Superficial Structures: Neck/Thyroid

c. thyroglossal duct cyst

Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland and near the hyoid bone are referred to as: a. brachial cleft cysts b. follicular adenomas c. thyroglossal duct cyst d. parathyroid adenomas

c. parathyroid adenoma

Hypercalcemia is associated with which of the following? a. grave's disease b. thyroglossal duct cyst c. parathyroid adenoma d. thyroid adenoma

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

nodular hyperplasia

degenerative nodules within the thyroid

pyramidal lobe

present in a small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

a. esophagus

What structure may be confused for a thyroid or parathyroid mass because of its relationship to the trachea and the posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland? a. esophagus b. common carotid artery c. internal jugular vein d. sternothyroid

a. endocrine

What type of gland is the thyroid gland? a. endocrine b. exocrine c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

d. strap

Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland? a. sternocleidomastoid b. longus colli c. thyrocervical trunk d. strap

adenoma

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

medullary carcinoma

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

d. 10 mm

A normal lymph node will not measure greater than: a. 8 mm b. 5 mm c. 12 mm d. 10 mm

papillary

A slow growing thyroid malignancy that occurs in young adults and children and accounts for 75% to 90% of all thyroid cancers is:

d. 10 mm

A thyroid isthmus that measures greater than ____ is indicative of thyroid enlargement. a. 8 mm b. 5 mm c. 12 mm d. 10 mm

b. 4

Normally, how many parathyroid glands are found within the adult neck? a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

d. calcium

Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient? a. thyroxine b. triiodothyronine c. calcitonin d. calcium

it lies posterior to the trachea (false)(what is true is it is the largest endocrine gland, it is composed of right and left lobes, and a pyramidal lobe is present in appx 10% to 40% of population)

Each of the following statements regarding the thyroid gland is true except:

colloid

The thyroid is composed of follicles filled with a substance called:

a. sternocleidomastoid

Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe? a. sternocleidomastoid b. longus colli c. sternohyoid d. omohyoid

b. longus colli

Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe? a. sternocleidomastoid b. longus colli c. sternohyoid d. omohyoid

follicular adenoma

Which of the following abnormality is generally identified by a halo surrounding it?

branchial cleft cyst

Which of the following is located lateral to the neck near the carotid arteries?

calcitonin

Which of the following is produced by the parathyroid glands?

thyroglossal duct cysts

congenital anomalies that present in midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

parathyroid hyperplasia

enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands

hypophosphatasia

low phosphatase level, which can be seen with hyperparathyroidism

hyperthyroidism

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

euthyroid

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

c. superior thyroid artery

26. What is the first branch of the external carotid artery? a. ICA b. optic artery c. superior thyroid artery d. inferior thyroid artery

b. Grave's disease

A 30-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department for a thyroid sonogram with a history of weight loss, hair loss, and hyperthyroidism. You note that the patient has bulging eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. Hashimoto thyroiditis b. Grave's disease c. hyperparathyroidism d. cervical lymphadenopathy

a. brachial cleft cyst

A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a: a. brachial cleft cyst b. follicular adenoma c. thyroglossal duct cyst d. parathyroid adenoma

cyst (what are normal variants are ectopic location, pyramidal lobe, and agenesis)

All of the following are considered to be normal variants found with the thyroid gland except:

d. cold nodule

All of the following are diagnostic findings of benign thyroid nodules except: a. anechoic mass b. eggshell calcification c. hyperechoic mass d. cold nodule

b. iodine

All of the following are hormones produced by the thyroid except: a. thyroxine b. iodine c. triiodothyronine d. calcitonin

b. echogenic hilum

All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except: a. rounded shape b. echogenic hilum c. calcifications d. enlargement

b. echogenic mass

All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except: a. internal calcifications b. echogenic mass c. cervical node involvement e. solitary mass

adenoma (what does cause enlargement is Graves' disease, Hashimoto disease, acute thyroiditis)

All of the following produce diffuse enlargement of the thyroid except:

c. too few thyroid hormones

In the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the thyroid produces: a. too many thyroid hormones b. too much calcium c. too few thyroid hormones d. too much iodine

c. colloid

The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as: a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. colloid d. triiodothyronine

d. pyramidal lobe

The superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as: a. thyroglossal duct b. brachial cleft c. yodeler's lobe d. pyramidal lobe

b. iodine

The thyroid gland utilizes which of the following to produce its hormone? a. colloid b. iodine c. iron d. calcium

a. graves disease

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism? a. graves disease b. hashimoto thyroiditis c. papillary carcinoma d. parathyroid adenoma

b. hashimoto thyroiditis

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism? a. graves disease b. hashimoto thyroiditis c. papillary carcinoma d. parathyroid adenoma

iodine

What mineral must be ingested for proper thyroid hormone production?

esophagus

What structure lies posterior and medial to the left thyroid gland?

b. graves disease

Which abnormality is associated with the sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno? a. hashimoto thyroiditis b. graves disease c. hyperparathyroidism d. cervical lymphadenopathy

a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum

Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node? a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum b. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications c. a solid, hypoechoic mass that measures greater than 1 cm d. a solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1 cm

parathormone

Which of the following hormones helps maintain a steady level of serum calcium in the blood?

sternohyoid muscle

Which of the following is located anterior to the thyroid?

a. thyroxine

Which of the following is the hormone that is the most abundantly produced by the thyroid? a. thyroxine b. iodine c. triiodothyronine d. calcitonin

d. papillary

Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer? a. follicular b. anaplastic c. lymphoma d. papillary

a. cold nodule

Which of the following would more likely be a malignant thyroid nodule? a. cold nodule b. hot nodule

d. ICA

Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes? a. external carotid vein b. external carotid artery c. IJV d. ICA

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

a hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands, which regulate serum calcium levels

calcitonin

a thyroid hormone that is important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

strap muscles

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) that lie anterior to the thyroid

serum calcium

laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

sternocleidomastoid muscles

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

follicular carcinoma

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

primary hyperparathyroidism

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

anaplastic carcinoma

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

branchial cleft cyst

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

isthmus

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

microcalcifications

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

hypothyroidism

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

fine-needle aspiration

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

longus colli muscle

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

Graves' disease

Hyperthyroidism associated with a diffuse goiter is associated with:

Graves' disease

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and cutaneous manifestations

hyperparathyroidism

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

lymphadenopathy

disorder characterized by localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

secondary hyperparathyroidism

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

two

How many pairs of parathyroid glands do the majority of people have?

affecting the body metabolism growth and development

Thyroid function includes:

thyroiditis

inflammation of the thyroid

papillary carcinoma

most common form of thyroid malignancy

multinodular goiter

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism