Summative Quiz

Psychologists define learning as the process of

a change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of

accommodation

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

anterograde amnesia

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

associative learning

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

authoritarian

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of

chunking

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

classical conditioning

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

concept of conservation

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of

continuity and stages

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

decreases; increases

Adolescence is typically a time of

diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence.

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. He then experienced fear of a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat, but not to dissimilar objects, such as toys. Not experiencing fear of dissimilar objects such as toys is an example of

discrimination

Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during

early adulthood.

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

effortful processing.

The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the ________ stage of development.

formal operational

The process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory.

The use of physical punishment may

have all of these results.

Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in

information-processing speed

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

insecure attachment.

According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of

integrity.

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

long-term potentiation

Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to

maturation.

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

memory

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

negative reinforcemen

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory

nondeclarative

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

observational learning

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

observational learning

Children often imitate behaviors seen on television. This best illustrates the impact of

observational learning.

Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to

open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates

operant conditioning

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

postconventional

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference.

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

role confusion.

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

spontaneous recovery.

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

state-dependent memory.

Taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to

teratogens

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

the misinformation effect.

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

the serial position effect

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus.

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

variable-ratio

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory.

working

When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

working