Super Long Mastering Bio

If the researchers repeated this experiment, predict how the results would change for areas where cane toads have been present for 40-60 years.

A much higher percentage of black snakes in those areas would eat the cane toads offered to them.

Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity?

Maximum number of individuals in a population.

What does the red line on the graph represent?

average temperature (°C)

True or false? The growth rate of a certain population increases very quickly for a time and then levels off to zero. The most likely reason that the growth rate leveled off to zero is that the environment reached its carrying capacity.

truuuuuu

Which equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population?

ΔN/Δt=rmaxN(K−N)/K

Which population size has the highest growth rate?

1510

Population Growth Graph

(0,5) (1,10) (2,20) (3,38) (4,70) (5,120) (6,182) (7,232) (8,249) (9,250)

The Equation one

(greatest) 1250, 1500 AND 100 overlap, 750, 500, 250 (least)

Categorize mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism as either +/-, +/0, or +/+. Also select the correct definition and example for each interaction.

+/- parasitism, one species benefit on harmed, hookworm/human +/0 communism, one benefit on no affect, orchids and trees +/+ mutualism, both benefit, bees and flowers

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. Los Hermanos, Daphne 2. interspecific competition 3. less 4. deeper beaks 5. shallower beaks 6. directional 7. reduces

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the FUNDAMENTAL NICHE of species 1. 2. INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas. 3. In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories),COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION of species 1 may occur. 4. Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the REALIZED NICHE of species 1 when species 2 is present. 5. The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of RESOURCE PARTITIONING 6. The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a -/- interaction. 7. The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT

For a species with a Type II curve, less than ____% of individuals survive for 50% of the maximum life span.

10

What is the predicted carrying capacity of the Daphnia culture?

135/50

Approximately how many 15-19-year-old males were there in China in 2010?

56 mil

You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard?

585

Which of the following statements is in accordance with F. E. Clements' view that species in a community function as an integrated unit?

A community at a particular site has only one stable equilibrium.

Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth?

As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.

Batesian mimicry

Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?

Birth Rate

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?

Elephants

How would you expect the return of the wolves to Yellowstone to affect the other species there?

Elk populations would decline.

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?

If N is greater than K, the population will shrink.

What do the data suggest about the predatory behavior of black snakes in areas where cane toads are not currently found?

In those areas, black snakes will prey on cane toads, but they are more likely to prey on native frogs.

For a hypothetical mouse population, determine whether the actions described will increase K, decrease K, or not affect K.

Increases- A main competitor for food is eliminated, an abandoned building creates more nesting areas Decreases- a species with same diet introduced, parking lot built, drained wetlands No effect- offspring live longer

What is represented on the x-axis of this graph?

Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species

The average age of childbearing in country A is 26, whereas the average age in country B is 30. In each country, the average number of offspring per woman is 3. Which of the following statements about the population growth rate in each country must be true?

It is not possible to compare the population growth rates of countries A and B.

Does the measured growth match the predicted growth pattern?

No, it is lower than the predicted values in some parts and higher in other parts.

For species with a Type III curve, most individuals reach the maximum life span.

Not

In 1985, China's rate of population increase was nearly 15 per 1,000. Based on the portion of the population in their prereproductive years, China's population will continue to grow at a high rate of increase through the 21st century.

Not

Drag a label under each graph to indicate whether it shows density-dependent population regulation or density-independent population regulation. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Soay- density-dependent BR Bridled- density-dependent DR Daphne- density-dependent BR Isabela- density-dependent DR

Total population size is projected to increase through the middle of the 21st century.

Suported

During the 20th century, the human population increased from less than 2 billion to more than 6 billion.

Supported

From 1500 to 2010, the human population approximately followed the exponential growth model.

Supported

In species that exhibit a Type II survivorship curve, individuals are no more likely to die at one stage of the life cycle than another.

Supported

At 50% of maximum life span, how does survivorship for a Type I curve compare to survivorship for a Type III curve?

Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.

Which of the following statements best describes the trend in the species versus island area data?

The increase in number of species with increasing land area slows for larger islands, suggesting that there may be a maximum number of species an island can hold regardless of size.

Why is a bar graph an appropriate type of graph for presenting the data from the first experiment (Figure 1)?

The independent variable consists of two nonnumerical categories: cane toads present for 40-60 years, and no cane toads in area.

Select the correct statement(s) about the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels from its source in autotrophs.

The length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain.

Currently, how large is the worldwide population of humans relative to Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

There is insufficient information to answer this question.

Why is a percentage scale used for the x-axis rather than actual ages?

This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph.

True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.

Tru Dat

In Australia, researchers tested the hypothesis that sea urchin abundance limits kelp distribution. Select the evidence that offers the best support for this hypothesis.

When sea urchins were removed from experimental plots, kelp cover increased.

Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?

Young populations with few individuals.

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described?

a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graph.

a=K b=N c=time d=r-selection e=k-selection

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____.

adults

Which of these was the first of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

agriculture

Which of the following observations would support the hypothesis that Plethodon salamanders did indeed experience character displacement for body size? Select all that apply.

all but Salamanders that are closer in body size compete less strongly for food.

Which processes increase a population's size?

birth and immigration

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.

cleanser of sinners (tertiary consumers)

An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal?

communism (commensalsim)

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?

competition

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

detritivore

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the table below. Drag only blue labels to blue targets, pink labels to pink targets, and white labels to white targets.

directional- dark rocks, dark fur, more individuals with darker fur disruptive- dark+light rocks, dark+le fuhrer, more individuals with those two and less intermediate stabilizing- rocks of intermediate color (it's racist if you say intermediate colored rocks), fur of intermediate colors, more intermediate colored individuals

If rmax is doubled, how would the population growth rates change?

doubled

Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations?

flooding

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?

grasses

A broad-based pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is _____.

growing rapidly

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?

inverse pyramid

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.

its food source

Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick?

parasitism

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

primary consumer

Which of the following choices would be the most logical third step in Connell's experimental procedure, permitting him to either accept or reject his hypothesis of competitive exclusion?

remove Balanus from 1/2 of each transplanted rock

What does the right y-axis represent?

resources, with quantity decreasing from bottom to top

The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____.

sharks

What biome does this climatograph represent?

temperate grassland

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to _____.

the island's size and distance from the mainland

Which is the independent variable?

time since first exposure to cane toads

Keystone species are those species _____.

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

What are population dynamics?

Changes in populations through time.

Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare?

10/hectare

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table to describe natural selection due to interspecific competition in each population. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Allopatric P. cinereus- no natural selection caused by interspecific competition P. Hoffmani- no natural selection caused by interspecific competition Sympatric P. Cinereus- directional for small P. Hoffmani- directional for large

What do the data suggest about the effects of cane toads on the predatory behavior of black snakes in areas where the toads have been present for 40-60 years?

Black snakes will not prey on cane toads in areas where cane toads have been present for 40-60 years.

Why is a scatter plot an appropriate type of graph for presenting the data from the second experiment (Figure 2)?

Both the dependent variable (percentage reduction in swimming speed) and independent variable (time since first exposure to cane toads) represent continuous numerical data.

Based on the scatter plot, what conclusion would you draw about whether exposure to cane toads is having a selective effect on black snakes?

Exposure to cane toads appears to be selecting for black snakes that are less affected by the toxin.

Much of the original forest cover on Madagascar has been destroyed primarily as a result of _____.

burning for agricultural purposes

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

ecological niche

According to this graph, the world population doubled between _______.

1980-1990

What is represented by the distance between two vertical white gridlines on this graph?

A time span of 50 years

The rate of human population growth is increasing.

Not Supported

What is a likely outcome of a moderate disturbance, such as a severe thunderstorm?

Patches of different habitats within the landscape

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

producers

The human population of Madagascar doubles about every _____ years.

25

Which curve best describes survivorship in marine molluscs?

E

What is the best biological explanation for why the population stayed below the carrying capacity between days 100 and 160?

Overcrowding before day 100 caused the birth rate to decrease and the death rate to increase, and it took another 60 days for the relative rates to stabilize.

What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph?

Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.

Which of the following statements about age pyramids is true?

Predictions of a population's future take into account such factors as increasing survivorship and fecundity levels that remain the same.

In 1970, the average age of childbearing was 28, and the average number of offspring per woman was 3 in a certain country. In 1980, the average age of childbearing was still 28, but the average number of offspring per woman was 2 in that country. If the death rate in the country remained constant during those years, how did the population growth rate change from 1970 to 1980?

The population growth rate decreased.

What do the blue bars on the graph represent?

monthly precipitation

Graphs A, B, and C represent three different patterns of population growth. Refer to these graphs as you read about the populations in the following questions.

A- yeast population B- coyote population C- Beetle + Corn Meal

Which of the following may result from resource partitioning?

ALL BUT A population's fundamental niche may be smaller than its realized niche.

Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity?

ALL EXCEPT The population continues to grow at a constant rate.

What is the best biological explanation for why the Daphnia population growth rate became negative between days 70 and 105?

The population overshot the carrying capacity and started running out of resources during that period.

What does a negative population growth rate tell you about the dynamics of the population?

The population size is decreasing instead of increasing.

After rapid population growth from 1966 to 1975, the Chinese government instituted policies aimed at reducing population growth. The effects can be seen in most age-groups born since then. However, the population representing children born in 1986-1990 is larger than any other age-group. What data in the age structure diagram provide the best explanation for this exception?

This exception can be explained by population momentum from the 1966-1970 age-group.

Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?

a rectangle tapering toward the top

Which of these is a starting point for primary succession?

a surface exposed by a retreating glacier

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

anti-vegan (normal human) (secondary consumer)

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

mutualism

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?

predation

What percent of the plant species found on Madagascar are unique to that island?

80

What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph?

900 mm

Graph of the islands

Daphne should reach carrying capacity of 250 Isabela exponentially goes up, graph ends at X=4

Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true?

Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.

What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph?

Winters are cold and summers are hot.

Drag the images of the left half of the rock (white) and right half of the rock (blue) to indicate which barnacle species (if any) would be present at the end of the summer if niche differentiation had occurred between Chthamalus and Balanus.

left half at end- Balanus only right half- barnacle free

Predation is an interspecific interaction in which one species benefits by eating another. Potential prey organisms have various adaptations that allow them to avoid or escape predators. The following examples demonstrate either mimicry, camouflage, mechanical defense, chemical defense, or schooling. Sort the examples based on the type of predator avoidance they demonstrate.

mimicry- hornet moth + paper wasp, viceroy and monarch butterflies camo- octopuss mechanical defense- sea urchin, snail shells, rosebush thorns chemical defense- jimsonweed toxins, skunk farts

Like the United States, China experienced a "baby boom" after World War II ended in 1945.

Not Supported

What does the orange graph line represent?

logistic growth

Dislcaimer

make sure you get a few wrong so you get a reasonable score (88-95%) apologies if a few are missing enjoy

Assume that rmax = 1.0 and K = 1,500. You can then calculate the population growth rate for four cases where population size (N) is greater than carrying capacity. To do this, use the equation for population growth rate in the table

-10,-107,-292,-667

Now calculate the population growth rates for the same four population sizes, this time assuming that rmax= 2.0 (K still = 1,500). Enter your values rounded to the nearest whole number.

-20,-213,-583,-1333

According to this graph, species that exhibit a Type III curve typically produce large numbers of offspring.

Can't be determined

Which two months have the highest average temperature?

July and August

Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship?

benefit ... harmed

As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________.

increases

Which of these was the second of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

industrial Revolution

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?

mutualism

Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide _____ and help regulate population.

negative feedback

What is a lemur?

primate only in Madagascar (King Julien duh)

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span?

robin

What is the cause of the red color of the waters about Madagascar?

soli runoff in ocean

Which of these was the third of the major events that stimulated an increase in the size of the human population?

Antibiotics AND Vaccines

Select the correct statement about the global carrying capacity for the human population.

Estimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita.

Did the Daphnia population ever experience a negative growth rate?

From about day 70 to day 105, the population decreased in size, indicating a negative growth rate.

Drag the labels onto the table to identify the characteristics of each type of population growth. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

J- shaped Type-exponential Habitat- abundant GR- Faster as pop inc Max- no limit Example- Isabela S-Shaped Logistic, limited, slows as pop inc, carrying capacity, Daphne

What is represented by the vertical blue bars on this graph?

The number of people added to the population annually in each decade

What do the bars on this graph represent?

The numbers of males and females in each age group

In the following diagram, label the fundamental and realized niches for Chthamalus. Note that one target should be left blank.

a- Christmas realized niche b- Christmas Fundamental niche c-blank

Which of the following conditions favors "big-bang" reproduction?

low rates of offspring survival

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?

pyramid