Successful aging exam #1

higher internal motivation

Research shows that older adults most likely to use wearable technology in their daily lives tend to have:

better health and lifestyle habits

Researchers believe that the main reason for the relationship between education and mortality appears to be due to which factor associated with higher education?

Encouraging physical activity and social engagement during various therapuetic modalities

Residents do best in long-term care facilities that engage in which practice?

exercising early in the day

Steps to improve an older adult's sleep habits should include which actual behaviors?

Emotional regulation and appraisal

Subjective well-being is believed to evolve from which of the two interactive attributes across time:

Widowhood

The ___________ effect refers to the fact that people whose spouses die are more likely to die after losing their spouse.

85 and older

The age-specific death rate is highest for which age group in the U.S.?

continuum of care

The aging service network includes a wide array of community services established to support the independent, assisted, long-term, and end-of-life physical, mental, and social functioning needs of older adults. This is often referred to as the ____________.

225

The average cost per day (in dollars) of a semi-private room in a nursing home, according to the U.S. National Nursing Home Survey:

life-expectancy

The average number of years one can expect to live based on cohort or year of birth is referred to as:

photoaging

The effect of ultraviolet rays on the skin, accelerating the process of wrinkling, is known as:

secondary

A 66-year-old woman moves to Arizona from her hometown in Michigan. She enjoys outdoor activities and especially likes to spend time in the sun. For the last 3 years, she has battled skin cancer but her friends back home (who are less exposed to the sun) have remained cancer-free even though their skin shows signs of aging. The sun-loving woman's cancer is an example of which type of aging?

sarcopenia

A 79-year-old woman's exercise routine includes resistance training three times a week for an hour alternating with one-hour workouts on an elliptical machine. As a result, she will experience less of which particular age-related change in physical functioning?

Continuity

The fact that people feel they are the same and enjoy doing many of the same things they have always done over time despite the fact that they are constantly undergoing age-related changes is the basis of which principle of adult development and aging?

anxious-ambivalent

A middle-aged man actively pursues dating women and desires a lifelong romantic partner, yet whenever he takes a woman on a date he often spends time talking about a former finance to whom who broke off an engagement when he was in his 20's. This exemplifies what type of attachment style during middle adulthood:

dying trajectory

A woman's 90-year-old grandfather was in vigorous health right up until the time he died as the result of suddenly contracting a virus. His death came so suddenly that she only just made it home a few hours before his death. The grandfather's __________ fits the pattern of sudden death from an unexpected cause.

privately insured employees

The medical funding program known as Medicaid provides coverage for:

hypertension

The most common diagnosis among residents of nursing homes is:

Gerontology

The scientific and interdisciplinary study of biopsychosocial aging processes is a discipline referred to as:

positivity effect

According to Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, the act of maximizing emotionally gratifying ties above and beyond emotionally risky ties is believed to contribute to a __________.

stagnation

Albert is a 50-year old factory supervisor who is always complaining that his millennial co-workers are unwilling to work hard and worry nothing about anything but themselves. Albert's viewpoint best demonstrates which underlying developmental process:

alone in a household

As of 2016, 39% of individuals 85 and older in the U.S. are living:

recognition of individuality

A nursing home that receives a deficiency rating on the dignity dimension fails in which aspect of care?

denial

A woman was diagnosed with terminal cancer but she is convinced that, despite the odds, she mother will survive this disease. The medical staff has made it clear that she only has months left to live. It appears that the woman is in which of the Kübler-Ross stages of dying?

leaves without saying goodbye

According to Boss (1999), family members who unexpectedly experience a death of an loved one with no prior warning commonly experience frozen grief, or what she termed as a form of closure in which the loved one:

high

Activity theory proposes that older adults have the highest levels of well-being when their level of social involvement is:

stroke

Acute rehabilitation would be the most appropriate setting for recovery of an older adult patient with which medical condition?

free radical

Antioxidants are thought to be important to reversing or slowing down the aging process according to which biological theory?

anticipatory

At a recent 65th birthday party in her honor, Marjorie was asked, "Are you worried what the next stage of life holds?" Marjorie replied, "Not at all. I know a lot of people I can call if I need them." This demonstrates what support type.

social loss

Attachment behavioral patterns expressed in late adulthood seem to be closely associated with:

26

By the age of 75, what percent of adults in the U.S. have lost all their natural teeth?

85 years and older in rural areas

In the period 2015 to 2017, the greatest increase in number of cold-related deaths, or hypothermia, occurred for which group of adults in the U.S.?

parenthood

One of the most common pathways toward developing a sense of generativity in middle age is:

psychotherapy alone

Research on evidence-based treatments for older adults suggests that the most effective approach should involve, as a first step:

10,000

Research on fitness trackers in older women provided evidence that walking approximately _________ steps daily can help to lower mortality rates.

Education

Research on the relationship between lifestyle factors and telomere length in healthy older adults suggests that _____________ plays a role, although small, in preserving telomeres:

increased, decreased

Since 2000 until today, the overall share of older Americans, aged 65 and older, in the workforce has _____ while overall employment has _____ across younger aged workers>

Bottom-up

Sociodemographic conditions, such as age, race, and income, that impact how aging adults assess their life and experiences represent which approach to understanding subjective well-being development.

Federal and state funded health programs

The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is responsible for overseeing:

programmed aging

The Gompertz function is most closely associated with which theory of aging?

decreased ability to focus on near objects

The age-related change known as presbyopia causes which change in the senses?

hispanic mortality paradox

The fact that individuals of Hispanic origin have the longest life expectancy is referred to as the:

continuity

The proposal that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to maintain their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory?

Menopause is delayed among women who tend to be thin or who smoke

What is FALSE regarding the process menopause among aging women?

Filial maturity

When children reach the age at which they enter adulthood, they and their parents experience a phenomenon known as:

specific life sustaining treatments

A healthcare proxy would be involved in which set of decisions for a dying patient?

oldest old

A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the age group of 85 and older is:

safety

According to the CDC, aging-in-place refers to the individual ability to live in one's home based on what condition regardless of age, income, or ability level:

paradox of well-being

According to the _____________________, it is surprising that older adults are able to maintain high levels of well-being than would be suggested by their actual situations in life.

1946-1964

Baby boomers represent a collective cohort of persons born between _____________.

teaching

Having majored in art during college for two years, as a junior the student realizes that in order to get a job, it will be necessary to get additional training in another field. The closest occupation in the RIASEC model to artist would be in which area?

metabolic syndrome

Increases in which condition among older adults are thought to be related to greater prevalence of diabetes?

legitimization of biography

Making sense of the story of your life prior to death is a process known as:

Ombudsperson

Patient advocates known as _____________ in long-term care institutions were guaranteed as part of nursing home reforms.

genetics

Programmed theories of aging assumed that biological development is determined by:

your payroll tax goes toward current retiree benefits

Social Security is "pay-as-you-go," meaning that:

self-concept

Super's theory of vocational development assumes that people strive to express their __________ in their vocation.

having few absences

The age and performance "scorecard" lists which factor as contributing toward greater productivity in older workers?

lung

The most common form of cancer around the world is cancer of the:

lack of infection control

The number one deficiency in U.S. nursing homes in 2018, involving 45% of all institutions, was:

35%

The rates of physical inactivity for individuals 75 and older are estimated to be:

social network size decreases

What is TRUE regarding normative change(s) in social networks across time and into old age?

Social class

Which of the following is a contextual influence on development?

metabolic presbycusis

Changes with age in the tissue of the wall of the cochlea is associated with which form of hearing loss?

80

Government research suggests that safe exposure to sound is around a maximum of_________ decibels over an 8 hour day.

Non-Normative Influences

Idiosyncratic events that randomly occur throughout life and have an impact on development are considered:

patterned hair loss

In the condition known as androgenic alopecia, middle-aged and older individuals experience: Correct!

Sardina, Italy

In which of the following Blue Zones, do men tend to live the longest compared to anywhere else in the world?

elevated

Mary is a 69 year old former air traffic controller. Upon a recent visit to her physician, Mary's blood pressure was recorded at 128/77. Which of the following is the best way to describe Mary's blood pressure?

medicare advantage

People seeking to purchase insurance through Part C of Medicare would be looking for plans called:

crisp

A 66-year-old dentist retired from a group practice and moved to a different city to be closer to family. The dentist is an example of which retirement pattern?

bridge retirement

A former software engineer retires from a job at a high-tech firm and soon after, takes a position as a substitute high school math teacher. The engineer is showing which late-life work pattern?

multiple jeopardy

A study of female shoppers showing that retailers gave preferential treatment to well-dressed young women supports which theory related to ageism?

all are true

What is TRUE regarding persons aged 50 and older relative to computing and gaming.

blue zone

A region of the world where persons commonly reach 100 years of age in relative good physical and functional health is referred to as a/an:

ageism

A set of beliefs, attitudes, social institutions, and acts that denigrate individuals or groups of persons based on chronological age is known as:

Emphysema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis plus which other respiratory disease?

socio-cultural norms and expectations

Compared to the life span, the life course emphasizes which factors in development?

Whether the home is in a rural or urban location

In the competence-press model of institutional adaptation, the "competence" function includes:

the widowhood effect

Increased probability of a marital partner dying a short-time after the death of a spouse is what gerontologists refer to as:

jim is a delayer

Jim is a 90 year old former high school teacher who was just diagnosed with congestive heart failure. According to Jim, this is the first time in his life that he has ever been diagnosed with anything beyond a common sniffle or cold. Which longevity concept would best describe Jim?

Jim died from a condition known as stress cardiomyopathy

Jim, a 90-year old former school teacher, died less than 3 weeks following the death of his wife to whom he was married for 69-years. Jim's attending physician reported to family survivors that he likely died of a broken heart. What exactly does this mean in medical terms?

Optimization

John is a 68-year old retired fireman who recently had knee replacement surgery two months before his 50th high school class reunion. John's goal is to attend this reunion with having to use a walker, cane, or other assistive device. Therefore, he recently scheduled multiple outpatient rehabilitation workout session to give himself greater opportunity to workout and practice walking. This scenario most accurately reflects what component of SOC Theory?

happiness

Measures of successful aging that assess the emotions of older adults rather than how they think about their lives would include self-ratings of:

Are supporting current beneficiaries receiving services

Medicare, like Social Security, is a "pay-as-you-go" system, meaning that people paying into it now:

social

People who decide to retire before the typical age of 65-70 would be considered to have an older ___________ age than their friends who are still working.

Chance exposures within the environment

Random error theories assume that biological development and aging is due to:___________

Interindividual differences

Relative to individuality, developmental differences observed between groups of people best reflects:

Maintain resident confidentiality and privacy

Stipulations of the 1987 Nursing Home Reform Act included ensuring that facilities

decline before death

Tertiary aging is the process that occurs at what point in life? Correct!

advance directive

The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 included the provision that all hospital patients be given the opportunity to write a(n):

respecting their wishes to control their own death

The concept of "death with dignity" as it developed in the late 20th Century implies which approach to dying patients?

Covid accounts for 95% of all deaths among persons aged 65 and older

There has been recent debate surrounding COVID-19 and whether it should be designated as the leading cause of death. However, what is TRUE regarding COVID-19 and death?

congestive heart failure

What is the term for the cardiovascular disease in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body's organs, causing buildup of fluid in the tissues?

Caloric restriction and physical activity help to compress morbidity and extend disabilty free days until death

What is true relative to the compression of morbidity (e.g., disease) in human aging:

realistic

A career counselor working with a client seeking to change occupations uses Holland's RIASEC model to determine that the client would feel most satisfied in a career as an accountant. This suggests that the client is high on which of the RIASEC types?

their parents fostered warm and affectionate relationships

A middle-aged woman and her brother consider each other their closest friends, even though both are in satisfying intimate relationships with spouses. Research suggests it is likely that these siblings feel so good about each other because:

providing handrails from halls and stairways in the home

A new high tech company decides to focus its work on fall prevention for older adults. They begin with the simplest, "low-tech" method recommended by gerontologists of:

good

A patient in the final stages of terminal cancer writes out her wishes for the amount of time she will be kept alive before entering hospice care. The ability to exert this degree of autonomy is reflected in the concept of the ___________ death.

boundaryless career

A physician's assistant in a group medical practice joins a local professional organization of physician's assistants in order to share ideas and make connections with people in the area working in the same occupation. The joining of the professional organization represents which idea in vocational development?

10 miles or less

A proportional majority of family caregivers living with how many miles of an older loved one to whom they provide care.

social

A student begins graduate school at the age of 42, much later than the traditional-aged graduate student. This student would be considered to have an "off-time" _________ clock. normative

Use of time for self-discovery and reflection

A study of retired vacationers showed that those who got the most out of their travels tended to:

Insecure Attachment

A therapist is treating a couple who have just had their first child. In the second session, the therapist notes that the mother seems highly anxious about being left alone and seems to need constant reassurance. It's possible that the mother is showing _______________, which can place her at risk for difficulties in caring for her infant.

terror management

According to the perspective known as ________________ Theory, activating a person's thoughts about death may trigger a set of positive changes, including closer relationships, greater creativity, and more connection to others.

Turning point

After 20 years of marriage, Nancy finalized her divorce from her spouse. Now, she must decide whether she has enough time and financial resources to continue living in her home or to rent an apartment. This scenario best represents which following life course process?

acute rehab facility

An older adult with a broken hip is sent to the hospital for surgery to repair the fracture. Complete recovery will require two weeks of intense care, which would most appropriately be provided in a/an:

age-related macular degeneration

Around the world, the fourth most common form of blindness is:

286 thousand

As of 2019, there were a reported _____________ individuals, mostly 65 and older, receiving adult day services in the community.

technogenerian

Betty is a 80 year old widow and grandmother that enjoys using new technology. When not at home texting her grandchildren, Betty can often be found at the local senior center playing computer games. Betty is what some might refer to as a/an:_______________.

ecological

Bronfenbrenner's view that there are multiple levels of organization in the environment that can affect the development of the individual is known as the _____________ perspective:

sessory presbycusis

Changes with age in the tissue of the wall of the cochlea is associated with which form of hearing loss?

Social roles

Disengagement posits that is socially expected and normative that older adults decrease or withdrawal involvement in ____________ .

unhealthy diets

Epidemiologists believe that which factor plays an important role in creating risk within the "stroke belt" in the southeastern U.S.?

psychological

Family members caring for a loved one diagnosed with Alzehimer's Disease four years ago will likely experience what type of ambiguous loss?

70

For profit facilities make up approximately _____% of all nursing homes in the United States.

six factors that make up the model

Holland's vocational development theory describes the RIASEC model, which stands for the:

family caregivers at home

In 2000, the Administration for Community Living was formed by the U.S. federal government to support:

Family, friends, and others the individual knows

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the microsystem includes:

Bargaining

In the Kübler-Ross model of the five stages of dying, people who feel that they could change their odds after being diagnosed with a terminal disease by giving money to charity might be considered to be in which stage? Correct!

firearms

In the U.S., the majority of suicides among men in later life involve which means of death?

Living apart together

Older adults in the _____________ relationship status have decided not to share the same household.

blurred retirement

Older adults who exit and reenter the labor force multiple times before officially retiring are said to follow a/an__________ process

systemic septic infection

Older adults who fracture their hips may have double the risk for mortality due to which potential complication?

8

On average, experts contend that it takes older adults ____ years to fully recover emotionally and regain a sense of satisfaction with life in the aftermath of losing a spouse.

Increased memories about an earlier traumatic experience

One of the key symptoms of LOSS, as shown particularly in older veterans, is the experience of:

Normative age-graded

People who encounter life events that coincide with social expectations based on their chronological age are said to experience which type of influence?

50

People whose social relationships are generally positive have a _____% lower mortality risk compared to those who do not.

never married

People with which marital status have the highest age-adjusted mortality rate in the U.S.

Discriminating against a person age 40 and older because they may be considered "too old" for the job

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits which of the of following employment practices:

7698

The average cost per month (in dollars) of a private room in a nursing home, according to the U.S. National Nursing Home Survey:

healthy life-expectancy

The average number of years one can expect to live without the burden of disease or disablement is referred to as:

physical inactivity

The behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases in later adulthood include tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol, and:

ecological

The concept of "life space-life stages" in Super's theory is close to the ______________ model proposed by Bronfenbrenner.

peripheral ties

The concept of _____________ accounts for people who have only superficial ties with others in their social circle.

ringing in the ears

The disorder known as tinnitus involves which symptom that can affect older adults?

Replicative senescence

The fact that cells are only able to undergo a fixed number of divisions before they lose the ability to reproduce is scientifically known as:

biopsychosocial model

The fact that changes in appearance reflect biological changes, individual identity, and social attitudes toward aging is an example of the:

digital divide

The fact that humans are more likely to discontinue technology use with increasing older age is what some experts refer to as an age-associated inequality known as a/an__________.

Hispanics

The fastest growing ethnic minority group in the U.S. of people 65 and older consists of:

neglect

The five types of elder abuse are physical, sexual, psychological, financial, and:

Gompertz equation

The idea that human biology is linked to the sequential timing of survival and death of individuals resulting in an exponential component of mortality risk within populations best reflects which biological concept of aging and human development:

the multiple threshold model

The idea that people realize they are getting older through a step-wise progression whereby they notice the signs and symptoms of aging best relates to:

accentuation

The idea that the consequential impact of early life events on development later life is mainly determined by the proximal availability of psycho-social resources best defines which life-course theory principle:

loss of bone mineral content

The loss of height that often occurs in later adulthood is due primarily to which physiological change?

aides

The majority of direct care provided to patients in residential care facilities is provided by:

Private; for-profit

The majority of home health agencies operate on what financial basis?

personality

The set point perspective to successful aging proposes that the greatest influence on happiness levels in older adults is:

Advanced glycation end-products

The substances that accumulate with age in collagen, causing it to cross-link, are known as:

men 65 years and older

The suicide rate is highest for which segment of the U.S. population?

feelings of worthlessness

The symptoms of depression in older adults include which of the following?

Destruction of the ends of chromosomes

The telomere theory proposes that the cause of aging is due to:

privacy

When it comes to concerns in using technology, which of the following seems to be of utmost importance for older adults?

asking for a year of high school graduation

Which of the following behaviors by an employer in screening job applicants would be an example of violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)?

Older adults are cute and kind

Which of the following best represents an ageist stereotype about aging?

history of falls

Which of the following conditions appears to be related to incontinence in women?

Gerontechnology

____________ involves the study of aging as it relates to human-machine learning and interaction(s), biopsychosocial health, and well-being after age 65.

Investagative

People who want to become mathematicians, in the RIASEC model, would be high on which of the six types?

Longevity

Researchers believe the FOXO gene may play a role in which heritable trait?

all of the above

Which of the following is characteristic across all longevity blue zones:

The vast majority of primary family caregivers are adult sons

Which of the following statements is false regarding family caregivers in the United States?

social age

Which of the following terms is considered to be the age at which a person is expected to occupy a certain position in life.

muscle strength

Which of the following would be considered a measure of functional age?

remaining homebound and socially isolated

Which of the following would not be considered an essential to human subjective well-being:

Cataracts

Which of the of the following represents the most common visual disorder among older adults?

Free Radicals

Unstable molecules that can form bonds with unpaired electrons and cause cellular damage are known as:

age adjusted

Weighted averages of deaths in the population on the basis of age are known as what type of death rate?

terror management theory

Which theoretical perspective on ageism gives the greatest emphasis to human survival and fear of death as a cause?

arthritis

Which of the following chronic conditions represents the most common functional health problems among persons aged 45 and older.

error catastrophe

The theory proposing that aging results from mutations in the mitochondrial DNA is referred to as:

Socioemotional selectivity

According to __________________ theory, members of a couple in a long-term relationship should prefer to spend time with each other rather than people they don't know very well.

100

Centenarians represent persons who have lived at least _____ years.

31

The safety of older adults in the home can be affected by smell sensitivity, with ____% of individuals 70 and older having difficulty smelling the odor of natural gas.

They will either re-enter the workforce or accept the conditions of their retirement

According to Atchley's Phases of Retirement, when a person decides to terminate retirement, they will. . .

integrity vs. despair

According to Erikson's theory, what is the key developmental task in late adulthood?

normative life event

According to life course theory of retirement, retirees would be best able to adapt to this status by viewing it as a(n):

greater quantity of work

According to research on self-determination theory, workers who experience high extrinsic motivation are likely to show which set of job behaviors?

Focusing on area in which they can excel

The Selective Optimization with Compensation model of aging proposes that older adults maximize their functioning by:

age adjusted

The _______ death rate provides the most accurate statistical measure to index a country's "health."

moving patients from home to hospital to die

Which aspect of death and dying in current Western society suggests a prevailing "invisible death" ethos?

set-point perspective

Which model of successful aging places the greatest emphasis on optimism?

Agoraphobia

Which of the following anxiety disorders shows the highest prevalence in adults 65 and older?

overweight

Which of the following behaviors is known to be a risk factor for osteoarthritis?

allowing residents to have their privacy

Which of the following is a criterion for culture change in nursing homes?

ability to dress oneself

Which of the following is assessed in the Activities of Daily Living measure?

home health care

Which sector of long-term care employs a majority of registered nurses?

black males

Which sex and racial/ethnicity group has the highest rates of new cancer cases and deaths per year?

Selection optimization and compensation

Which theoretical model of adult development and aging proposes that people pick and choose life goals and activities in which to invest their time and energies as they get older?

stretching

Which type of exercise would be best to prevent damage to the joints in adulthood?

56%

Women over age 65 account for what approximate percent of the total over-65 population?

Incongruent

Workers who fail to develop as optimally as possible are, in Holland's theory, referred to as:

futurist

You are up late one day watching an infomercial on TV when all of the sudden the host proclaims, "Buy this five blade super vegetable juicer and it will fix all your aging ailments and is bound to help you live beyond 120 years." Relative to this statement, the infomercial host would most likely maintain which worldview of longevity?

Interactionist

The concept of niche-picking is most closely associated with which model of development?

area agencies on aging

A referral based system established within all states to provided older adults and their family caregivers with information ranging from local care providers to home maintenance and cleaning services is known as the__________.

50-70%

Older adults, aged 65 and older, account for ______ of all hospitalizations due to the flu.

122 years and 164 days

The maximum life-span of the human species is currently:

20

By the age of 70, the average person loses _____% aerobic capacity per decade:

year

Cohort is best described as the __________ of a person's birth.

A

Part ___ of Medicare covers hospital stays and follow-up nursing home treatment.

13

What percentage of all marriages in the U.S. are second marriages?