Survey of Hip Hop Final (2)

2 Live Crew

"Dick Almighty" (1989) "Me So Horny" (1989)

Girl-Lore

"The black cultural aesthetic is essentially both oral-aural and motor, focusing on action, performance and expression" Double-Dutch Hand-clap games

Ice-T memorized his hustler infused rhymes in high school

- "6 in the Mornin'" (1987) - kind of an imitation, meme, of Schoolly D's song "PSK, What does that mean?" (Song is about what kids in LA would be witnessing everyday) - "Rhyme Pays" (1987) - "Grand Larceny" (1987)

Lil Kim

- "Queen Bitch" - "Not Tonight" (About how real men perform oral sex)

Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliot

- "Sock it 2 Me" - "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly) - Song was weird and trippy that no one had heard before. Also had a singing ability - Becomes important because she ran her own production and label, led the way to female rappers to take control of their rap careers

The Lil Wayne Phenomen

- "Tha Block is Hot" (1999) - "Lollipop" (w/ Static Major)(2008)

Parent Music Resource Center (PMRC)

- "Voluntary" tipper sticker (parental advisory) record stores wouldn't carry album without sticker

African American Preaching Style

- Call and Response - Intonation and oratory style

Jazz Rap Artists

- De La Soul - A Tribe Called Quest

Kanye West

- Keeping' it Real: Middle Class rapper from Chicago - Preppy and focuses on life issues that don't take place in the ghetto - Relationship and family issues = "Through the Wire" (2003)

ICE-T departure

- Leaves NWA because he felt he wasn't being paid enough - Begins recording in NYC with Public Enemy's production team

The trickster

- Lives by his wits, constantly scheming and manipulating others - major figure in African and African American folktales

Ice-T "Grand Larceny" (1987)

- Metaphor for "stealing the show" - he is so skilled - This is why it's considered "legally done" - Gangsta rap melody with anti-crime messages (very against drugs, etc.)

2nd Generation White Rappers

- Milkbone o Hardcore o Delivery Style: Sounding "black" o Presentation: Urban street attire, looking "street" - Eminem o Humorous o Delivery Style: Sounding white o Presentation: White trash

NYC Queer Rap in 2010s

- Out of grime, chopped and screwed, and other experimental styles of rap music have emerged several NYC queer artists who play with rap aesthetics and gender expression:

Schooly D

- Philadelphia - First to produce (pioneer) gangsta themed rap 1984 "Maniac" and "Gangsta Boogie" - 1985 "PSK What Does It Mean?" (first time tough street rhymes made it to vinyl records) - self-produced, self-promoted, self-distributed

Swing

- Predominantly oriented towards dance music

Black Power Movement

- Promoted: - Black Pride - Self-awareness - Self-control - National Black unity (moves away from privileging European heritage

GLBT/Queer Representation and Homophobia

- Queer participation has occurred in a variety of ways throughout hip hop history - And it's not as simple as gay/straight - A common thought is "hip hop homophobic", but the reality is more complicated than that - Overall, there is an increasing tolerance for difference within hip hop

Early incubation Period

- Reality Rap (G-style) - Street Reporting (telling how it is on the street) - Geto Boys "City Under Siege"

Hardcore

- Reality Rap --> Gangsta Rap - The way NWA dressed is was what gave them the gangsta label

New Orleans Bounce

- Regional style of hip-hop featuring fast beats, call-and-response chants, and dance featuring the "bouncing" of assets - Two biggest stars are Big Freedia and Katey Red, prevalence of queer artists led to the moniker "sissy bounce".

Gospel Music

- Religious music of African Americans that emerged in urban centers during the early decades of the 20th century - gospel aesthetic influences the soul sound - some elements (variation of tempo, robust timbre, emotional intensity, rhythmic complexity, highly embellished melodic lines (slides from note-to-note, turns and cadences not in articulated notes, talk-like singing, shouts/hollers))

Summary of Black Musical Aesthetic

- Rhythmic Structures: poly-textured and polyrhythmic sounds - Vocals, vocables, and instruments played in percussive style. - Call-n-Response (antiphony). - "Fill-up" limited musical space wit a lot of sound. - Embodiment. Relationship between music-making and movement (dance) - Layering of sounds qualities, textures, varying tonal qualities or timbres The cumulative result satisfies the "Heterogeneous Sound Ideal" (Wilson: .3) Wilson, Olly. "Black Music as an Art Form," in Black Music Research Journal. Volume 3, 1983

Critique of the history of rock-n-roll

- Rock n Roll is R&B - Covers (became popular through covers such as Tutti Frutti by Pat Boone 1955) - Appropriation

The badman (baadman)

- Rules by force and intimidation - Feels justified in beating the system by any means necessary

1984

- Schooly D - Ice-T - 'Bridge Wars'

Sean Combs and BIG

- Sean "P. Diddy" Combs produces for Biggie - Biggie redefines hip hop of the east coast - Puts a face on Bad Boy records

Local music scene (B-beat/4 elements)

- Shared "place" - Socioeconomic hardship - Camaraderie - Creative desire - Escapism

Tupac shooting

- Shot five times in front of recording studio in Manhattan

Euro-American Pioneers

- Vanilla Ice "Ice Ice Baby" (1990) - Beastie Boys "Sounds of Science" (1989)

5% Nation Rappers

- splinter group of the Nation of Islam founded by Clarence 13X in 1963. - Doctrine based on concepts of Black Nationalism and, in part, the Nation of Islam. - A central belief is that black people are the Original people and that Allah is the Supreme God. - Lessons classify people on earth as: - 85% - the uncivilized people - 10% - the rich slave-makers of the poor - 5% - Poor righteous teachers

Boogie Down Productions

- started by KRS-One (MC) & Scott La Rock (DJ) - coined: Edutainment - movement toward progress - come about by dissing on other famous rappers - Dis rap ("Bridge Wars" with MC Shan) - "Criminal Minded" (1987) - First album cover was a ploy to appeal to kids on the streets, etc.. People in that life style - g style & reality rap

ICE-T

- the first on the LA Scene (West Coast), got a lot of attention - name from pimp-poet, ICEBERG SLIM - memorized his hustler-infused rhymes in high school - Pairs up with chicano rapper MC Kid Frost (performed together: Low Rider car shows; sold tapes on Hollywood Blvd.) - Comes out with Gangsta Rap before it becomes mainstream - Fuses heavy metal and rap with "Rhymes Pay" - Downplays materialism - Groundbreaking moment for him is 1988 with a movie called "Colors" which allowed his music to reach a national audience for the first time (This was important for underground groups because they found a ready made audience that wanted gangsta rap)

Run DMC

-New School -Hardcore -Rock hardcore

Diversity in the golden era new themes

-Novelty/Humorous Rap -Rap Ballad -Womanist Styles // Feminist themes -Hardcore Rap (diversity in approach - move away from Old School party themes and disco that said nothing) Diversity due to different attitudes, economic backgrounds, place, etc.

Breakdancing the fad

1983-1984, MAYBE 1985

First brand/variety (Black Nationalism in New School)

A recognition of a convergence of political purpose, objectives, and goals - artists include: public enemy, paris, bp, KRS-One, Sister Souljah

CAnon

A set of pieces or artists accepted as the standard, the most important or influential

Toasting Tradition and Feminine Perspective: "baad woman"

Annie Christmas, Hurricane Annie and Wicked Nell

5% nation rap songs

Brand Nubian "Allah & Justice" (1993)

Godfather of Go-Go Music

Chuck Brown

DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince "Parents Just Don't Understand" (1988)

Humorous and Suburban Rap first rap song to win a grammy!

Tim Dog v dr dre

I'm from the South Bronx

Chuck D/Flavor Flav

Iconic characters of message rap

Hard racism

Intentional, overt (a lot more obvious) Examples: Using racist epithets Impose laws

Homoeroticism

Intimate relationships with other men explored in lyrics

Illmatic

Nas

Closely resembles funk music

Old school

Gang Star, "Jazz Music"

Relate to Africa (Afrocentric) and serves to describe the history of jazz in the US

Women approaching dis rap

Roxanne Shanté & The Real Roxanne (1984) Salt-N-Pepa

Popular Music

Term to indicate music that is mass-reproduced and disseminated via mass media, and has at various times been listened to by large numbers of Americans

Soul as a political ideology

The Black Power Movement was inspired by Black Nationalism, which advocated - self-sufficiency, - self-control - full participation in the decision-making process on issues affecting the lives of black people. - Self-awareness Echoes the voices of college-aged students - Rejected integrationist philosophy (1950s Civil Rights leaders) - Replace with a nationalist ideology of Black Power

Tradition

Tradition is not static, but dynamic.

Pioneers

Vanilla Ice Ice Baby Ghetto narrative that weren't his experience (or city) Beastie Boys Sounds of Science New Yorkers and Humorous Stories, but not ghetto

Example of transitional rap

Whodini "Freaks Come out at Night" (1984)

Southern hip hop styles

epicenters East: Miami and Atlanta West: Houston and Memphis New Orleans Virginians

Which of the following is NOT a prominent theme in Queen Latifah's song "Ladies First?" - sisterhood - afrocentrism - patriotism - black power

patriotism

Culture

shared behavior of a social group

Black Panther Party for Self-Defense

"self-defense" employed to distinguish the Party's philosphy from the dominant non-violent theme of civil rights movement

2nd wave feminism

(1960s-1980s)—Largely concerned issues regarding sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, and legal inequalities.

Electro rap

(post-Bam's Electro-funk survival lingering into the new school) transitional

Pop

- (noun) music of general appeal, esp. among young people, that originated as a distinctive genre in the 1950s. It is generally characterized by a heavy rhythmic element and the use of electrical amplification - (as modifier) examples: pop music; a pop record; a pop group - Caters to the least common denominator (as large an audience as possible)

Toasting

- (praises about an anti-authority, respected heroic figure) - can be an enactment, a recasting or exaggeration of an actual event

Drag Houses and Ball Culture

- 1980s drag and dance contests run by disenfranchised Black/Latino queer youth - Created dynamic spaces of self-expression and uplifting, non-violent competition between the different "houses"

"Classic" Gangsta Era

- 1984-1996 - classic because of what they contributed

Incubation Period

- 1988 (NWA) to 1992 (Dr. Dre's The Chronic) - Rises out of underground - Formulaic(?) - Commercialism

Non-sexist examples from 2pac & Black Star

- 2pac "Dear Momma" - Black Star "Brown Skinned Lady" (Celebration of brown women, spoke to diaspora, not just females but afrocentric as well)

Cool Jazz

- A moderation of those musical, emotional or ritualistic qualities associated with its parent style

Obscenity Charges in Broward County, FL

- Arrested in adult club for performing music from album - Determined "legally obscene" - acquitted one month later

Gangs Part II

- Artistic Responses to Gangsta's domination - Recording industry shifts direction: Favors Rap (gangsta) to Rock & Pop - Gangs reemerge - could be due to trickling down economic system and/or due to increasing crack-cocaine trade

Rise of Emcee and Homophobia

- As emcees came to dominate hip hop expression, queer dance and art innovations became less central to hip hop - Black/Latino gays who were into hip-hop experienced a double stigma - not accepted into either hip-hop or white gay culture

Death Row attains Tupac

- Became top roster in ra

Blaxploitation films 1971-1975

- Began as a film in the early 1970s about African Americans and made by African Americans --Become the exploitation of African Americans by producers of Black-oriented films - Stereotypical heroes addressing/solving problems Rooted in Black Nationalism/ - Stereotypical heroes addressing/solving problems but pandering to market

Ice-T "Rhyme Pays" (1987)

- Boast! - Harder rock element to it, reflects his interest in the LA Metal rock scene (so it's heavy metal) - The crime is within a rapping/hip-hop lifestyle - Attacking "sucker rappers" - He rejects the labels (roots of gangsta are not about material possessions)

Breakdancing

- Breakin' existed as a social and cultural reality celebrated in their local environments (i.e.: jams, party events, clubs, ciphers, etc) - Came into use when West coast funk dance styles blurred into the NY dance traditions and became popularized in theatrical film and music video productions in the mid 80s especially Breakin and Breakin 2 - What b-boyin' or breaking' became known as once videographers and dance companies interpret them into formalized traditions

Women in Hip Hop

- Cindy Campbell (Herc's sister) -Sylvia Robinson (worked with Flash) - Debbie Harry (Lead singer of Blondie, one hit rap wonder that turned mainstream America to the hip hop genre

MP3 and the digital empire

- DIY crosses over - Age of self-production - YouTube phenomenon - "Crank That" (2007) - industry approval? - From Internet Sensation to Interscope Contract to Grammy Nomination

Rivalry becomes beef

- Death Row v. Bad Boy - Declaration of War 1994

Music Industry Influences 1988

- Debut issue of The Source (First magazine devoted to hip-hop music, culture, and politics - Yo! MTV raps debut - Word Up! Magazine - Straight outta compton - Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance was "Parents Just Don't Understand" by DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince

Queer

- Derogatory term to refer to gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered people - Reclaimed as a positive term for GLBT

Miami Bass

- Dirty raps over simple dance beats

Womanist Styles/Feminist themes

- Dissin'/Answer rap/Response-rap - U.T.F.O vs Roxanne Shante and the Real Roxanne - Salt-n-Pepa "Push it" (1986) - MC Lyte "Paper Thin) (1988) Women became big enough that they had say in style Womanist refers to feminism by/for a woman of color

African American Cultural Tradition

- Double Dutch (Crew of girls who performed jump rope) - Clapsies (hand clap games)

G-Funk

- Dr. Dre & Suge Knight create Death Row Records - G-FUNK: Coined by Dr. Dre on his 1992 release The Chronic - SOUND: piercing synthesizers, slow grooves, deep bass, and, occasionally, faceless backing deep-vocals

Late Period

- Dramatize and often glorify black criminals, and portray black men as pimps, pushers, prostitutes, gangsters, etc - Black Caesar (1973) - Dolemite (1975) - Commodifying Reality Rap (gangsta rap) - the badman recast in rap music - Scarface "Jesse James" (1994)

Epiccenters

- East: Miami and Atlanta - West: Houston and Memphis o New Orleans o Virginians

Eric B. (DJ) and Rakim (Lyricist)

- Eric B. Is President" (1986/1987) doesn't shout the lyrics, a lot of toasting to the DJ, moves away from party anthems, hardcore, etc.. (Doesn't follow what's popular at the time) - Nod to the past: Celebrate the DJ - (Freaking the note) Hardcore style - Pioneer of Internal Rhyme (not just couplet rhymes, what Rakim was famous for!)

Sal Abbattielo

- Esta. Fever Records in 1982 w/ Lewis Marinteé (Miami) - Club owner of the Disco Fever 1976-1986 (Hip Hop showcase) - Produces Nayobe "Please Don't Go" and other hits such as the Cover Girls

Incubation Era industry shift

- Favors gangsta rap to Rock & Pop - Cost a Rock album 300,000 dollars for studio time - Rap album 50,000 studio time

Early Period

- Featured hustlers committed to "cleaning up the streets" films and characters achieved cult status - Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) - Shaft (1971)

Stock Folk Characters: Hustlers

- Folktales are poetic narratives about everyday life experiences that celebrate the defiant acts of individuals (gangsta rappers re-invent their characters after these stock folk characters) - from Toasting tradition - The badman - The trickster

Gangsta Rap vs G-style

- Gangsta Rap: refers to a commercial product (eventually becomes umbrella term), more formulaic - G-style refers to lyrical themes, street sensibility, ghetto origins, issues concerning reality and "authenticity" (later understood as "Keepin it Real"), street reality narratives

Obstacles women face

- Harassment, theft & physical harm - Rumors (so and so tags for her boyfriend - Discredited work - Went into dark areas late at night could get jumped and paint stolen or worse

1st Gen White Rappers

- Hardcore o Delivery Style: Sounding "black" o Presentation: Urban street attire, looking "street" o Example: Vanilla Ice (Ghetto narrative that weren't his experience (or city) - Humorous o Delivery Style: Sounding "White" Exaggerate the white sound o Presentation: Urban Sensibility o Example: Beastie Boys

Crunk (Memphis and Atlanta)

- High-energy club music, guided by gritty, hoarse chants and antiphonic, repetitive refrains

Hip Hop as Public Space

- Hip hop becomes a Public Space and A Territory of Cultural (In)differences - In 1997: 71% of Rap music is purchased by "white consumers"

HWA

- Hoes With Attitude - "Greate Taste, Less Fillaz" (Vulgar song about oral sex)

Hip Hop Comes Out?

- Homo-hop emerged in the early 2000s with openly queer artists like Yo Majesty and Deep Dickollective challenging the homophobia of the music they loved

Re-Imaging 1st Generation White rappers

- Image: "Keepin in Gangsta" hardcore to " Keepin it real" humorous - delivery: sounding "black" to sounding "white" - presentation: urban street attire to urban sensibility - ex: vanilla ice (ghetto narrative that weren't his experience or city) to Beastie Boys (New Yorkers and Humorous Stories, but not ghetto)

The Curious Case of Odd Future, Syd Tha Kyd and Frank Ocean

- Incongruous with his personal politics - two of his bandmates are queer

Bounce Music

- Incorporates New Orleans' style, parade-strutting, carnival beats to the hip-hop aesthetic - Word "bounce" appears often in the lyrics - Cash Money Records brings it to the Mainstream

Native Tongues Artists

- Jungle Brothers "What's Going On" (talks about street realities - Brand Nubian "I'm Black & I'm Proud" (Add element of 5% nation of philosphy)

Dis Rap ("Bridge Wars" with McShan)

- MC Shan "The Bridge" - Song is all about where hip hop got its roots and how it all got started Showing how the style moved into Queens (history of Queensbridge hip hop scene) - BDP "South Bronx" - Dis rap to Mc Shan's "Bridge" (saying hip hop definitely started in South Bronx, not Queens); Gives the history of how it started in South Bronx, gives name of a lot of the famous performers, etc. (Same format as last song with the hook) - MC Shan "Kill that Noise" - Comeback to BDP (Boogie Down Productions) song "South Bronx" (Trying to say that he is somebody and nobody knows who BDP is) - BDP "The Bridge is Over" - more hardcore, more production & DJ creativity, different soundscape than previous songs in the bridge war - Absolutely destroyed Marley Marl and MC Shan and the whole Juice Crew - Does a Jamaican style - because the Queens kids can't say they have that relation to Jamaica (reference to Herc's Jamaican roots, etc.) - Called them square "lame" or "loser" or "nerd" (referencing their soundscape?) - Plays off the song "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me" - WINS!

White Rappers popularize

- METAL-RAP (Nu-metal, Rap-core) - Korn "Freak on a Leash" (1998) - "Children of Korn " (1998, Feat. Ice Cube) - Limp Bizkit "Rollin'" (2000)

Public Enemy

- Message Rap (aka Nation-Conscious Rap) - helped to redefine the new hardcore sound of rap in the 1980s - influenced by rock n roll, very aggressive soundscape - Chuck D (wanted LL Cool J to do the song, told him he needed to do it himself) - Flavor Flav - Bomb Squad (production crew: included Hank Shocklee) - becomes a split, some thought they were too political - 1st album was child's play compared to 2nd album - more a reference to Black Panther days - 2nd album was shifted toward a proactive, national, radical activism - moving toward black muslim future - "Burn Hollywood Burn" (1990) - song about hollywood and racist stereotypes - their logo is a bboy behind the crosshairs of a gun (intentional, trying to say that black males are public enemy #1)

Late Incubation Period

- NWA "N*4ife" (after Ice Cube leaves the group) - "One Less B*tch" - Glorifying gangsta lifestyle - No longer street reporting

Ilmatic

- Nas's album from 1994 - Uses jazz styles in Beats

Kendrick Lamar

- New King - Tale of Ducking Compton's rougher culture to pursue his career in music

Virginia

- No "singular" sound but producers guides pop music market in 2000s o Missy Elliot, Timbaland and Neptunes

Underground

- Not a genre (understood as independent rap) - A few scenes emerging in the 90s - Midwest (Minneapolis hip hop): Rhyme Sayers Entertainment (an independent, artist-owned record label) - West coast (Los Angeles): Good Life Café and Project Blowed - South coast: several epicenters that will transform hip hop in the new millennium - Gave a voice to young people in the face of economic turmoil - Successful underground artists: Common and Lupe Fiasco - Understood as "independent" rap - All hip hop was underground at several points in our chronology

X-rated Rap

- Not gangsta rap, but often labelled gangsta rap by media - 2 Live Crew - "Dick Almighty" - "Me So Horny" (Crosses the line) - Extremely Vulgar, All about sex, Sexist - Miami Bass (aka Booty Bass)

Rock Steady Crew "Hey You It's the Rock Steady Crew" (1985) Latino B-Boys cut an album #1 on the U.K. pop charts

- Novelty Rap - Latino B-Boys cut an album - #1 on the U.K. pop charts (didn't even register on US pop charts) - On East Coast: Melodic Rapping and the Electro-rap style is sounding dated by 1985

1988 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance "Parents Just Don't Understand" DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince

- Other rap songs were too hard - Hip Hop community boycotted the Grammy's and had a boycott party on Yo! MTV

Tim Dog "F*ck Compton"

- Shots fired at Compton

Women as objects

- Slick Rick "Treat her like a Prostitute

1996

- Snoop Dog - Notorious BIG - 2pac

Odd Future

- Sources of "realness" o Surburban angst

Crips/C.R.I.P.S (b.1969)

- Started by 15-year old Raymond Washington - Modeled after Black Panther Party (b. 1966) - Original purpose: - Secure resources (money, labor), - Protect the community - Re-invest in the community - C.R.I.P.s (Community Revolutionary Interparty service ) - Crips started as a political party response/movement -- used black leather jackets, etc.. (militant style or Black Panther uniform) - Wanted to bring quality to these communities

Four major stylistic movements of Jazz

- Swing - Bebop - Cool Jazz - Hard Bop

Native Tongues

- The original base of the group: Jungle Brothers, Afrika Bambaataa, De La Soul; A Tribe Called Quest; Queen Latifah; later Brand Nubian - to spread a positive message through music without taking away the gritty realism and street logic that came with hardcore hip hop (didn't celebrate criminality, violence, etc.) - to help bring socially conscious hip hop to the mainstream - Jungle Bros "What's Going On" (1988) - De la Soul "Buddy" (1989) - Brand Nubian "I'm Black & I'm Proud" (Native Tongue & 5% Nation rappers)

Black Nationalism

- The political belief and practice of African Americans as a distinct people with distinct historical personality who politically should develop structures to define, defend, and develop the interests of Black as a people (Advocates self-sufficiency and self-control, also includes political participation, etc..)

Chopped & Screwed

- The slower tempo defined the "screwed", but the cuts, scratches, pauses and rewinds make up the "chopped."

Tradition

- Tradition is not static, but dynamic - White Rappers popularize METAL-RAP (Nu-metal, Rap-core) o Korn "Freak on a Leash: o Limp Bizkit "Rollin"

Tupac vs. Biggie

- Tupac shot in NYC at studio that Biggie records at - Huge feud begins - Tupac shot and killed - Biggie goes to West Coast to speak about incident - Biggie is then killed

MC Hammer (1989) "You Can't Touch This"

- Type of song that was getting on the radio and winning Grammy's - Dressed very flashy - Styles weren't as intimidating - samples Rick James Funk hit "Superfreak"

Pioneers of White Rappers

- Vanilla Ice "Ice Ice Baby" o Introduced Hip Hop to a large number of white people o Frame of Reference when talking about white rappers - Beastie Boys "Sounds of Science"

"Fu** Tha Police"

- Very controversial - Young men talking about something a lot of people never had to live through - Song is influenced by "The Message" by Grandmaster Flash - About police brutality against black people - something most people living in middle class would never notice - Saying that they think he's a criminal for nothing more than the color of his skin (assume he's selling drugs, always frisking him, etc.) - First half of verse 1 is anger/ Second half is the way to address these issues (trying be a bad persona - meaning an outlaw hero) - Supposed to be demeaning to a cop (notion that black cops aren't any better than white cops - police problem, not just a race problem)

The Message (1982) Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five

- Written by Ed "Duke Bootee" Fletcher - Song was presented to Flash by Sylvia Robinson, but entire group rejected at first - Song opened the "New School" message rap door for the Hardcore Era - bass synthesizer replaces live bass (1st time) - not a disco dance song - Melle Mel Sole lyrical contributor (the rest wouldn't perform in it, only in video) - Sylvia Robinson's role (#4 on R&B and #62 on pop) - "New School" artists will give us a new brand: message rap (Hardcore Era) - Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five follow up a potential trend ("New York, New York" (1983), "White Lines (Don't Do It)" (1983))

Album Straight Outta Compton by NWA (1988)

- [super] HARDCORE - 1988 is a marker that is going to change the direction of hardcore rap - becomes far more reactionary - Groundbreaking album!! - first one to find a major audience (reality narratives) after being a completely underground audience - "Straight Outta Compton": Imagery is far more violent, element of anger, brush it off as "this is what we do," Reacting to the lives that they lived! (instead of being proactive like BDP, etc.) - "F--- Tha Police"

Edutainment

- coined by BDP - Educate through an entertaining venue

hardcore

- distinguishing sound and appearance from Old School: tougher "street," aggressive delivery, being "hard", DJ plays important role - ca. 1987 - rap music becomes a public forum for social and political commentary

Bebop

- emphasizing more sophisticated harmonies and rhythms than earlier Jazz

After Scott La Rock (DJ) death

- from gstyle/reality rap to conscious rappers - Scott La Rock's murder has a profound effect on KRS-One (had a dramatic influence on his onstage persona) brings him to conscious rap - KRS-One was self-educated through library

"PLACE" matters

- ghetto narratives become more relevant

Chuck D

- graduated from Long Island University, comes with a certain type of knowledge. Wanted to push the hardness of the rap rock fusion and add a political twist

Alternative nature of jazz rap is asserted through:

- lyrical, soundtrack, visual, and video elements

Sister Soulja "African Scaredy Katz in a One Exit Maze"

- obtained degree from Rutgers - Sayin blacks still don't have equal rights and blacks need to get active - feminist, political rapper, considered to have radical views - talking recitatives in intro about who she is - brings in the church (choir, preachers, etc.), brings in a lot of afrocentric qualities

Hard Bop

- re-emphasis on the African American roots of bop

Soul

- the ideology of black power - focus on African heritage and values vs European heritage and values - gained currency in 1964 & 65 by African American community during the Riots (harlem, NYC 1964; Watts, CA 1965) - term popularized in 1965 by DJ in Washington, D.C., establishing "Soul Radio" - attributed to "The Nighthawk" (Bob Terry) - recognized by mass media 1967/1968 - Marvin Gaye writes "Dancing in the Streets" which is a political/nation conscious song but doesn't sound like one! It's a song about protest - often a resource, especially for Conscious rap and Afrocentric rap (West Coast "psychedelic" soul: Sly and the Family Stone "Stand!" 1969)

Gentrification

- the transformation of a working-class or vacant area of the central city into middle-class residential and/or commercial use

Hardcore Rap Heroes (mid 80s-mid 90s & beyond)

- with concern for a Black socio-political message (e.g. KRS-One, P.E., Ice Cube, 2pac...) - with less concern for a Black socio-political message (e.g. NWA, BOSS, Snoop, 2pac...)

Latinos cross-over rap: West Coast bound (1984)

-MC Ice-T and Henry G "Killers" (1984/1985) - MC Kid Frost "Terminator" (1985)

Translocal music scene (Rap music)

-Shared "space" and "places" - Communicate via recordings, bands, fans, and fanzines

Graffiti Rock

-Tried to unite the 4 elements TV program Graffiti Rock (1984) - Pilot episode only, failed venture - T La Rock "It's Yours" - Featured host Michael Holman, Run DMC, NYC Breakers

Womanist themes

-skills -sisterhood -womansm and afrocentricity -social issues

new School/Golden Era

-the commercial cross-over of hip-hop -the shift to a harder and aggressive street style -artists became popular through videos rather than live local performance ( Old School phase 1 was all live, phase 11 had more studio records; New School is all about MTV, etc.) -and Independent record labels partnered with major labels for mainstream and global distribution. -further separation of the four elements of hip-hop -battles moves from the live stage and judged by live audience to the recording studio and radio

South in hip hop

1. The South in New York's Hip Hop (African American Folklore and African Diaspora) 2. Southern Hip Hop Styles (African American Diaspora to Northern and Western USA)

Flashdance

1983 film introduces mainstream America to breakin' (Mainstream Cross-over) Further separation of the four components: - B-boyin' or Breakin' becomes a formalized tradition interpreted by dance companies and videographers as BREAKDANCING

Classic" Gangsta Era

1984 1996 Incubation Period: 1988 1992

1st wave of feminism

19th and 20th century focused on ending gender-based oppression, especially voting rights

"Rockit" 1983

1st "hip hop song" by black artists to get on MTV (cf. Run DMC as 1st RAP ARTISTS in 1984; Blondie as 1st Rap Song by white artist in 1980)

Which of the following are NOT Afrocentric rappers? - Arrested Development - Native Tongues - Queen Latifah - 2 Live Crew

2 Live Crew

Bringing Wreck

: "reshaping the public [voyeuristic] gaze in such a way as to be recognized as human beings..." a rhetorical act that can be written, spoken, or acted out in a way that shows resistance.

Black Nationalism as Action

: positive creativity, vision and healing through the 4 elements and the community members

Bullet proof diva lisa jones

: the Black woman who recognizes her own beauty and strength because she realizes that the larger society will never validate her or even be able to comprehend her true worth.

The word "Freestyle" is used to refer to...

A Latin@ brand of hip hop music

Black Nationalism

A U.S. political and social movement - rooted in the 19th Century - But most prominent 1960s (for our purposes) - sought to acquire economic power and political self-determination, a sense of community among African Americans. An alternative to being assimilated by a predominantly white American nation

Subculture

A smaller group within a larger cultural space, characterized by specific cultural practices not shared by the large group

Counter narrative

A term that is heavily used in the field of Black Studies. They present an alternative, often times liberating, narrative surrounding particular topics that are influenced by discriminatory ideology.

Mainstream Jazz

A term used "for any jazz improvised on chord sequences in the essentially solo style developed by Louis Armstrong and others in the late 1920s"

The Last Poets "Nigg**s Are Scared of the Revolution" (1970)

About being revolutionary and being active and demanding your civil rights calls out people who aren't a part of the revolution (controversial at the set of time due to the use of the "N" word)

Message Rap

About the social problems that arise with living in the ghetto - groundbreaking new narrative Nationalist (aka Nation-Conscious rap or Conscious rap (hard)) ex: public enemy, BDP, Paris

No Homo/Pause

Added after an utterance that may be construed as evidence that the speaker is gay

Feminism

Advocacy of the rights of women based on a theory of equality

Rap Music, the most dominant form of Hip Hop Musics, has always been the product of

African American Verbal Arts and Language.

Voguing

African American dance tradition involving intricate and movements

Tactics against Rap

Anti-rap Advocates reach middle-America Radio stations respond in kind, pressured by, the Anti-defamation League, former Civil Rights Advocates, Christian ministries, politicians, & The Parents' Music Resource Center -civil responsibility -censorship West Coast Artist released a song in 1990 "We're All in the Same Gang" to promote an anti-violence message.

Electro rap as transitional

Bambaataa's "brand" of hip hop would linger into the New School

Scat compares to...

Beatboxing similar to scat but... - Imitate the drum machine - Doug E Fresh (feat. Slick Rick) "The Show" (1985)

White rappers: observing 2 categories for the 1990s

Being alien to the familiar (1st Gen) - Ca. 1986-1991 - E.g. Vanilla Ice Vanilla Ice "Ice Ice Baby" (1990) Finding the familiar alienating and out of place (2nd Gen) - Ca. 1998-2003 - E.g. Eminem or Miilkbone Eminem "My Name Is" (1999)

Womanism

Black Feminism - Coined by Alice Walker - To give visibility to the experience of African American and other women of color

The Black Power Movement was inspired by

Black Nationalism: self-sufficiency, self-control full participation in the decision-making process on issues affecting the lives of black people. Self-awareness

African American Popular Music Cultural Tradition: women

Blues/R&B monologues

Queen Latifa

Both feminist themes and Afrocentric themes - "Ladies First" (Afro-centric, sisterhood, black power; starts with slide show of famous historical A.A. females) - "U.N.I.T.Y. (Who You Calling a Bitch)" - First CD from a female rapper to go gold, also wins best solo rap Grammy

Queen Latifah

Both feminist themes and Afrocentric themes "Ladies First" (1989) Afro-centric Sisterhood Black Power

Songs that predate the message

Brother D and Collective EFFORTS (1980) "HOW WE GONNA MAKE THE BLACK NATION RISE" Curtis Blow's (1980) "The Breaks" "Hard Times" "Tough" - "The Breaks" had a funkier music sound (still kinda disco)

Scat or free style singing example

Cab Calloway "Minnie the Moocher" (1931) - song also contains call and response

African American Preaching Style

Call and Response Intonation and oratory style

Why did the Miami Bass sound of X-rated raps and the bass-heavy, deep percussion of G-Funk cross-over and dominate the musical sound of hardcore?

Cars! Especially the invention of the subwoofer - back then, the car to drive was the jeep because it was airy, large, and the subwoofer made the car shake (can drive and keep windows down year round) this is why more people were drawn to southern miami music culture and west coast culture

Suburban Rap

DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince "Parents Just Don't Understand" (1988) (also humorous) Middle class rappers (Very 1st world problems - ex: previous song about not being able to pick out cool clothes to wear for school, has to wear the clothes his mom bought him -- going to ruin his rep) De La Soul "Potholes in My Lawn" (1988)

Chopped and Screwed Houston

DJ Screw (pioneer) ca. early 1990s. Characteristics: The slower tempo defined the "screwed", but the cuts, scratches, pauses and rewinds make up the "chopped."

1994 Senate Hearings against Rap

Dr. C. DeLores Tucker (National Congress of Black Women & former Civil Rights Activist Joe Madison, member of the NAACP

2 of the Biggest Rising Stars in the 2010s Ain't "American

Drake - From Canada - Features in several songs - Came out with Thank Me Later (2010) Take Care (2011) Nicki Minaj (Trinidad/ Queens NYC): Third Wave FEMcees! - Has three personalities o Barbie, Vampire, and Nicki

Dr Dre and Suge Knight

Dre leaves NWA in summer of 1991 and comes out with solo song with Death Row Records

Fading of Graffiti

During "golden era of rap music" arrests drop - 2400 in 1984 - 300 in 1987 Rise in police force against graffiti Other factors (rise in violence among youth) - Anti-Graffiti campaign - Beating death Michael Stewart (tagger) by NYC police - Crack-cocaine rise - Fire arms sales growing

Nederhop

Dutch Hip Hop

Pushing the boundaries for beef

East-West rivalry began before 2pac vs BIG Ice Cube leaves N.W.A. (1989) records in NYC with Public Enemy's production team (1990) Tim Dog "F--- Compton" (1991) Dr. Dre leaves NWA in summer 1991 with Suge Knight's help: Dr. Dre "**** wit Dre Day" (1992) DJ Quick "Way 2 Fonky" & "The Last Word" Compton's Most Wanted "Who's ****ing Who" 2pac Death Row attains in 1995: top roster in rap West Coast [and Southern] Rappers not getting the recognition (respect?) other rap styles were getting 1991-1993: West Coast artists were out-selling East Coast artists by 3-to-1

Between Go-Go and Early Hip-Hop

Experience Unlimited (EU) Recorded Party Time with Kurtis Blow Trouble Funk was signed to Sugar Hill Records Melle Mel-Pump Me Up Wale Combines contemporary hip-hop with go-go influences

Parents Music Resource Center

FOUNDED BY Tipper Gore Parental Advisory Sticker (1990) The "Tipper Sticker" Ice T's "Rhyme Pays" 2 things happened 1. Stores won't carry albums with out it 2. Sold more albums

The mission of Def Jam Records was to produce records that were a true expression of pop music culture.

False (They were not interested in making "pop" music. They wanted to create a label that catered to rap musicians doing rap music.)

Humours Rap

Fat Boys "Jail House Rap" (1984) - going to prison for breaking into a store to eat pizza "Let's Get Funky" (1985)

soul

Focus on African heritage and values vs. European heritage and values gained currency in 1964 & 65 by African American Community during the Riots Harlem, NYC(1964) Watts, CA (1965) SOUL will often be a resources, especially for Conscious Rap and Afrocentric Rap

Filk

Folk" musical genre with lyrics linked to science fiction and fantasy fandoms

Overall, what is Lauryn Hill advocating for in her song "Doo Wop (That Thing)"?

For the values of family and community while acknowledging the struggles of contemporary life

Eazy-E formed NWA in March 1987

From Compton's World Class Wreckin' Cru's DJs Andre "Dr Dre" Young & Antoine "DJ Yella" Carraby Lorenzo "MC Ren" Patterson O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson of the South Central rap group CIA.

Post-1988

Gangsta Rap

19860-1970s Black Nationalist poets

Gil Scott-Heron (member of the Left Poets) "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" (1970/1972) - song/talking words piece about taking action, strong message, revolution needs to happen Sonia Sanchez "So this is Our Revolution" (1971) - Compare Public Enemy "Fight the Power"(1988) Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones) - found the Black Arts Repertoire and School

Audience Call and Response

Go Go Music The social conditions of African-Americans in D.C. is reflected in go-go music.

Go Go Music

Go-Go music is a subgenre of funk that originated in Washington, D.C. in the 70s

Lady Pink

Graffiti Artist

Second (Black Nationalism)

Identification rooted in a perceive commonality of oppression (Police Brutality, "Fu** the Police") - Artists include: bdp, NWA, Eazy-E, Geto Boys, Compton's Most Wanted - "Who Got the Camera?" Ice Cube

Bounce Music

Incorporates New Orleans' style, parade-strutting, carnival beats to the hip-hop aesthetic. The word "bounce" appears often in the lyrics Cash Money Records brings it to the Mainstream

Godfather of soul/South Brother 1

JAmes Brown

Pioneers of the Soul Sound

James Brown (Godfather of Soul/Soul Brother #1) - "Say it Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud" (1968) - "Get up, Get Into It, Get Involved" (1970) More recitative, staccato performance, even uses horns Soulful performance grounded in the gospel tradition (non-mainstream pop): Address social conditions or concerns of the black community.

Third (Black Nationalism)

Justification of a commonality of culture - Afrocentric rappers (express African heritage through beats and dress) - Africa is the center point - Rural Message/Afrocentric Rap Artist (Arrested Development "Tennessee" spiritual quest to the South to look at his heritage (brought socially consciously rap with a southern sensibility, saying that not all black occurrences happen in metropolitan areas) - completely different sound) - Jungle Brothers, A Tribe Called Quest, Queen Latifah, De La Soul, and X-Clan (a.k.a.) "The Native Tongues" - rejected Militant Style of PE along with the Gangsta style of NWA

Rodney King

King was beaten and arrested by LAPD during a police traffic stop on March 3, 1991 On April 29, 1992, All 4 LAPD officers were acquitted led to the Los Angeles riots and mass protest

Gospel Rap

Kirk Franklin "Stomp" (1997) DC Talk "Word 2 the Father" (1995) Gospel Gangstaz "Before Redemption" (1995)

Example of rap ballad

LL Cool J "I Need Love (1987) Known for being tough and hard and snoop dog with Pharell Williams Beautiful

Latino Freestyle

Latino brand of hip hop music - relies heavily on electronic drums, bass and synthesizers in the traditions of Bambaataa's electro-funk style of the 1980s Def. an electronic dance music from NYC (then Miami...) in the mid-80s produced by Latin@ artists. Sound is electronic drum & bass heavy and lyrics revolve around teen-love/loss. - A.K.A. Latino Freestyle (not to be confused with freestyle rapping) - A.K.A. Latino Hip Hop (but... not universally accepted) Dominated by WOMEN! - lyrics almost always based around teenage love and loss

R&B Rap Fusion

Lauryn Hill "Doo Wop"(1998) Montell Jordan "This Is How We Do It"(1995) Digital Underground "Doowutyalike"(1989)

BO$$

Lichelle Laws - Detroit - Female gangsta rapper - Signed to Def Jam West label (1st female group) - Album : Born Gangstaz "Born Gangsta" (1993) "Outro: Call from Dad" (1993)

Informed by Hardcore trends: changes to Pop Rap and R&B grooves

MC Hammer You Cant Touch This - samples Rick James Funk hit "Superfreak" Vanilla Ice "Ice Ice Baby" ('90) - Samples Queen's hit "Pressure" PM DAWN (1991) "Set Adrift on memory Bliss" - Samples new wave pop ballad "True" by Spandau Ballet, Erik B and Rakim's "Paid in Full" and uses chorus from Sam Cook's R&B classic "You Send Me"

Juice Crew

Marley Marl and RADIO DJ Mr. Magic from Queensbridge, Queens New York - Roxanne Shanté & MC Shan (early stars) - dis rap - MC Shan "The Bridge" (1985) Biz Markie, Kool G Rap, & Big Daddy Kane (late 80s stars) - Marle Marl (featuring Master Ace, Craig G, Kool G Rap, and Big Daddy Kane) "The Symphony" (1988) Project kids - gave him hope that there was life beyond the hood, gave them opportunities as a performer Use of samples was a homage to performers before you

Crunk

Memphis and Atlanta High-energy club music, guided by gritty, hoarse chants and antiphonic, repetitive refrains

Miami Bass (x-rated rap)

Miami bass is known for its more frenetic Tempo and its sexually oriented lyrics. (aka Booty Bass)/Bass music - cf. Detroit, Michigan's Techno scene - and Miami, Florida dance -derived music scene.

Jazz in jazz rap fusion

Miles Davis "The Doo-Bop Song" (1992) Greg Osby "Street Jazz" (1993) Branford Marsalis as Buckshot LeFonque "Some Shit @ 78 BPM (The Scratch Opera)" (1994)

Re-Imaging 2nd Gen. White Rappers

Milkbone "Wherez Da PArty At" 1995 (keepin' it real but failed) to Eminem "My Name Is" 1999 (following lead of Beastie Boys)

What song is an example of R&B/Rap Fusion? - Run-DMC "Rock Box" - Montell Jordan "This is How We Do It" - Kirk Franklin "Stomp" - 2 Live Crew "Put Her in the Buck"

Montell Jordan "This is How We Do It"

Bounce Beat

More percussive, less melodic More covers and less original music Alphabet Bands Dancing: Beat ya Feet, Chopping

Diversity in approach

Move away from Old School party themes and disco that said nothing

Jazz Rap Fusion

Music that used elements of Hip-Hop and Jazz Jazz-Rap attempts to fuse African-American music of the past with a newly dominant form of the present Afrocentric political consciousness

Freestyle example

Nayobe "Please Don't Go" - introduced on LL Cool J's "I Can't Live Without My Radio" segment on Krush Groove - This song (with debate) established the soundscape of Freestyle - Cubana from Brooklyn/Bronx - beat is dance-centric; rhymes are gangsta metaphor for killing the competition; latin-like Sal Abbattielo

Nerdcore

Nerdcore is music by nerds, with themes of nerd experience or nerdy topics Self-deprecating rhymes, Nasal and forward vocal tone, very fast flow

Run-DMC "King of Rock" (1985)

New School Critique of the absence of black pioneers in the history of Rock and Roll sound a lot harder than old school dis Michael Jackson by stepping on his glove; unplug the TV on the white performer

Golden Era

New School, ca. 1985-1989

Why did Flash and group decline The Message at first?

Objected because it was about poverty and ghetto life, Flash was all about having a good time and forgetting hardships

censorship and 2 live crew

Obscenity Charges in Broward County, Florida Arrested in adult club for performing music from album. Determined "legally obscene" -acquitted one month later 1992: ruling on obscenity was overturned

hip-hop dancing

Original LOCKER: Adolfo Quiñones - Chicago-rican moved to Los Angeles in the early 70s. - At 17, became Shabba-Doo in 1972. - forefather of hip hop dancing -"Breakin' and Breakin' 2 Electric Boogaloo" (1984)

Brother D with Collective Effort "How We Gonna Make the Black Nation Rise" (1980)

People missed the message because of the beat. People weren't paying attention to what was being said. They made the song into a disco party song but are too critical of the party people (includes choir/preachy, too upbeat)

Eminem

Performed with openly gay 70s rock icon Elton John at the 2001 Grammys

Fat boys "Let's Get Funky" (1985)

Perpetuate the distinction between the old school and new school with a tip to first generation (Flash and Blow) to the young Turks breaking new ground (Run DMC)

Racism

Prejudiced attitudes, ideologies, practices or policies based on an irrational belief in the inherent inferiority of those belonging to other races

Globalization

Process of blending cultural patterns and its diffusion

Which group helped to redefine the new hardcore sound of rap in the 1980s?

Public Enemy

What diversity means..

Recognizing the existence of difference of lifestyle within a society -Sex and gender -Ethnic groups

Def Jam Records

Russell Simmons & Rick Rubin CROSS-Over into Mainstream market - "Walk this Way"(1986) - "Fight for you Right"(1986)

TLC "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" (1991)

STYLE: R&B/HIP HOP FUSION Sex positive! HIP HOP ATTIRE/CONDOMS HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, became one of the world's most serious health and development challenges. The first cases were reported in 1981. Black women and men greatly affected.

Womanist Styles

Salt-n-Pepa "Push It" (1986) MC Lyte "Paper Thin" (1988)

1985 "PSK What Does It Mean?"

Schooly D Early important song that brought in gangsta themes Talks about the people who stole their style - beaten down other rappers who stole their stuff

Jazz Rap alternative

Served as alternative to gangsta and hardcore rap

Backpack rappers

Similar underground/DIY aesthetic, division from mainstream hip hop based on "intellectual" themes

Fat boys

Some Latinos cross-over rap - Mark Morales aka "Prince Markie Dee" Puerto Rican rapper whose ethnicity = non-issue - Damon Wimbley aka "Kool Rock-Ski" - Darren Robinson aka "Buff Love" aka "The Human Beat Box" - Fat boys "Let's Get Funky" (1985) Beatboxing became the signature for Darren "Buff the Human Beat Box" Robinson in Fat Boys. Originally known as Disco 3 won a talent competition

Civil responsibility

Sought to oppose the expression of misogynistic and sexist and self-deprecating sentiments and images in hip hop culture through boycotts and conscious raising

Censorship

Sought to prevent the sale of vulgar music that offends the mainstream moral sensibility by suppressing the First Amendment

De La Soul "Potholes in My Lawn" (1988)

Suburban Rap

Did this attention to Race appear in Old School (phase 1 or 2)?

Sylvia Robinson's rap song "It's Good to be Queen" (1982) -- song is a disco version of "Lift Every Voice and Sing," which is the "Black American National Anthem"

East Coast West Coast Rivalry

Tension: Ice Cube leaves N.W.A. (1989) records in NYC with Public Enemy's production team (1990)

Sound of the South

The Sound of the SOUTH minimal with coarse accents on the high and low ends leaving space for the vocals

1988

The debut issue of The Source, the first magazine devoted to hip-hop music, culture, and politics. Yo! MTV Raps debut Word Up! magazine Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance was... "Parents Just Don't Understand" DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince the Grammys & the Boycot!

Indigenization

The musician's own cultural sources replace the African American ones to produce their own stlye

Imitation

The musicians intent to sound just like original source

The Grammys and the Boycott (1988)

The only one that got recognized was very soft, very much a pop song, very radio friendly The same year they announced the award, all the nominees and even the winners boycotted it because they wouldn't give the award during the telecast - black artists not getting real respect

Goal of diversity

The respect of different cultures and interculturality -Def: Understanding that different cultures do not necessary share the same aesthetics, tastes, or values. (European art and music are equal to African art and music—just have different values and systems of meaning)

THIRD WAVE FEMINISM (1992)

Third Wave feminists focused on abolishing gender role expectations, defending sex work, pornography, reproductive rights, and sex-positivity

"Hard Racism" can be defined as the intentional and overt expression of prejudiced attitudes, ideologies,practices or policies based on an irrational belief in the inherent inferiority of those belonging to other races.

True

Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song and Dolemite are Blaxploitation films of the 1970s that influenced gangsta rap in the 1990s.

True

Soft Racism

Unintentional, covert This is more complicated; something that everyone has either practiced (usually inadvertently) including people who have been victims of racism. Ex: art historians called A.A. Quilters "naive" "untrained" and/or "primitive" -- was meant to be a positive way to explain, but even inadvert racism is still racism

elements of gospel music

Variation of tempo Robust timbre emotional intensity rhythmic complexity Highly embellished melodic lines

Black music aesthetic

Vocals, vocables, and instruments played in percussive style. Fill-up" limited musical space wit a lot of sound. * Embodiment. Relationship between music-making and movement (dance) *Layering of sounds qualities, textures, varying tonal qualities or timbres ***"Heterogeneous Sound Ideal

Wynton Marsalis

Won a Grammy in bot jazz and classical categories in 1983

Pioneering Southern Aesthetic

X rated

Record Insudtry

a rap album is cost effective than producing rock & roll or R&B music

Rap Ballad

a song that features softer beats and lyrical themes of love and romance. some artists that exemplify this style are LL Cool J Known as rap ballad for the element of ramose attached to it, made famous by LL Cool J, brings women into the audience for rap music Not as intense & aggressive, softer delivery, vulnerable words, melodic

the pop structure to rap by these artists will give rise to what some call hip hop today

cf. R&B-rap fusion The stuff that was getting on the radio was all very "user friendly" and "popified" (Bright music, playful party tunes, not heritage conscious musically, etc..)

Dance as coping mechanism

clowning and krumping Clowning is a costume oriented form of it Krumping is a lot more sinister and aggressive (like gangster rap) - the point is to release anger, emotion through these moves (internal, emotional, not external like breakin) - Might have multiple krumping names/identities (connects to the ways in which you are releasing that energy depending on your particular moment/frame of mind) - There are battles along with battle etiquette (no matter how insulting competitor is, you keep cool until its your turn to battle)

Eazy E

formed NWA in March 1987

Industry trend

from G-style/reality rap to gangsta rap [model]

: Religious music of African Americans that emerged in urban centers during the early decades of the twentieth century" (Burnim 2006: 51)

gospel music

Worldview

how individuals in a culture receive and interact With their philosophy of the world.

Voyeurism

is "a learned mode of appreciation that draws upon negative stereotypic notions of the 'other'".

Sampling techniques

jazz rap pulled from jazz records, particularly those of hard bop and bebop

Hip hop is and always will be a culture from urban Caribbean, Latin@, and African-America.Rap Music, the most dominant form of Hip Hop Musics has always been the product of African American Verbal Arts and Language.

know this

LL Cool J "I Can't Live Without My Radio" (1985)

known for his toughness Video includes girl: Nayobe "Please Don't Go" (1984)

Soul Music influenced many rappers in the Golden Era. A song like "Dancing in the Streets" represents the ideology of "soul" because it is about ________.

organizing and protesting

Black Nationalism as ACTION

positive creativity, vision and healing through the 4 elements and the community members

Def Jams Records Mission

produce records that were a true expression of Rap Music Culture

the ideology of Black Power.

soul echoes the voices of college aged students Rejected integrationist philosophy (1950s Civil Rights leaders) Replace with a nationalist ideology of Black Power

New Direction takes a nation

the musical production was chaotic using multiple beats as opposed to jamming around one beat (which was a typical Def Jam sound). Chuck D starts getting VERY political. Rap lyrics as meaningful/serious "Rap music is the Black CNN" - Chuck D

Hip hop is and always will be a culture from

urban Caribbean, Latin@, and African-America.

Human beat box =

vocal percussion Doug E Fresh "La Di Da Di" (1985) Doug E Fresh is the one to really start off beatboxing, first beatboxer

SCAT

vocal technique that imitates instrumental parts through use of vocables (i.e. syllables without meaning)