Sustainable development exam 2

globalized agri-food systems

A system that has been linked to an hourglass where the bottom of the hour glass is millions of farmers and labors. The middle is the agriculture input suppliers, food processors, marketing and retailer number less than 20. The top is millions of consumer world-wide. The key concern to the system is the degree of control that major agri-business companies now have over decision making throughout the agri-food system. For example, the chemical pesticide industry bought up biotechnology, plant breeding and seed interest across the world through the 1990s.

payment for environmental services

Base on Beneficiary Pays Principle - which holds that those who use and benefit from environmental services make payments to those who manage environmental resources to restore or establish land uses with external benefits

environmental limits

Limits to oil, water, and land are scarce as humans are absorbing all three of those components making SD difficult and closely related to development. Economic development to date has been closely correlated with mounting rates of resource extraction worldwide.

inherently poor locations

Locations where the poor are inherently poor that require a high level of investment in order to remain productive or be safe for human habitation.

national environmental action plan

National report on some kind of a countries environment. The aim is to assist developing countries in moving beyond environmental reporting and the setting of specific action plan for the environment, towards integrating environmental considerations into a nation's overall economic and social development strategy. However Neaps are considered uneven and were being developed to comply donor requirements rather stimulating local ownership.

mitigation

the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something. In SD, mitigation will not prevent the effects of climate change, and closer attention is needed to adaptation efforts. An anthrogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of the greenhouse gases.

structural features of local society

understanding how a local society operates.

democratic deficit

whereby countries participating that may not be democracies, there is unequal distribuition of power, knowledge and resources amongst participating countries and some countries are able to impose their preferences and undermine the capacity of other participant to impact on the final outcomes.

distress migration

whereby people are pushed from rural areas as a natural response to natural calmity and other shocks. In times of drought and food shortage, for example, household members may move away to earn a wage outside rural areas and children may be sent to other villages to be cared for until food availability improves. Responding to hardship in rural areas.

Peak Oil

Theoretical point at which half or more of the world supplies are used up. Given that oil as formed through geological processes in the deep past, this means that all the oil there will ever be in a human lifespan already exists. Once society moves past the point of Peak Oil and into using the second half of the inevitably limited supply, it is argued that oil becomes more scarce, more scattered and more costly to extract. As the era ends.

Hidden Agenda

an agenda that is kept secretive because it could risk upsetting powerful interest groups. In many developing countries, and not a few developed countries too, governments enact legislation with fine-sounding goals, such as encouraging sustainable resource management. But these are rarely fulfilled because we don't know the govts actual intentions.

civil society

an arena for association and action that is distinct and independent from the state and the market a voluntary, self regulating, "third sector" in which citizens come together to advance their common interests. NGOs are great example that are promoting SD.

tar sands

are deposits of bitumen mixed with clay and sand. Considered a very inferior source of hydrocarbon in that they contain large amounts of carbon and very little hydrogen, require a great deal of energy and water to process into usable oil and produce three to five times as ghg as conventional oil on extraction. Threatens forests and freshwater systems. NAFTA deregulated oil extraction making Canada a defender of hydrocarbons

Grassroots initiative

are innovative networks of activists and organisations that lead bottom-up solutions for sustainable development; solutions that respond to the local situation and the interests and values of the communities involved. In contrast to conventional, incremental green reforms, grassroots initiatives seek to practice deeper, alternative forms of sustainable development.

green-washing

disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image. Also, whereby minor changes are made (and highly publicised) and the environmentally conscious consumer is exploited for further economic gain to the company.

debt relief

important policy mechanism for global economic growth. Relieving debt can help countries increase development by not having to constantly repaying country that issued the amount owed. Debt presents a problem for sustainable development because monies leaving the country through interest payments are unavailable for internal, productive investment in the immediate term and crowd out the possibilities of other areas of public spending such as education, health, and infrastructures that are essential for economic development.

voluntary/self regulation

individual, groups, organization take action to protect environment as good ecological citizens.

tragedy of the commons

is a term used in social science to describe a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. In the book, the real tragedy of the commons is the process by which indigenous property rights structures have been undermined and de-legitimized. Relates to SD because people at the the local level don't have rights to property control because of the govt.

indigenous technology

taking rurals peoples knowledge and scientific knowlege that are complementary in their strengths and weaknesses. Combined they may achieve what neither would alone. At the local level people can be strengthened in their own observation , experiments and analysis to generate and enhance their own knowledge; how they can better seek, demand, draw down, own an use information; how they can share and spread knowldege among themeselves; and how they can influece formal agricultural research practices.

E - Waste

(compromising all forms of electrical and electronic equipment including PCs, refrigerators, air conditioners, and mobile phones that have been discarded by their users) is not now the fastest growing waste stream in industrialized countries. 3.5 per cent every year growing. There are opportunities to recycle this kind of material like copper and gold including lead and mercury. Problems: recycling is done at crude sites and landfills where there is little regulation and health risks fall on the urban and rural poor. Corruption is evident and exploitation is problem as farmers are doing anything to get money to survive.

Agenda 21

A detailed document detailing the issues, the actors and the means of achieving SD by the start of the 21st Century. Encouraging organizations.

livelihood

A livelihood compromises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from the stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base.

pilot project

A pilot study, pilot project or pilot experiment is a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project. In sustainability, the states would be implementing these projects at the local level to better development, but there is concern about replication. There needs to be the right time and place for individual local projects to be self sustaining once administrative, financial, and technical inputs from external agencies have been withdrawn.

multi-environmental agreement

A principal means through which countries can confirm their cooperation and within international efforts to support global environmental goals, and treaties that bind international behaviour towards collective objectives that could not be achieved by nation states acting individually.

urbanization

An increase in a population in cities and towns versus rural areas. Rising numbers of people resident in urban areas brings a range of challenges and opportunities for SD that includes the needs for housing, employment and infrastructure that is associated with an expanding city.

kyoto protocal

An international agreement that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and the presence of greenhouse gases. Countries that ratify the Kyoto Protocol are assigned maximum carbon emission levels and can participate in carbon credit trading. Emitting more than the assigned limit will result in a penalty for the violating country in the form of a lower emission limit in the following period. Climate change is affecting the ecosystem services and local level environment and development opportunities within current generation and particular low income countries. Climate change questions development itself worldwide.

biofuels

Biofuels are fuels produced directly or indirectly from organic material - biomass - including plant materials and animal waste. Contribute to higher food production and undermine food security for the poor in rural and urban areas. Pushes up prices to feed livestock. Poor spends a lot of money on food than wealthy people. Great at reducing fossil fuel consumption.

climate justice

Climate justice links human rights and development to achieve a human-centred approach, safeguarding the rights of the most vulnerable people and sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and its impacts equitably and fairly. Climate justice is informed by science, responds to science and acknowledges the need for equitable stewardship of the world's resources. Works include activities of public demonstrations, advocacy and training work, and looser networks of people engaging in periodic climate groups, and networking of climate camps that recieve global media attention.

climate refugee

Climate refugees or environmental migrants are people who are forced to leave their home region due to sudden or long-term changes to their local environment. These are changes which compromise their well-being or secure livelihood.

genetically modified organisms

Crops that carry genetically engineered traits. Alien genetic material in introduced artificially rather than tradition cross breeding from one organism to the other. Crop varieties are being created to require lest pesticide, herbicide tolerant, fix their nitrogen levels, yield to challenging conditions, and drought resistant. Lots of public dispute because how healthy are these types of plants.

agro-ecosystem model

Describes the aspects of both the diversity and dynamism of rural livelihood systems. The model confirms how farming is the only one option for securing basic needs for food and cash in rural areas, and that farming itself may be based on a combination of livestock and/or cropping systems. Changes may occur in full range of environmental, economic, political, social factors across this hierarchy. For example, lack of rain.

devolution of power

Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to govern at a sub-national level, such as a regional or local level. It is a form of administrative decentralization. The power would be given to the local level to make SD decisions since they know best.

trickle down effect

In the 1950s, any financial or international aid would trickle down to poorest of the poor, leading to the alleviation of poverty. This aid given to developing countries would eventually make its way to the local level.

differentiated responsibilities

In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command." Similar language exists in the Framework Convention on Climate Change; parties should act to protect the climate system "on the basis of equality and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities."

purchasing power parity

Is an economic theory that compares different countries' currencies through a "basket of goods" approach. According to this concept, two currencies are in equilibrium or at par when a basket of goods (taking into account the exchange rate) is priced the same in both countries. In SD, it enables differences across countries in the costs of services and value of currencies and inflation rates to be accounted for.

Participatory Approach

It can enhance the quality of local governance by creating processes that are more democratic and equitable. The poor often have little, if any, voice in government decisions. Consultation and dialogue between local government and interest groups representing the poor can give the latter more voice and influence over decisions. Participatory management and decision making encourages the poor to be more responsible for, involved in, and aware of their role in local governance. It can help reduce potential conflict and build local people's feeling of ownership in the government's plan. If managed well, participation can help empower the poor to take control of decisions that affect their daily lives. Participatory initiatives can result in programs that are better and more efficient. By consulting the poor and giving voice to their concerns and needs, the resulting actions are more likely to be relevant and appropriate to the conditions they face. For instance, simply consulting people about their daily schedules can help government provide services at times when people are likely to make best use of them. Participatory planning can increase the transparency of governmental decision making. This allows citizens to understand how and why the local government is making certain decisions. It is also a way of holding government members accountable for what they planned to do. It can improve mutual understanding and trust between the poor and local government.

land tenure

Land tenure rules define the ways in which property rights to land are allocated, transferred, used, or managed in a particular society. When land tenure is secure, land can be a cornerstone for economic growth and an incentive for investment, but when land rights are insecure, this can lead to conflicts, instability and the exclusion of vulnerable groups, such as women, indigenous people and the poor.

industrial agriculture

Popular in developed nations, but is occurring in developing countries too. The type of agriculture was identified as highly productive but dependent on heavy external inputs such as synthetic fertilizers and chemical insecticides. Multinational corporations had a lead role in this kind of agriculture and its expansion, dominating the key inputs, but also through the establishing networks with agriculture research institutions, training colleges, and govt ministries and regulatory bodies. Sustainability concerns raised at the time, such as the impacts of fertilizers and pesticides on water quality.

human development index

The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can end up with different human development outcomes. These contrasts can stimulate debate about government policy priorities. In the book, Sen considers human development in terms of individuals capablities to achieve to flourish and live lives they have reason to value. For example, health, education, and living standards.

international monetary fund

The International Monetary Fund is an international organization that aims to promote global economic growth and financial stability, to encourage international trade, and to reduce poverty.The IMF's website describes its mission as "to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world."

world bank

The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement. The World Bank was created out of the Bretton Woods agreement, as a result of many European and Asian countries needing financing to fund reconstruction efforts. As of 2016, the Bank predominantly acts as an organization that attempts to fight poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle- and poor-income countries.

blueprint approach

The basic mode for agriculture development encompassed within both the Gene and Green Revolutions. In short, new technological packages are developed in research stations and laboratories for transfer via extension systems to farmers.

self help approach

The self help approach is a successful instrument for combating poverty in a sustainable way. It empowers the very poor, the majority being women, socially, economically and politically empowering them to live a life of dignity with their children in the community. Encourages people within the community to work together Employs collaboration to provide important needs and services Emphases the process above the task or goal The strategy in book: given residents titles to a plot of land preferably including their existing house or alternatively a plot for new house that included space for expansion. A mechanism for financing and administrating loans for self-help improvements that was adaptable, efficient and reflected the realities of estate life. A community based organization that residents could manage their settlements.

Empowerment

this term means giving authority or power to do something. In this case, it means empowering the local levels to participate in decision making, so everyone can benefit or contribute an effective idea towards sustainable development.

learning process approach

This approach contrasts what is called the blueprint approach to planning, in that it allows farmers and scientists to join forces. In this approach, projects are also continually improved, and experimentation and experience are used to guide the evolution and adaptation of technology. This is challenging because farmers and scientist have different priorities. NGOs may be the answer to solving and applying the approach.

monetarry consensus

This urges members of the UN to intensify their efforts as aid donors to: harmonise their operational procedures, move to further untie aid and remove restrictions, enhance capacity of recipient countries, use frameworks that are owned and driven by developing countries, enhance reciepent country input design of technical assistance programmes, and improve ODA targeting to poor.

Low Carbon Development

a challenge for the global community. Low carbon growth includes raising energy efficiency in production, that is, reducing the amount of energy used to produce each unit of output. It also involves reducing the amount of carbon emitted for a given amount of energy used as different fuels produce varied levels of carbon. enhancing the use of renewable energies. Example US and Brazil.

subsidiarity

a company controlled by a holding company. In SD, the future needs to be consisted of multi-agency subsidiarity which will include many organizations, not just one. This would facilitate efforts to find the appropriate level, whether national, regional, district or local, at which decision should be made. finding the the most appropriate level for taking and implementing decisions with a presupposition that the more devolved the better. This must include both the right to make decisions and the means to ensure they are followed through. The means will be material, legal, informational, and social

green revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. According to the WCED, approximately 2.5 billion people in 1987 in countries mostly in Asia where the revolution took place. For example, India was had used technologies in establishing self-sufficiency in food grains by the late 1970s. This created extreme optimism of agriculture in the developing regions into the world economy and its modernization based on moving to these high external input systems of production that is modelling the general characteristics of industrial agriculture.

ecofeminism

a philosophical and political movement that combines ecological concerns with feminist ones, regarding both as resulting from male domination of society. In SD, women play a key role as they manage they household. Women's interest in the environment futher suggest that women have a natural affinity with nature aligned to their child-bearing qualities that men don't have; therefore, women may be the key to SD.

gender and development

a school that now considers that it is not sufficient to work only with women or to assume that women's relationship with the environment are undifferentiated. Gender divisions of labor are not uniform or static, nor are gender relations. Furthermore women are not an undifferentiated or homogeneous group. Relations with men and women have always struggled in the past.

bureaucracy

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. A common way of commanding and controlling SD. Its an easy way to turn for help, but the overall framework of the development can fail if adjustments aren't going to be made for local levels. For example, the Bangladesh Dam in the book had failed because of existing framework and organization/authorities. The govt was shy shifting to national to local govts.

debt for nature swaps

a transaction in which a foreign exchange debt owed by a developing country is transferred to another organization on the condition that the country use local currency for a designated purpose, usually environmental protection. Example U.S. and Indonesia. WWF and the govt of France has released 20 million dollars for biodiversty preservation in Madagascar.

adaptation

adjustments in natural human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimull or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Developing countries will need this to save the poor people where climate change brings a terrible threat.

poverty reduction strategy papers

are prepared by the member countries through a participatory process involving domestic stakeholders as well as development partners, including the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Updated every three years with annual progress reports, PRSPs describe the country's macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programs over a three year or longer horizon to promote broad-based growth and reduce poverty, as well as associated financing needs and major sources of financing. The WB encourages govts to consider environmental factors in their PRSPs, because of the links between environment and poverty, and because a poverty reduction strategy must be environmentally sustainable over the long term.

peri-urban

areas outside the urban boundary but derive their livelihoods from work within it, while people living inside the urban boundary engage in activities such as farming, fishing, collecting wood or trading which take them to surrounding areas.

environmental taxes/pollution charges

based on Polluter Pays Principle that cost of preventing pollution minimizing environmental damage should be borne by those responsible for pollution. Holds the price of goods should fully reflect total cost of production including use of public goods (land, water, air) for emissions that are currently under priced in existing markets.

ecosystem services

can increase overall human well being in regulating, provisioning, supporting, and cultural servicies. Can be influenced by socioeconomic services such as participating substitutes for a particular services. Can be different in a different location.Dominate influence on poor people as people are dependant on supporting food production, primarty sources of energy, and provisioning services of the ecosytem.

cap and trade

ceiling set on total amount of pollutant allowed.

command and control

coercive regulation of behavior of business and individuals through legislation specifying standards of pollution that a process or produce has to meet

community based natural resource management

encompasses a breadth of policies and programmes in practice, but typically involves one of the three kinds of experience: some kind of joint or collaborative management involving local communities in the management of (typically) previously defined state resources; those that look to decentralize authority to (usually newly created_ local/community institutions; and those that work to strengthen the traditional, local institutions and controls that are already in place.

odious debts

explains whereby the current generations are liable for debts taken out by corrupt regimes without any responsibility being taken by the creditors that knowingly leant to those regimes. A nation's debt becomes odious debt when government leaders use borrowed funds in ways that don't benefit or even oppress citizens. Some legal scholars argue that successor governments should not be held accountable for odious debt incurred by earlier regimes, but there is no consensus on how odious debt should actually be treated. In practice, countries often end up repaying it to uphold their ability to borrow at favorable interest rates.

austerity

government policy to crackdown on reducing govt budgets and making sure money is not wasted. Helps govts pay off debts.

official development assistance

is defined as government aid designed to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries. Loans and credits for military purposes are excluded. Aid may be provided bilaterally, from donor to recipient, or channelled through a multilateral development agency such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The OECD maintains a list of developing countries and territories; only aid to these countries counts as ODA. The list is periodically updated and currently contains over 150 countries or territories with per capita incomes below USD 12 276 in 2010. A long-standing United Nations target is that developed countries should devote 0.7% of their gross national income to ODA. This indicator is measured as a percentage of gross national income and million USD constant prices, using 2015 as the base year.

world trade organization

is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Has the power to impose sanctions on govts through its dispute settlement system. The agreements made by the organization have far-reaching implications for national policy-making and prospects for economic development and environmental protection within countries as well as internationally.

trade liberalization

is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations. This includes the removal or reduction of tariff obstacles, such as duties and surcharges, and non-tariff obstacles, such as licensing rules, quotas and other requirements. The easing or eradication of these restrictions is often referred to as promoting "free trade." Promotes environmental technologies, standards for products and processes towards higher levels of rich countries, and increases the markets for environmentally preferable products. See Figure 3.16

demographic transition

is the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. Countries in less developed regions are going to experience higher population increase where 86% is to live by 2050

political will

lacking to make fundamental changes to a state institution; consequently, participation was tokenism. In SD, power was given to the local level, but help was not given or support.

corporate social responsibility

often abbreviated "CSR," is a corporation's initiatives to assess and take responsibility for the company's effects on environmental and social well being. The term generally applies to efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.

Woman Environment and Development

projects sought to work with women in this role as privileged environmental managers and to harness their knowledge of local environments and their existing initiatives within diverse conservation works.

fair trade

promoting sustainability. The movement advocates the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods.

carbon intensity of GDP

refers to how much intense and reliant to nations that are dependent on carbon fossil fuels. Overall, it has been noticed the amount is decreasing. There also is a difference in carbon intensity from develop and developing nations. There is no direct link between levels of development and carbon intensity. Energy is influenced by the structure of economy, as well as climate. Regulation is also key, countries with higher energy prices and more stringent regulations tend to be more efficient.

gross national product

refers to the total value of all goods and services produced and sold domestically and overseas by a nation. Based on the national assessments of the expenditure of households required to consume a certain number of calories or basket of goods and services. Example $1.25 a day could end poverty in developing nations.

subsidies

reshape economic incentive to business to enable change

IPCC

reviews and assesses the research produced worldwide on climate change with thousands of scientist submitting their work. Established that the global temperature is rising and human activity is the blame. Human activities were leading to rising concentrations of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and driving the identified enhanced greenhouse effect.

resource curse

slower rates of economic growth in mineral rich economies (defined as having more than 40 per cent of exports based on hard minerals such as copper, tin and bauxite) than in non-mineral economies. Oil economies had significantly slower economic growth, and life expectancy and literacy rates improved in non-oil economies that oil economies. Finances over oil can create conflict. People in oil economies live in a dangerous environment.

think globally, act locally vs think locally, act globally

the book says "we understand and build upon local-level livelihoods, resource management systems and patterns of social relationship, but act upon a larger scale to develop a legal, policy and institutional framework that creates conditions through which people can realize more and better choices, with greater security and less variability in the conditions that effect their livelihood." Think globally act local - is based on an implicit, but rarely articulated assumption that the barriers to SD can most effectively be surmounted at the local level, and that such profound changes to local social relationships and power structures can be achieved by the efforts of outsiders.

resilance

the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness. The capacity to absorb shocks and stresses and to recover but also take new opportunities for development.

actors

the international environmental and financial institutions, governments, business, and civil society that make up the decision making of SD in the real world.

social capital

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

adaptive capacity

the potential and capability to change to a more desiable state in the face of the impacts or risks of climate. Developing countries will have to do this in order to offset the change in climate conditions. The IPCC agenda has laid out a very detailed plan on development for these third world countries.

tokenism

the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort to do a particular thing, especially by recruiting a small number of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of sexual or racial equality within a workforce. Basically, participation is being created to increase sustainable development.

vulnerability

the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally. In SD, with diminished human well being dependence on ecosytem services increases, creating additional pressure on ecosytems and potential for further degredaton of ecosytem services. For example, the poor are vulnerable to ecosytem services

governance

the range of institutions, rules and participants that now operate in complex networks and across scales to steer societal concerns. It has a particular relationship with SD. As seen, many environmental problems are affected by decisions, interventions and behaviors at local, regional, national and transnational level and have impacts across those spatial scales.

food security (218)

the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Hybrid Governance

the strenghts and weaknesses of particular organizations and mechanisms to promote sustainable development in isolation and therefore emphasise partnerships and co-management and a combination of what can be achieved through legislation, market incentives and self-regulation.

gross domestic product

the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.

participatory learning and action

the umbrella term used to refer to the tools and ways of working that have done much to move understanding forward of the knowledge, values and priorities within the local communities and complex diverse and risk prone environments of resource poor people. Commonly used in natural resource management, but also in programs of addressing empowerment equity and rights issues. For example, PLA approaches are being used in the Andes to support local capacity to adapt to future climate changes.

resource poor agriculture

this concept takes into account poverty and economic and ecological marginality. Is greatly affected by biases and in not widely integrated into the world economy. If resource poor agriculture were to receive attention from agricultural scientists or receive subsidies, it would vastly improve the livelihoods of some of the poorest individuals in developing countries. However resources allocated to these agricultural operations are unlikely to benefit sustainability efforts on a global level.