism and the mechanistic universe.

In the Roman Catholic Church, a group of parishes was called a:

Diocese

Which of the following terms is used to describe the measure of the demand for resources required to support a lifestyle?

Ecological footprint is the measure of the demand for resources required to support a lifestyle.

Which of these is best demonstrated by letting your brother borrow your car?

Economic cooperation

Who enacted the Edict of Toleration of 1781, and what did it accomplish?

Enacted by Joseph II of Austria, it greatly improved the status of Protestants, eased restrictions on Jews, and brought to an end the oppressive nature of certain religious institutions within the realm.

Who won the Battle of Crecy in the Hundred Years' War?

England won this battle against France. England won the war and the French crown.

Which explorer sparked Europe's late 19th century scramble for African colonization?

Europe's interest in the African continent swelled after Henry Morton Stanley explored the Congo region. Evidence of that interest included the formation of organizations like the International African Society and the International Congo Society.

The failed crusade in 1217 lead to _____.

Fifth Crusade. One of the consequences of the failed crusade was that the papal army invaded Frederick's lands in Italy but were defeated.

Alexander the Great conquered what?

First Asia Minor was ripped from Persian control. Next, the Levant and Syria fell to the Macedonians. Alexander pressed south into Egypt. Doubling back, Alexander drove his army through the old kingdoms of the Fertile Crescent. Alexander then pressed on to the heart of the Persian Empire and smashed it to bits. He never conquered Sparta.

Which country lost huge portions of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Paris?

France lost large portions of its North American territory in the Treaty of Paris. Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years War in the Americas.

Who had more soldiers at Crecy in the Hundred Years' War?

France's troops outnumbered England's at this battle. England won because of the use of the longbow.

With which historical event is the Peace of Westphalia comparable?

France, which gained territory and simultaneously checked Hapsburg power on its eastern borders due to the Peace of Westphalia, flourished under Louis XIV later in the seventeenth century.

Why did the Franciscans come into conflict with the Church?

Franciscans emphasized a doctrine of poverty, which the Church eventually condemned as heresy.

How did Britain gain control of Palestine after WWI?

Great Britain was given Palestine as an international mandate when the Ottoman Empire collapsed during WWI.

How was the reign of Hadrian similar to that of Pius?

Hadrian did not work to extend the boundaries of the empire. Pius was content to stay within the borders of Italy, ruling the Empire during one of its most peaceful eras.

How would a military leader follow the example of Peter the Great to strengthen his military and marginalize his political opponents?

High military positions had traditionally been given to the Russian nobility, but Peter the Great's meritocratic approach made his military better and also hurt the prestige of his enemies.

How does Hinduism approach the concept of reality?

Hindus hold to the concept that all reality is unified under one sacred or divine entity known as Brahman.

Why is it ironic that Las Casas would stand up for the rights of the inhabitants of the New World?

His family had an alliance with Columbus.

Which of the following things was Horus NOT a god of?

Horus was a god of the sky, of light, of war and of victory over darkness and chaos.

Human cause of eutrophication?

Human activities that can cause eutrophication include the use of agricultural fertilizers (which contribute excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus into water), sewage, and aquaculture.

Which of the following gave German princes the right to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism?

In 1555, Charles, the Holy Roman Emperor, made concessions to the reformers in the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty allowed the princes of Germany to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Which of the following individuals claimed to have been influenced by the population ideas of Thomas Malthus?

In 1876, Darwin wrote his autobiography. Within the text, he credited Malthus' work 'Essay on the Principle of Population' as being an inspiration for his theory of Natural Selection.

Which concept was adopted by the founding fathers of the United States that was based on Cicero's concept of natural law?

In Cicero's own words, 'natural law is right reason, consonant with nature, common to every man, constant, eternal.' This take on natural law as granting inalienable rights, common to every man, would provide inspiration to the Founding Fathers of America.

In the High Middle Ages, accusations of heresy increased because:

In the High Middle Ages, Christianity was spreading throughout Europe. Those who disagreed with the Christian doctrine were deemed heretics; such accusations increased because of urbanization and people's waning interest in upholding Christian religious values as much as those in rural regions.

Why did Spain and France want to prevent the other from acquiring a majority of Italian lands?

In their quest for Italian lands, France and Spain were concerned with preventing the other from gaining European dominance.

The secondary sector of the economy

Is associated with the use of raw materials which are made into consumer goods.

How would you describe Hinduism in terms of its morality?

It is tolerant of other belief systems. Hinduism is considered a tolerant religion without a specific founder or even a prescribed moral code.

The Spainish Armada (1588)

Its approximately 130 ships carried over 2,400 cannon and about 22,000 sailors and soldiers sailed to England. Sir Drake helped defend England. Bad whether, disease and miscommunication led to the failed attack on England.

John Calvin's concept of predestination contradicted what Catholic concepts or practices?

John Calvin embraced the idea of predestination, which suggested that God already had people's fates predetermined before they were born. Thus, Calvin suggested that the Catholic church's use of confessions and sacraments was unnecessary.

Although King Frederick William I was a military man at heart, what progressive changes did he make to the structure of Prussian society?

King Frederick William I abolished serfdom in all Prussian lands in 1719.

Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man is:

Known for his use of linear perspective, Da Vinci sketched the Vitruvian Man, an anatomical depiction of man.

How did the views of Mazzini and Cavour differ in their vision of Italy?

Mazzini favored a republican Italy, while Cavour preferred a parliamentary monarchy

Why were merchants good allies for monarchs?

Merchants made the new nation states wealthy, which was why monarchs allied with them.

Which of the following is NOT a way monarchs attempted to fight nobles and the church?

Monarchs did not, in most of Europe, impose high tax levels as that would have caused a revolt against the monarchs.

What was France's main reason for joining the Crimean War (1853-1856)?

Napoleon III, France's president, had just proclaimed the Second French Empire, and was eager to win the prestige and recognition that came with military victory.

Ottoman Empire's decline in central Europe?

Nearing the mid 17 century, the Ottomans failed to expand and were unable to capture Vienna, which would have given them more influence in the region.

History of Taoism in China

No one is really sure when Taoism began to form. In fact, the closest sources will come to assigning a date to Taoism is to say it formed into a religious system within the land of China sometime around the 4th or 3rd century BCE.

Northern Europe's close ties to the Christian Church during its renaissance led to _____.

Northern Europe's close ties to the Christian Church during its renaissance led to Christian Humanism.

Which of the following features is typical of Roman mural painting?

One of the most distinguishing features of Roman painting was the use of illusion to create depth. Roman painters used this technique to frame a painting or to make flat walls look like alcoves or windows or even full blown surrounding scenes.

What is an example of thematic thinking?

Organizing data by types of personal interaction

Consider the roles of the Mother Goddess and snakes in ancient Minoan culture. What do the Mother Goddess and snakes have in common?

Snakes live in the Earth; Mother Goddesses represent the Earth. The Minoans seemed to think this made sense as well and created their Mother Goddesses with a lot of snakes.

Dfference between astronauts Yuri Gagarin's (Russian) and Alan Shepard's (American) experiences as being the first humans in space?

Soviet Union astronaut, Yuri Gagarin, was the first person to enter space and complete an orbit. That same year, in 1961, American astronaut, Alan Shepard, was the first American to enter space.

Fertile Crescent

Spanned from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Because of the plentiful waterways in the region, the soils were fertile and good for growing, which helped people remain in the region and establish civilizations.

Who was the former favorite of Catherine the Great that was made King of Poland in 1764?

Stanislaw Poniatowski was originally placed on the Polish throne with Catherine's help in the 1760s, and reigned during the entire partitioning process.

The ancient Egyptian concept of syncretism helped Egyptians to:

Syncretism was a concept practiced within the Archaic Period of Egyptian history. This concept was the method by which the Egyptians centralized their religion.

Which of the following identifies how Vedism became the basis for Hinduism?

The Aryans, who subscribed to Vedism, moved to the Indian subcontinent where the Harappans lived, and their cultures and beliefs began to merge, developing early Hindu traditions.

80 Years War (1568-1648)

The Eighty Years' War was the Dutch fight for economic and political independence from Spain.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods.

What was true about the German Revolution of 1918-1919 and the Russian Revolution of 1917?

The German Revolution of 1918-1919 lead to the creation of the Weimar Republic while Russian Revolution of 1917 lead to the emergence of new states like Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania.

What was the fundamental motivation for the establishment of the Holy League of 1538-1540?

The Holy League of 1538-1540 was formed as an alliance between the Papacy, Venice and Charles V. Charles V was the ruler of the Habsburg Empire. The League formed in the early months of 1538 with the hopes of destroying Ottoman control in the Mediterranean Sea and Near East. The Ottomans had been growing in power since the 14th century and the Holy League was put in place to protect the existing trade routes.

Why did the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) begin?

The Hundred Years War was a conflict between France and England over control of the French crown following the death Charles IV of France, the French king who died without an heir.

While people in rentier states have access to education, healthcare, and high salaries, access to these is contingent upon which of the following?

The Middle East has seen a rise in rentier states. Such states make much money from oil-production, and this can fund people's living expenses. However, people in these states must give up their civil liberties.

The Mycenaeans and the Minoans shared all of the following EXCEPT:

The Mycenaeans understood the importance of military power, a concept that seems to have eluded the Minoans entirely. However, the Mycenaeans used some of the same themes as the Minoans in their art, they used the same letters in their writing and even borrowed their central-palace bureaucracy.

What was the name of the peace treaty that ended the Long War of 1593-1606 CE?

The Peace of Zsitvatorok ended the Long War

Why was the Siege of Toulon important for Napoleon?

The Siege of Toulon first made Napoleon famous, where he was both victorious and shot in the leg. He was not yet famous at the time and the victory was against the British and Royalist forces.

Which of the following treaties did NOT have an impact on the map of Europe after World War I.

The Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolution in 1783, and had nothing to do with post-World War I Europe.

How did the Tudor Dynasty come to power in England?

The Tudors come to power in England following Henry VII's 1485 defeat of Richard III to end the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII then marries a daughter of the House of York, which brings the House of York and Lancaster together under the Tudor Monarchy.

4 main principles of Confucianism

The concepts of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice and the moral values of these four prima facie principles have been expressly identified in Confucius' ethics.

The Oceania Theory is based on the notion that cultural and linguistic similarities exist between native South American peoples and those from:

The culture and languages of South America had similar traits to those of Australia and Polynesia. This theory includes the use of boat travel that may explain the similar traits between the countries.

How was the dual monarchy created by the Hungarian Magyar rulers and the Austrian emperor?

The dual monarchy was created through the signing of an agreement between the parties. This agreement was known as The Ausgleich (1867), which literally translates to The Compromise.

Why was the Ottoman Empire's failure to take Vienna a major turning point in its history?

The failure to take Vienna was the final failure of a failing dynasty that had been governed by a succession of rulers that, for a variety of reasons, were not competent to reign.

Marxism influence on Spain after establishing a republic in 1931?

The government became critical of the Catholic church and redistributed farming lands.

Which of the following is the best example of the influence which the French King Philip IV had over the popes in Avignon?

The popes in Avignon are known for being under the influence of the French ruler. One of the first examples is the suppression of the Knights Templar, a Christian military order that began to protect Christians who traveled to Jerusalem. On October 13, 1307 (a Friday), King Philip IV ordered the Knights Templar to be arrested.

Which of the following BEST describes the population level 18th-century Western Europe?

The population of Western Europe nearly doubled, moving from approximately 100 million people in 1700 to approximately 190 million in 1800.

Provisions of Oxford (1258)

The provisions further limited the king's authority by creating a team of advisors. King Henry 3rd passed these provisions

The second triumvirate was formed in response to:

The second triumvirate was formed because the Roman Senate had grown wary of the young Octavian and were reluctant to grant him any more glory or power, ultimately hoping to oust him.

War of the Roses (1455-1485)

This was a war between the Lancaster and York families of England. Ultimately it was ended by Henry VII, who killed Richard III (brother of Edward IV of York) and who married Elizabeth of York.

How did emerging cities with population surplus overcome the problem of administration?

To overcome the problems of administration, societies came up with writing, hierarchies and laws.

During a Roman Catholic mass, the transformation of the bread and wine into the actual body and blood of Christ is called_____.

Transubstantiation is the belief that during the Eucharist the wine and bread offered by the Priest actually becomes the body and blood of Christ.

Relationship between fiefs and vassals?

Under European feudalism, fiefs were portions of land that were granted to vassals. Vassals were of the noble class and were tasked with raising armies.

Long War (13 Years War 1593)

Was an indecisive land war between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire.

Which of these deities is NOT an obvious descendant of the Mother Goddess?

We can see connections to the Mother Goddess in Ninsun of Mesopotamian mythology, Astarte of Syria, Egypt's Hathor, and in the Greek's Gaia. Poseidon does not have an obvious connection to the Mother Goddess.

Represents the average consumption rate of individuals within the population?

When we consider affluence in the IPAT equation, we are really using it to represent the average consumption rate of individuals within the population.

The Persians were defeated at Marathon because:

Where the Persians were lightly armored to maximize mobility, the phalanx formation focused on group discipline and thus could afford to be much more heavily armored. Where the Persians avoided risking hand-to-hand combat, the hoplite is designed for it. The individualistic Persian warrior has nothing worth dying for, whereas the group mentality of the hoplites allowed them to face death and fight on. The Persian horde was composed of slaves, or at least subjects, whereas the Greeks were all free men.

Best demonstrates how the global economy has risen in part to the information revolution

While all of these answers deal with technology (mainly the internet), the production and design of a product that spans the boundaries of multiple countries best relates to the global economy.

Followers of Islam recognize the important teachings in the Torah and the Bible. Why then the need for a third religious book, the Quran?

While the Torah and Bible are held in high regard, followers of Islam see their teachings as incomplete. The Quran is thought to be the final revelation of God.

Why did Europe engage in new imperialism in Asia during the 19th century?

With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the wealth and technology of Europe greatly increased. With these new resources jingling in their pockets, the powerhouses of Europe were itching to increase their powers and extend their boundaries. With this, they turned their eyes toward Asia.

George Stephenson

developed the Rocket locomotive

eutrophication

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

The source of ancient Athens' strength and wealth was its

navy

Russian aggression towards the Ottoman Empire was meant to _____.

secure concessions for the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Holy Land

30 Years War (1618-1648)

the final war between catholics and protestants; lasted for a long time because (1) all countries had lots of resources coming in from their colonies and (2) both sides were convinced that this was the last chance to defeat the other The Defenestration of Prague marked the opening of the 30 Years' War. To quell the rebellion, Ferdinand, also known as the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, enlisted the help of his German states. With the Peace of Westphalia, the Habsburgs had to say goodbye to their dream of a unified, Catholic empire.