Surveying
FALSE
"PLANNING AND DESIGN ARE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF SURVEYS, AND CONSTRUCTION IS NOT CONTROLLED BY SURVEYING."
Webster
"Surveying is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of the boundary lines, the contour of the surface, and of accurately delineating the whole on paper."
J.P La Putt
"Surveying is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative positions of the points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and technologies."
Rayner and Schmidt
"Surveying is the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space; namely, distance, direction, and elevation."
Clarke
"Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships."
Direct Measurements
A comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of that kind
false
ANY surveying measurement is not always subject to the imperfections of the instrument used and the different errors inherent in the process of obtaining the measurement.
PLANE SURVEYING
All angles are considered to be plane angles
Libella
Archeologist are of the belief that the horizontal foundations of the great pyramids of Egypt were probably defined by this device.
GEODETIC SURVEYING
Are surveys of wide extent, which take into account the real shape of earth
International Meter
As a direct result of this treaty, the standard for linear measure was established as the ___________ which was initially based on an iron meter bar standardized in Paris in 1799.
PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING
Distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is diregarded.
English System
Effective January 1, 1983, the ___________ was officially phased out in the Philippines and only the modern metric system was allowed to be used.
TRUE
IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN NECESSARY TO MARK BOUNDARIES AND DIVIDE TRACTS OF LAND.
Galileo
In 1609, a refracting telescope for astronomical observations was constructed. Who constructed refracting telescope?
false; 11th
In October 1960, the meter was redefined at the 12th general Conference on Weights and Measures and agreed upon by 36 countries.
May 20, 1875
In _____________, a treaty was signed in Paris by 18 countries, which created a permanent international Bureau of Weights and Measures.
true
In surveying, measurements are usually concentrated on angles, elevations, times, lines, areas and volumes
true
In surveying, measurements may be made DIRECTLY or INDIRECTLY
Sir Edmund Gunter
Invents the gunter's chain in 1620
Roman Groma
It consisted basically of cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon a vertical staff. Plumb lines were suspended from the ends of the arms. By employing the it two lines at the right angles to each other could be established on the ground where it was set up.
Chorobates
It consisted of a horizontal straight-edge about 6 meters long with supporting legs, and a groove 2.5 cm deep and 1.5m long on top. Water is poured into the groove and when the bar is leveled so that water stood evenly in the groove without spilling, a horizontal line is established.
Astrolabe
It was developed sometime in 140 B.C, and further improved by Ptolemy.
compass
It was first introduced for use in navigation. The _________ consists of a magnetized steel needle mounted on a pivot at the center of a graduated circle. The needle continues to point toward magnetic north and gives a reading which is dependent upon the position of the graduated circle.
Astrolabe
It was originally designed for determining the altitude of the stars.
true
Larger and smaller units are derived from it in decimal steps, and their names are formed by adding prefixes.
Chaldeans
Merchet was first used by the _________ in about 4,000 B.C.
SURVEYING
OLDEST ARTS PRACTICED BY MAN.
1/10,000,000
Originally, the meter was defined as _________ of the earth's meridional quadrant.
TOPOGRAPHY AND LOT BEARINGS
PRODUCT OF SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING
Plumb line's direction is assumed to be same at all points
false
THERE IS EXACT OR TRUE MEASUREMENT IS EVER POSSIBLE AND THE TRUEVALUE OF MEASURED QUANTITY IS NEVER KNOWN
International System of Units (SI)
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures promulgated in 1960 the __________.
PLANE SURVEYING
The earth is considered to be a flat surface
true
The growing use of meter led to demands for an international organization of its defined length.
true
The usual surveying type of measurement entail both angular and linear measurements
KNOT
UNIT OF MEASURE BEFORE
true
Units in SI of Major concern to surveying are the meter (m) for linear measure, the square meter ( sq.m or m^2) for areas, the cubic meter (cu.m of m^3) for volumes, and the radian (rad) for plane angles.
true
Units such as liter, hectare, knot, day, hour and minute are still accepted to use in the Philiippines. Degrees, minutes and seconds are also acceptable for plane angles measured in SI.
PLANE SURVEYING
With regard to hor. Distances and directions, a level line is considered mathematically straight.
Forestry Surveys
a type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
radian
the SI for plane angles is the ________.
Transit
the invention of the ______ is credited to young and Drapper who worked independently from each other sometimes in 1830.
Telescope
the invention of the ___________ in 1607 is generally accredited to lippershey.
Dioptra
which was perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical plane.
Davis, Foote, Anderson, and Mikhail
"Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurement."
Brinker and Wolf
"Surveying is the science and art of determining relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such points."
Breed, Hosmer, and Bone.
"Surveying is the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or to establish such points."
Indirect Measurements
For example, the total length of a line would be an indirectly observed distance if it is determined by a summation of a series of directly measured short segments
Dioptra
For measuring horizontal angles, a flat circular disc with graduations in degrees is used. An arm containing sighting apertures at either end could be rotated to any desired position on the disc
Employs principles of geodesy
GEODETIC SURVEYING
Merchet
It consisted of a slotted palm leaf through which to sight and a bracket which a plumb bob was suspended. By sighting through the slot and past the plumb bob string, a straight line could be projected.
Roman empire
It is believed that an extensive use of surveying instruments came about during the early days of _________.
Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and in Asia
SI units are now adopted by most countries in ____________, the ____________, _________, and in __________.
Direct Measurements
Some common examples of direct measurements are applying a wire or tape to a line, determining a horizontal or vertical angle with a transit, or fitting a protractor between two intersecting lines to determine the intersection angle
Industrial Surveys
Sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.
True
Surveying instruments were developed gradually.
astrolabe
The instrument had a metals circle with pointer hinged at its center and held by a ring at the top, the cross staff, a wooden rod about 1.25 , long with an adjustable cross-arm at right angles to it. The known length of the arms of the cross staff allow distances and angles to be determines by proportion.
Libella
The instrument had an A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and was used to determine the horizontal.
the meter
The international unit of linear measure
true
The measurements obtained are then evaluated and adjusted to obtain the desired results
1,650,763.75
The meter is now defined as a length equal to _____________ wavelengths of the orange-red light produced by burning the element krypton (with an atomic weight of 86) at a specified energy level in the spectrum.
platinum and iridium
The meter was defined as the distance between two lines engraved across the surface (near the ends) of a bar with an X-shaped cross-section composed of 90% , ___________ and 10% __________, when the temperature of the bar is 0 degrees Celsius.
GEODETIC SURVEYING
Use for large scale surveys
Roman Groma
Used as an instrument for aligning or sighting points by roman surveyors.
Indirect Measurements
Used when it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity
GEODETIC SURVEYING
Usually undertaken by government agencies to serve as basis for production of accurate base and topographic map
Pierre Vernier
Vernier was invented in 1631 by a Frenchman name ____________. Surveying instruments employ either a direct or retrograde vernier.
SURVEYING
WE MEASURE DISTANCES, ANGLES AND POSITIONS, ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH USING SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.
ROPE STRECTHERS
WHAT DO YOU CALL TO THE SURVEYORS BEFORE?
Metric conversion
______________ or change-over was signed into law on December 1978 by FEM
Photogrammetric Surveys
a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
Semicircumferentor
an early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angles, and establish line of sight by employing peep sights.
Diopter
an instrument developed by the Greeks sometime in 130 B.C., and known to be their most famous surveying instrument.
GEODETIC SURVEYING
are of high precision and the related calculations involve the solving of equations derived from advanced mathematics (spherical trigo, calculus and some applications of the theory of least squares
City Surveys
are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of the planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features and configurations of the land, and preparing maps
Mine Surveys
are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
Topographic Surveys
are those surveys made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
Cadastral Surveys
are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.
Assyrians and Egyptians
believe to be the first users of libella
magnetic compass
came into wide use during the 13th century for determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines.
Indirect Measurements
in this type of measurement, the observed value is determined by its relationship to some other values
Route Surveys
involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.
Vernier
is a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument, by means of which fractional parts of the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate.
Peep sight
is a small aperture that you look through
radian
is defined as an angle subtended by an arc of a circle having length equal to the radius of the circle
Measurement
is the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard
true
it was only when cross hairs for fixing the line of sight were introduced, that the telescope was used in early surveying instruments.
Plane Table
one of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping. It consist of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction.
Hydrographic Surveys
refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water.
Astrolabe
the _____________ of Hipparchus is considered to be one of the best known of the measuring instruments that have come down from ancient times.
1789
the meter was proposed sometime in ________ by French scientists who hoped to establish a system suitable for all times and all people, and which could be based upon permanent natural standards.
geodesy
the science of accurately measuring and understanding three fundamental properties of the Earth: its geometric shape, its orientation in space, and its gravity field— as well as the changes of these properties with time.
Construction Surveys
these are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders.
Chorobates
this instrument was designed for leveling work.
Transit
universal surveying instrument
Diopter
used for leveling, laying off right angles, and for measuring horizontals and vertical angles. Since the telescope was not yet invented during the time the _________ was used, peep sights were employed for sighting and in aligning the device.
Merchet
was a device for measuring time and meridian.
Gunter's Chain
was the forerunner of instruments used for taping distances. It is 66 ft. long and contains 100 links, so that distances may be recorded in chains and in decimal parts of the chain. Each part, called a link, is 0.66 ft or 7.92 inches long.
