Superficial Structures: MSK
refractive shadowing
Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is referred to as:
heel to the calf muscle
The Achilles tendon connects the:
Baker cyst
The accumulation of synovial fluid from a weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can result in a:
anisotrophy
The artifact that gives the sonographer incorrect information on the tendon's integrity due to the sound beam not being perpendicular to the central axis is called:
hypoechoic hematoma found at the end of a completely retracted muscle fragment
clapper-in-the-bell sign
posterior linear equidistant artifact created when sound reverberates between two strong reflectors, such as air bubbles, metal, and glass
comet tail artifact (ring-down)
fibrous band of tissue connecting bone or cartilage to bone that aids in stabilizing a joint
ligament
a type of tissue consisting of contractile cells or fibers that affects movement of an organ or part of the body
muscle
substance forming the sheath of Schwann cells
myelin
feather-like pattern of muscle growth
pennate
the connective tissue that surrounds muscle
perineurium
pointing of the toes toward the plantar surface of the foot
plantar flexion
bending of the sound beam at the edge of a circular structure, resulting in the absence of posterior echoes
refractile shadowing (edge artifact)
accumulation of serous fluid within tissue
seroma
cellulitis
Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed:
tendosynovitis
Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is referred to as:
shoulder
Which of the following joints has the largest range of motion?
echogenic line on the anterior surface of the cartilage surrounding the humeral head
cartilage interface sign
hematoma
A teenager arrives at the ER following a skiing injury. A nonvascular hypoechoic mass is identified in the posterior popliteal fossa. This mass most likely represents a(n):
hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands
Sonographically, normal muscle appears as:
muscle to bone
Tendons are most often connectors between which two anatomical structures?
The calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does NOT have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon.
Which of the following best describes a negative Thompson test?
The patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed.
Which of the following best describes the Thompson test?
synovial sheath
Which of the following is a double walled tubular structure surrounding some tendons?
the deltoid muscle is on the humeral head; seen with a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff
naked tuberosity sign
conduit for impulses sent to and from the muscles and the central nervous system (CNS)
nerve
the anterior portion of the body when in anatomic position
volar
ganglion cyst
A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the:
in the distal portion of the tendon near the calcaneus
A complete tear of the Achilles tendon is most commonly located:
pannus
A complication of Baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as:
Baker cyst
A cystic mass located in the popliteal fossa is most likely a:
focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon
A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as:
synovial fluid collection in the posterior fossa
Baker's cyst
itching in the area of the tendon
Clinical findings of tendonitis include all of the following except:
inflammation
Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of:
a fibrous tunnel that contains the ulnar artery and vein, ulnar nerve, and some fatty tissue
Guyon's canal or tunnel
infraspinatus
Having the patient place their hand on the opposite shoulder helps to evaluate which rotator cuff tendon?
transverse plane
Measurement of the Achilles tendon should be made in the:
an increase in wrist compression due to hyperflexion of the wrist for 60 seconds; this test is done with the patient holding the forearms upright and pressing the ventral sides of the hands together
Phalen's sign (Phalen's test, Phalen's maneuver, or Phalen's position)
wrist
Phalen's sign is an indication for sonography of which joint?
numbness and tingling
Rheumatoid arthritis can cause all of the above except:
a test used to evaluate the integrity of the Achilles tendon that involves plantar flexion with squeezing of the calf
Thompson's test
pins-and-needles-type tingling felt distal to a percussion site. Sensation can be abnormal or can be a normal occurrence (i.e., hitting the elbow creates a tingling in the distal arm)
Tinel's sign (Hoffmann-Tinel sign, Tinel's symptom, or Tinel-Hoffmann sign)
median
What is the main nerve of interest in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Thompson test
What test can be performed to determine a torn Achilles tendon?
hanging comfortably prone off the bed or chair
When scanning the Achilles' tendon, the foot should remain:
anisotropy
Which of the following artifacts is likely to occur when the ultrasound beam is not perpendicular with a fibrillar tendon?
the joint found in the shoulder that connects the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula
acromioclavicular joint (AC)
the quality of comprising varying values of a given property when measured in different directions
anisotropy
bandlike flat tendons connecting muscle to bone
aponeurosis
a saclike structure containing thick fluid that surrounds areas subject to friction, such as the interface between bone and tendon
bursa
upward movement of the hand or foot
dorsiflexion
the covering of a nerve that consists of connective tissue
epineurium
term describing a small bundle of muscles, nerves, and tendons
fasciculi
membrane surrounding a joint, tendon, or bursa that secretes a viscous fluid called synovia
synovial sheath
inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis (tendinopathy, tendinosis, or tenosynovitis)
fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
tendon
empty
With subluxation of the biceps tendon, the bicipital groove will appear:
Achilles
Xanthomas are found in association with which tendon?
