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"Sustainable Supply Chains to Build Forward Better

he need for fairer, more resilient and sustainable global supply chains is part of national, regional and global discussions on how the world of work can build back better.

The United States has promised a European Democratic Resilience Initiative with ___________$ in new funding.

$320 million

What is the highest possible score a country can receive in the Democracy Index 2021?

10 out of 10

What percentage of countries in the report are classified as "consolidated authoritarian regimes"?

10% of countries in the report are classified as "consolidated authoritarian regimes".

Which countries experienced a decline in their democratic scores?

13 out of 29 countries in the report experienced a decline in their democratic scores.

How many countries were included in the Democracy Index 2021?

167 countries

How many countries experienced a negative trend in the rule of law?

21 out of 29 countries experienced a negative trend in the rule of law.

What is the percentage of countries that are categorized as hybrid regimes according to the Democracy Index 2021?

24.7%

What is the percentage of countries that are categorized as authoritarian regimes according to the Democracy Index 2021?

33.3%

What is the percentage of countries that are categorized as flawed democracies according to the Democracy Index 2021?

34.5%

How many countries saw a decline in their democracy score compared to the previous year?

44

What is the global average score for civil liberties, one of the five categories used in the Democracy Index 2021?

5.18 out of 10

What is the average global democracy score?

5.23 out of 10

What is the global average score for electoral process and pluralism, one of the five categories used in the Democracy Index 2021?

5.76 out of 10

How many countries were categorized as authoritarian regimes in the Democracy Index 2021?

53 countries

What is the estimated percentage of informal employment in Southeast Asia?

62% of employment in the region is informal.

What is the percentage of countries that are categorized as full democracies according to the Democracy Index 2021?

7.5%

How many countries saw an improvement in their democracy score compared to the previous year?

71 countries

Export-Import Bank (EXIM) Domestic Manufacturing Initiative

A program aimed at supporting the growth of domestic manufacturing by providing financing and other resources to businesses that export their products.

Interagency Supply Chain Disruptions Task Force (SCDTF)

A task force made up of representatives from different government agencies, with the aim of identifying and addressing supply chain disruptions that could impact critical industries and national security.

What percentage of global workers are in the informal economy?

About 61% of the world's employed population, or 2 billion workers, are in the informal economy.

4. What specific types of forced labor are Uighur Muslims reportedly subjected to in China's Xinjiang region?

According to the article, Uighur Muslims are reportedly subjected to a range of forced labor practices in China's Xinjiang region, including factory work, agricultural work, and textile production.

What is the estimated number of people currently trapped in forced labor in global supply chains?

According to the article, an estimated 25 million people are currently trapped in forced labor in global supply chains.

How many children are estimated to be in child labor worldwide?

An estimated 160 million children are in child labor worldwide.

How many people are estimated to be working in informal employment globally?

An estimated 2 billion people, or 61 percent of the global workforce, are working in informal employment.

How many people lost their jobs due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020?

An estimated 255 million full-time jobs were lost in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

What is the estimated number of workers in the informal economy in Southeast Asia?

Approximately 78 million workers.

What is blockchain technology and how can it help combat forced labor in supply chains?

Blockchain technology is a digital ledger that records transactions securely and transparently. It can be used to track products and ensure that they are not made with forced labor.

How has COVID-19 affected democratic governance in the countries covered by the report?

COVID-19 has been used as a pretext to restrict civil liberties and increase authoritarian tendencies in many countries covered by the report.

Which country in Southeast Asia has the highest percentage of informal employment?

Cambodia, with 85% of employment being informal.

How has climate change impacted global supply chains?

Climate change has had a significant impact on global supply chains. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and wildfires, can disrupt transportation networks and damage infrastructure. In addition, changing weather patterns can impact agricultural production and lead to shortages of food and other commodities.

What suppy chains does the "Sustainable Supply Chains to Build Forward Better" plan cover?

Coffee from columbia, electronic manufacturing in Viet Nam for the EU market,Textiles manufacturing in Madagascar for the EU market, Rubber gloves production in Malaysia for the EU market,Fisheries in Namibia for the EU market.

What steps can companies take to mitigate the impact of supply chain disruptions?

Companies can take several steps to mitigate the impact of supply chain disruptions, such as diversifying their supplier base, increasing inventory levels, and adopting more resilient production processes. In addition, companies can work with their suppliers to identify and address vulnerabilities in the supply chain, such as by investing in

8. How have consumers responded to concerns about forced labor in the fashion industry?

Consumers have responded to concerns about forced labor in the fashion industry by calling for greater transparency and accountability, boycotting brands that have been linked to factories in China's Xinjiang region, and demanding that companies take action to ensure ethical sourcing practices.

Critical Minerals and Clean Energy

Critical minerals are minerals that are essential to the production of goods such as batteries, electronics, and renewable energy technologies, while clean energy refers to energy sources that do not produce significant greenhouse gas emissions. Together, critical minerals and clean energy play a key role in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change.

What type of assistance did the United States and its allies commit to providing to Ukraine?

Defensive military equipment and training

What sectors did the United States target with its sanctions on Russia?

Energy, financial, and defense

Which region had the highest average democracy score?

Europe

When did the United States impose sanctions on Russia?

February 2022

What was the reason for the United States imposing sanctions on Russia?

For its annexation of Crimea in 2014

Why is collaboration and collective action important in the fight against forced labor in global supply chains?

Forced labor is a complex problem that requires cooperation and coordination among various stakeholders.

How have geopolitical tensions affected global supply chains?

Geopolitical tensions, such as trade disputes and sanctions, have had a significant impact on global supply chains. These tensions have disrupted trade flows and supply chains, making it more difficult for companies to source and transport goods.

What is the current state of global supply chains?

Global supply chains are facing a crisis due to various factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and climate change.

How much did global working hours decrease in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels?

Global working hours decreased by 8.8% in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels.

How have government policies impacted global supply chains?

Government policies, such as tariffs and trade restrictions, have had a significant impact on global supply chains. These policies can disrupt trade flows and increase costs for companies, leading to supply chain disruptions. In addition, government policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions can impact supply chains by encouraging companies to adopt more sustainable production practices.

ILC

International Labour Conference

What is the main reason for workers to enter the informal economy in Southeast Asia?

Lack of formal employment opportunities.

Which region had the lowest average democracy score?

Middle East and North Africa

Which country saw the biggest improvement in its democracy score compared to the previous year?

Myanmar

What is the name of the report?

Nations in Transit 2022

Which country saw the largest decline in its democracy score compared to the previous year?

Nicaragua

Which country has the lowest democracy score according to the Democracy Index 2021?

North Korea

Which country showed improvement in its democratic score in the report?

North Macedonia showed improvement in its democratic score in the report.

Which country was the only one in the world to receive a perfect score in the electoral process and pluralism category in the Democracy Index 2021?

Norway

What percentage of women globally are in managerial positions?

Only 28 percent of women globally are in managerial positions, compared to 72 percent of men.

New Buy American Provisions

Rules that require the federal government to purchase goods and services from American companies, in order to support domestic industry and jobs.

Question: Which country was the primary target of the sanctions imposed by the United States and its allies?

Russia

Which country was the primary target of the sanctions imposed by the United States and its allies?

Russia

Which country is the most aggressive in its approach towards neighboring countries?

Russia is the most aggressive in its approach towards neighboring countries.

What measures did the United States announce to disrupt Russia's ability to access the international financial system?

Sanctions on Russian banks and restrictions on transactions involving the Russian ruble

Which country experienced the largest decline in terms of freedom of expression?

Serbia experienced the largest decline in terms of freedom of expression with a score decrease of 16%.

9. What steps have some companies taken in response to concerns about forced labor in their supply chains?

Some companies have taken steps to investigate and address concerns about forced labor in their supply chains, including conducting independent audits, canceling contracts with suppliers, and publicly committing to ethical sourcing practices.

What are some of the challenges that companies face when trying to combat forced labor in their supply chains?

Some of the challenges that companies face when trying to combat forced labor include a lack of resources, competing priorities, and difficulty in identifying and addressing labor abuses that may be deeply embedded in their supply chains.

What are some of the factors that make certain groups of workers more vulnerable to forced labor in global supply chains?

Some of the factors that make certain groups of workers more vulnerable to forced labor include poverty, lack of education and training, discrimination, and limited access to legal protections and remedies.

How can supplier engagement help combat forced labor in supply chains?

Supplier engagement involves working directly with suppliers to identify and address labor abuses in their supply chains.

What is the "just-in-time" manufacturing model and how has it contributed to the supply chain crisis?

The "just-in-time" manufacturing model is a production strategy that emphasizes efficiency by producing goods only when they are needed, rather than stockpiling inventory. While this model has been successful in reducing costs and improving efficiency, it has also made supply chains more vulnerable to disruptions. The supply chain crisis has exposed the fragility of this model, as disruptions in one part of the supply chain can quickly impact production across the entire chain.

Which regions experienced the largest decline in working hours in the first quarter of 2021?

The Americas and Europe and Central Asia experienced the largest decline in working hours in the first quarter of 2021, with an estimated 8.3 percent and 6.3 percent decline, respectively.

What role has the COVID-19 pandemic played in the supply chain crisis?

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major factor in the supply chain crisis. The pandemic has disrupted global trade, causing shortages of goods and disrupting supply chains. It has also led to increased demand for certain goods, such as medical supplies and personal protective equipment, which has put additional strain on supply chains.

3. How has the Chinese government responded to allegations of forced labor in its Xinjiang region?

The Chinese government has denied allegations of forced labor in its Xinjiang region, claiming that the detention centers are vocational training centers designed to combat extremism and terrorism.

Which regions have the highest and lowest youth unemployment rates?

The Middle East and North Africa have the highest youth unemployment rate at 29.9%, while East Asia and the Pacific have the lowest at 11.8%.

Which sector saw the largest percentage decrease in working hours in 2020?

The accommodation and food services sector saw the largest percentage decrease in working hours in 2020, with a 42.5% reduction.

1. What is the main focus of the article?

The article focuses on the use of forced labor in the global fashion industry and the complicity of major brands in perpetuating human rights abuses in China's Xinjiang region.

7. What is the role of surveillance in perpetuating the use of forced labor in China's Xinjiang region?

The article highlights the role of surveillance in perpetuating the use of forced labor in China's Xinjiang region, noting that the Chinese government uses advanced technology such as facial recognition and GPS tracking to monitor and control Uighur Muslim populations.

How can innovation help end forced labor in global supply chains?

The article identifies three areas where innovation can have a significant impact: traceability and transparency, worker empowerment, and supplier engagement.

2. Which fashion brands are mentioned in the article as having links to factories in China's Xinjiang region?

The article mentions that major international fashion brands, including Adidas, H&M, Nike, and Zara, have been linked to factories in China's Xinjiang region that use forced labor from Uighur Muslims.

What are the consequences of the supply chain crisis?

The consequences of the supply chain crisis are significant and far-reaching. The crisis has resulted in shortages of essential goods, higher prices for consumers, and disruptions in production and trade.

What is the estimated decline in global labor income in 2020 compared to 2019?

The estimated decline in global labor income in 2020 was 10.7 percent, equivalent to USD 3.7 trillion, compared to 2019.

What is the estimated decline in working hours in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the fourth quarter of 2019?

The estimated decline in working hours in the first quarter of 2021 was 4.8 percent, equivalent to 140 million full-time jobs, compared to the fourth quarter of 2019.

What is the estimated income loss for workers in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic?

The estimated income loss for workers in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic is $3.7 trillion.

What is the estimated increase in child labor due to the COVID-19 pandemic?

The estimated increase in child labor due to the COVID-19 pandemic is 8.9 million children, bringing the total number of child laborers to 160 million.

What is the estimated increase in the number of people living in extreme poverty due to the COVID-19 pandemic?

The estimated increase in the number of people living in extreme poverty due to the COVID-19 pandemic is between 119 million and 124 million.

What is the estimated increase in working poverty in 2021?

The estimated increase in working poverty in 2021 is 22 million people.

What is the global unemployment rate for 2021?

The global unemployment rate for 2021 is estimated to be 6.3%.

How does lack of traceability and transparency contribute to the problem of forced labor in global supply chains?

The lack of traceability and transparency in global supply chains makes it difficult to identify and prevent instances of forced labor.

6. What is the significance of the number 1.8 million in the article?

The number 1.8 million is significant in the article because it is the estimated number of Uighur Muslims who have been detained and forced to work in factories across China, according to human rights groups.

What is the outcome of Module 1?

The outcome of Module 1 is enhanced knowledge and understanding of the decent work deficits and opportunities of the selected supply chains among policy makers, social partners, and other stakeholders.

What is the outcome of Module 2?

The outcome of Module 2 is that tripartite constituents and stakeholders are better equipped to advance decent work in fairer, more resilient, and sustainable supply chains.

What is the outcome of Module 3?

The outcome of Module 3 is that tripartite constituents and stakeholders further develop and implement policies and measures to build back better, fairer, more resilient, and sustainable global supply chains.

What is the purpose of the outcome of Module 1?

The purpose of the outcome of Module 1 is to facilitate the development of evidence-based and gender-sensitive policies and measures.

What is the purpose of the outcome of Module 2?

The purpose of the outcome of Module 2 is to ensure that tripartite constituents and stakeholders have the necessary tools and guidance to advance decent work in global supply chains.

What is the purpose of the outcome of Module 3?

The purpose of the outcome of Module 3 is to ensure that policies and measures are implemented to improve the conditions of global supply chains and to make them more sustainable and resilient.

Which sectors have been most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic?

The sectors that have been most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are accommodation and food services, manufacturing, and retail and wholesale trade.

How has the supply chain crisis impacted the global automotive industry?

The supply chain crisis has had a significant impact on the global automotive industry. Automakers are struggling to obtain semiconductors, which are used in everything from infotainment systems to engine management. The shortage has led to production cuts and shutdowns, resulting in lost revenue for companies and increased prices for consumers.

What is the future of globalization in light of the supply chain crisis?

The supply chain crisis has raised questions about the future of globalization. Some argue that the crisis will lead to a rethinking of global supply chains and a shift towards more regionalized production. Others argue that globalization will continue, but that companies will need to be more resilient and adaptable in the face of future crises.

What is the topic of Module 1?

The topic of Module 1 is research and analysis on selected global supply chains and the impact of COVID-19.

What is the topic of Module 2?

The topic of Module 2 is the production of tools and guidance to enhance knowledge and capacity.

What is the topic of Module 3?

The topic of Module 3 is support to national, sectoral, regional, and global constituents and stakeholders along the five supply chains in taking steps to advance decent work as part of their response to the COVID-19 crisis.

5. How has the use of forced labor in China's Xinjiang region affected the global supply chain?

The use of forced labor in China's Xinjiang region has led to concerns about human rights abuses in the global supply chain, particularly in the fashion industry, where major brands have been linked to factories in the region.

What did the White House state would be the impact of the sanctions on Russia?

They would impose "devastating costs" on Russia and its economy

What did the White House call on the international community to do?

To condemn Russia's actions and take further action to pressure Russia to end its aggression in Ukraine

What was the goal of the United States' and its allies' actions against Russia?

To weaken the Russian economy and military

What warning had the United States repeatedly given to Russia before imposing sanctions?

To withdraw its forces from Ukraine

Which country is the worst performer in terms of democratic governance?

Turkmenistan is the worst performer in terms of democratic governance with a score of 1.32 out of 7.

group wth Forty countries—including not only the United States and European nations but also Australia, Japan, Kenya, New Zealand, and South Korea—have formed a

Ukraine Consultative Group

Which region had the highest percentage of full democracies according to the Democracy Index 2021?

Western Europe

Which group of workers is most affected by working-hour reductions due to the COVID-19 pandemic?

Women are more likely to experience working-hour reductions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a 5% greater likelihood compared to men.

What are worker-centered monitoring systems and how can they help combat forced labor in supply chains?

Worker-centered monitoring systems involve workers in monitoring their own working conditions and reporting any violations.