Summer School World History: Unit 1 Packet Chapters 1 and 3

What were lineage groups?

A clan, a family especially a big one

What government had a large impact on the Western world?

A constitutional government

Who founded Islam?

A man named Muhammad.

What important ramification did the revolt that overthrew King Charles I of England have?

After the revolt, the power of monarchy became limited.

______, son of Phillip II, conquered the Persian Empire and ushered in the Hellenistic era.

Alexander the Great

What are the characteristics of an absolute monarchy?

All authority lies in the ruler, the king/queen were above the law, or if the ruler was replaced immediately when a ruler falls.

The Great War for Empire, fought between ________ and France, took place in _______ and North America.

Britain, India

under the treaty, england gained control of _____, spanish florida, and all lands east of the mississippi. spain acquired the ______ territory.

Canada, Lousisian

_______ the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to _______, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophes.

Catherine, 1796

The encyclopedia

Changed general way of thinking

What thought and technology impacted Europe and Asia between 800 C.E. and the seventeenth century?

Changes in government, weakening of church, limits to a ruler's power, and rights to citizens. Technology was created and gunpowder changed how war was fought.

What did Henry II establish, and what was its result?

Common law which replaced local law spreading the king's power.

Which cultures defined European civilization of the Middle Ages? What figure exemplified this blend of cultures?

Cultures such as England, Rome, Greece, and Italy. The Renaissance.

How did these developments decrease isolation around the world?

Developments were decreased due to improvements in travel, influences from outside countries, trade, and developments in trade networks.

What early African civilizations did agriculture give rise to?

Egypt, Kush, and Axum

In the eighteenth century, what differentiated the everyday lives of the elite and the lower classes?

Elite lived in freedom and the lower class lived to work to survive

The government began persecuting and cruelly executing Christians under which Emperor?

Emperor Nero

Austria's __________________ implemented radical reforms; he abolished __________________ and eliminated the death penalty.

Empress's son Joseph II, serfdom

What political institution placed power in the hands of many different lords?

Feudalism

two rivalries emerged: one between britain and ______ over colonial empire and another between austria and ______ over silesia.

France, Prussia

Separation of powers

Gave a system of checks/balances. Provided greatest freedom to all classes

What were the privileges of the elite based upon?

Having wealth, large farming estates, plantations, getting rent from others, and the right to tax if they shared some with the state.

What was the general societal structure in 1750?

Hierarchal

Why did Socrates beliefs and teaching methods cause him to get into trouble?

His beliefs and teachings methods encouraged students to question all things including the government.

What were some important ideas of the Renaissance?

Individuals had gifts that were almost divine.

To what extent did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the politics of eighteenth-century Europe?

It influenced politics in negative ways because only enlightenment ideas that would increase a ruler's power were being followed to the point were war broke out.

Social Contract

It was wrong to think this

In what way might the deism championed by Voltaire be compared to the model of the universe proposed by Copernicus and Newton?

It will be proven contradictory to how God made the universe as stated in the bible.

_____, a Jewish teacher, preached in Judea and neighboring Galilee and was eventually handed over to the Romans to be crucified.

Jesus

What type of religion was Islam? What was it like?

Like Judaism and Christianity, it was a monotheistic religion

How did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?

Locke's ideas enlighten the idea that people are raised by experience. Newton's ideas enlighten on how the world works.

Who was the leader of the Protestant Reformation, and in what city was he tried for heresy?

Lowly monk Martin Luther was tried in Worms, Germany.

What document helped restore power to the lords and how was it important in subsequent centuries?

Magna Carta It was a symbol of freedom from oppression.

Cause and effect: The English throne was reinforced by the support of the nobles

Magna Carta was written

What two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?

Men who say monarchs over subjects is wrong but who still say women must obey are hypocrites. Enlightenment supported humans with reason and since women had reason they were as equal as men.

What caused the economy of the Ottoman empire to vastly improve?

Military expansion Control of trade

Which three philosophes were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century?

Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot

When government broke down resulting in a series of civil wars, it ended when....

Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra

The Treaty of ______ was signed in 1763 and left control of India to the ________.

Paris, Britain?

What three groups did Plato divide society in?

Philosopher-kings: Wise men The warriors: Protected society The masses: Lived by desire

How did new technology influence the rise and spread of Enlightenment Ideas? How did this influence the ideas of the Enlightenment?

Questions/theories were proven using technology, this influenced the Enlightenment thinking by assuming technology could answer the impossible.

Laws of Gravity

Rational Inquiry; observation; model of the universe as a machine

Methodism

Result of a deeper connection to god while straying away from the catholic church's rule

What made the rococo style of art different from earlier baroque style?

Rococo style had grace, charm and gentle action. The baroque is somewhat the opposite, stresses grandeur and power.

How does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty?

Rousseau's liberty is described as giving their natural rights to the government.

What were four common attributes of gunpowder empires?

Ruling by autocratic governments, large bureaucracy, military and financial control of spice routes, and weaponry.

What was serfdom, and where was it practiced?

Serfdom was binding a farmer family to their farm, this was practiced in Russia.

Tabula Rasa

Society if improved, can improve

_____, a militaristic city state, was an oligarchy, while its rival_____ was known for its democratic institutions.

Sparta, Athens

_______,_________,_________, and ______ led to the split, and eventual fall, of the Roman Empire.

Succession of bad rulers, civil war, incursions by foreign traders, and disease.

The War of the Austrian __________________ took place in Europe, Asia, and __________________.

Succession, North America

What did Rome conquer in the Punic Wars?

The Carthaginian Empire, Macedonia, and the Greek states in the east

In what ways did Chinese society advance during its five medieval dynasties?

The Chinese advanced in industry, trade, agriculture, and technological capacity.

What important institution emerged during the rule of Edward I?

The English Parliament.

The growth of Athens led to the __________ with Sparta, considerably weakening the Greek city states.

The Great Peloponnesian War

What South American civilization was responsible for constructing an extensive network of roads?

The Inca Empire was responsible for constructing these roads.

Plato described his ideal government in ______

The Republic

What is a caliph?

The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

What impression does the information presented in this lesson give you about the culture of Europe during this period?

The enlightenment gave off the impression that the world was finally transitioning to the modern era

How did enlightenment philosophy affect government, society, and the arts?

The government was forming in a way that appealed to all social classes/changed general way of thinking/encouraged self-worth/solidified the idea of liberty/encouraged women to fight for their rights/formed different styles of art/architecture/music/art

What was the "divine right of kings"?

The idea that God gave them the right to rule, not the people "below" them.

What type of farming did most of the lower class practice?

The lower class practiced subsistence just to survive.

What were the ultimate consequences of wealth inequalities during the 18th century?

The lower class revolted and eventually revolutions changed the power of balance.

Besides wealth, what else did the lower class lack and why was it a problem?

The lower lacked education or political power. This was a problem because it kept people from gaining rights and forced them to depend on people higher up.

In what way was the merchant class unique in eighteenth-century Europe?

The merchant class was like the middle class. It allowed merchants to have wealth but still have no political power.

What is the period between 500 C.E. and 1500 known as, and why is it referred to by that name?

The middle ages It was the transition between ancient and modern worlds.

What was the main reason native peoples of America were unable to fend off the Spanish?

The natives fell due to a lack of advanced weaponry.

Who did the pope crown as the new king and why was this significant?

The pope crowned Charlemagne He became the first emperor of Rome since 476 C.E. while also being a German king.

After 133 B.C.E, what form of government broke down?

The republican form of government

How was developments across civilizations similar?

They all advanced in certain areas than other civilizations.

What do Greek, Roman, and Judeo Christian values and ideas have in common?

They all believe in duty and virtue.

Who were Haydn and Mozart?

They were classical music artists

Who were the elite in 1750 society?

They were people in power. Aristocrats, bishops absolute rulers, kings, or royalty.

If a member of the lower classes was unfairly drafted into a war, what political or legal recourse would he have?

They would have none because they had no rights or power to refuse.

According to The Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of government?

To protect society from invasion, defend individuals and their property from injustice, and provide public works.

What was primarily responsible for the prosperity of the Islamic civilization?

Trade, it was done with the Islamic world, China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and Southeast Asia.

Cause and effect: William the Conqueror invaded England

Was crowned king

What characteristics did the "gunpowder empires" have in common?

Were autocratic governments, a large bureaucracy, and had military and financial control of spice routes. Gave the ruler absolute control while the empire grows in power.

Aristotle greatly influenced _______

Western science

In the system of enlightened __________________, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal __________________.

absolutism, powers

Eighteenth-century rulers' concern with the ________ of power among states led them to use their armies to conquer new lands.

balance

The beliefs of the Christians, Jews, Greeks, and Romans influences how _____ and ______ are viewed today

community, citizenship

Both Frederick William I and Frederick II stressed service to the __________________ and enlarged the Prussian __________________.

king, army

In order to please the Russian __________________, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian __________________, and their conditions worsened.

nobility, peasants

In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed, which guaranteed that all _______ would return to their original powers, except ________ which remained in the hands of Prussia.

occupied, Silesia

The enlightened absolutes were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare of their ____________

states