SY 221: Final Exam, Chapters 9-11

Which of these uses the master frame of individual rights?

"Right to Choose"

It is helpful for social movements to have a frame that is resistant to challenges. Which of these has the most challenge-resistant frame?

#MakeAmericaGreatAgain

In ethnographic research, ethnographers spend time writing field notes after each visit to the field. Besides their tentative sociological observations, these notes are

descriptive accounts of what occurred in the field

When the government began mandating face coverings and limiting gatherings during the Covid-19 pandemic, Brendan decided not to comply. He also demonstrated xenophobic thinking and tried to convince his friends that the Chinese were to blame for the pandemic. Brendan

is highly individualistic

Sociologist Lauren Rivera found that in both exclusive nightclubs as well as elite investment banks and law and consulting firms, cultural capital

mattered the most

What type of social cohesion is based on interdependency in which everyone needs everyone else to do their part?

organic solidarity.

The poor, powerless, and stigmatized still have the power to disrupt an interaction through noncooperation by exercising their __________, which requires both intellectual and emotional work.

Interdependent power

When the interests of elites and activists align, this is called

Interest convergence

What term did Mills use to describe formal connections among members of the power elite that enhance the likelihood of cooperation?

Interlocks

Boycotts, sit-ins, vigils, rallies, strikes, and viral hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo are examples of what sociologist Charles Tilly calls

Repertoire of contention

Which of the following serves as the measure of all men , the yardstick against which they are encouraged to measure themselves? CEOs, quarterbacks, and action heroes exemplify this. A. Sexism B. Hegemonic Masculinity C. Androcentrism D. Heterosexism

B. Hegemonic Masculinity

Through __________, the coordinated activities of members of groups with shared goals, the masses have power to affect __________, shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions.

Collective action problem; social change

The murder of Vincent Chin, a Chinese American, by two White American men who mistook him for being Japanese led to the mobilization of a diverse community of people from Asia to self-identify with the category of "Asian." Chin's murder is an example of a

Critical Event

A sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates nonactivists to become politically active is called a(n)

Critiical Event

Power maintained primarily by persuasion is called

Cultural hegemony

Which of the following is the idea that employees should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities? A. Second Shift B. Specialized Division of Labor C. Ideology of Intensive Motherhood D. Ideal Worker Norm

D. Ideal Worker Norm

Raeanna and José are a dual-earning, professional-class couple who have a young son. A few times per week, they order takeout or get prepped meal kits delivered to their home. In place of household chores, they hire a housekeeper. To help balance work and family, they drop their son off at day care. In other words, Raeanna and José manage the work of the second shift partly by hiring help. This is called

Domestic Outsourcing

The likely success of social movements depends on __________ opportunity structures.

Economic

Some social movements get more attention than others sometimes because

Economic inequality itself also shapes the options of activists.

If business elites believe that more welcoming immigration policies will provide them with a better pool of employees, they may be more willing to support such policies alongside pro-immigration activists. This is an example of

Economic opportunity structure

What is used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions, even when we are directly harmed by them?

Hegemonic Ideologies

Male flight is best defined by which of the following

The phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

Which political strategy can make populations accept their rule without creating resentment that may incite rebellion?

coercion

The Montgomery bus boycott successfully created social change by

collective action; organizational strength

In 1834, a group of teen girls working at a Massachusetts textile mill walked off the job in protest of intolerable working conditions. This is an example of __________. Though the strike was crushed, the girls continued to organize and won many concessions in the years to come, helping to start a __________.

collective action; social change/movement

According to Émile Durkheim, __________ is characteristic in societies based on organic solidarity, while __________ is characteristic of societies based on mechanical solidarity.

collectivism; individualism

Which of the following are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions, even when we are directly harmed by them?

hegemonic ideologies

The Protestant work ethic is a core American value. It is common for Americans to judge people's moral worth by how hard they work. And those of us who don't work as hard as we can often feel guilty. Many of us believe that we should always be striving to work harder. Consequently, Americans work hundreds more hours every year than residents of similar countries. The Protestant work ethic is an example of a(n)

hegemonic ideology.

Today's discourse on the opioid epidemic often focuses on "drug dealers," "drug abusers," and "drug addicts," which is an example of

individualistic thinking

Disagreements among elites, also known as __________, presents an opportunity for activists who can appeal to whichever elites happen to agree with them.

inter-elite competition

The type of social cohesion derived from similarity and familiarity in which functional sameness bonds people together is known as

mechanical solidarity

In ethnographic research, how much time do ethnographers usually spend in the field?

months or years

Which of these hegemonic ideologies inhibits sociological thinking and our ability to think critically about our societies?

the cult of the individual

Which are internal factors that influence the success of social movements?

the passion of supporters, organizational strength, political networks, and the resonance of frames and counter frames

The bamboo ceiling refers to an invisible barrier to

upward mobility faced specifically by Asian Americans

Domestic outsourcing neither increases the value of the feminine sphere nor requires men to do their fair share of domestic labor. Instead, it displaces that labor onto other women

who are almost always less advantaged than the women whose work they are replacing

According to Antonio Gramsci, political leaders can make populations accept their rule using what kind of strategies?

1. Coercion: Leaders can act in overtly oppressive ways. 2. Persuasion: People can be coaxed into accepting a state of affairs, even one that does them harm.

Rosemarie is a Filipina migrant living in Singapore and working as a nanny for a wealthy family. Though Rosemarie earns meager wages, she sends a portion of her earnings to her own young children in the Philippines who are cared for by family members. Rosemarie and her family members are part of

A global care chain

Define male flight.

A phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it.

Describes the freedom/power paradox.

A situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom. • The women who benefit from this freedom are mostly those who are among the economic and status elite. • Many of these women have sought to escape the old demands of domesticity and acquire some degree of masculine power. • These women manage the work of the second shift partly by hiring help.• Domestic outsourcing: Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks. • Essentially all families do some outsourcing, and some families do a lot of it. • Dual-earner professional-class couples with high household incomes are especially likely to outsource family-related tasks. Freedom/Power Paradox (2 of 4)• These women manage the work of the second shift partly by hiring help.• Domestic outsourcing: Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks. • Essentially all families do some outsourcing, and some families do a lot of it. • Dual-earner professional-class couples with high household incomes are especially likely to outsource family-related tasks. • Domestic outsourcing doesn't raise the value of the feminine sphere, nor does it require men to do their fair share of the unpaid and underappreciated labor in the home. • Instead, it displaces that work onto other women. • These women are almost always less advantaged than the women whose work they're replacing. • Nearly half of domestic workers are also migrants, and more than a third are non-citizens. • These migrants have families, too, ones they leave behind in the care of others. • Global care chains: A series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers.

____________ is performance based. It is why men are generally taught to avoid being feminine and women are encouraged to be a little masculine.

Androcentrism

Regardless of industry, unionization, physical difficulty, educational requirements, and demand for the work product, people working female-dominated jobs earn up to 21 percent less than people working male-dominated jobs. This is an example of

Androcentric Pay Scale

Don and Betty are married and have two children. Don has a well-paying job at an advertising firm and Betty is a stay-at-home wife and mother. Although Don earns enough money to support the entire family, the marriage model he and Betty maintain has left him stressed and Betty bored. Which marriage model do Don and Betty embody?

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

Persistent, organized collective action meant to resist social movements is known as a

Countermovements

Which are the external factors that influence the success of social movements?

Economic, cultural, and political opportunity structures

What is the idea hypothesized by C. Wright Mills that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institutions?

Elite theory of power

Social reproduction allows for socially stratified societies to be stable because

Even if we object to certain features of our societies, we may still spend more time climbing hierarchies than trying to pull them down. A surprising number of us even support policies that maintain or exacerbate inequality, even when we're on the losing side.

Interdependent power is rooted in the fundamentally social nature of human life. In other words, interdependent power

Everyday life relies on everyone keeping everything rather ordinary. Interaction is spontaneous but heavily guided by social rules. It is also fragile.

Men and people who perform masculinity attract higher wages than women and people who perform femininity, resulting in

Feminization of poverty

What is true about the gender wage gap?

Feminization of poverty: A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top.• What explains these differences? • In the case of cisgender men and women, sociologists have very clear answers. • Because women are more likely than men to take time out of the workforce to care for children, the average woman accumulates less job experience than the average man. • Being placed on a mommy track also means fewer opportunities to build their resumes. • Differences in career trajectories explain 10 percent of the gender wage gap. Interpersonal discrimination accounts for 41 percent of the wage gap. • Men tend to be favored in both male-dominated and female-dominated occupations. • Even a handful of people in a workplace acting in discriminatory ways can prevent women from being promoted, depress their pay, stifle their opportunities, or push them out of promising jobs.

Battles over whether a social fact is a social problem and debates about what kind of problem it is are known as

Framing Wars

Greg Focker, a White man, is a nurse. Having worked just two years in a hospital, he was promoted to director of nursing. Meanwhile, Tess—a Filipina woman—and Jason—a Haitian American man—have been working at the same hospital for five years and have not earned any promotions. Nurse Focker's promotion is an example of

Glass Escalator

Which of these best illustrates cultural capital?

If you can present yourself as the "right" kind of person, you may be able to get into a top fraternity or sorority.

Women are more likely than men to be in caring and helping professions such as teaching, nursing, and childcare. Men are more likely than women to pursue technical-rational and labor-intensive occupations such as construction work, engineering, and firefighting. This pattern is described as

Job Segregation

The collective action problem can be overcome with

Mechanisms of social control

Michael grew up in a rural town in upstate New York and came from a poor family. When he arrives at Yale, he is uncomfortable. Ken grew up in a wealthy New York suburb and felt uncomfortable when he visited Michael in his low-income neighborhood. The strain that both Michael and Ken experience is not equal, because

Michael's life chances depend on being able to appear to fit where he really does not.

William and Yazmin are in a polyamorous relationship. Both are free to form relationships with others that are both sexual and romantic. Their family and friends are unsupportive of their relationship because their culture promotes

Mononormativity

Among same-sex couples who practice a specialized division of labor,

More masculine partners may specialize in breadwinning and more feminine partners may specialize in housework and childcare.

Upon the arrival of a child in an American family, what tends to occur for heterosexual parents?

Most women report feeling a great deal of pressure, and often a strong desire, to be an intensive mother. • Many also discover that they're pushed away from work. • Fathers, in contrast, are subjected to the opposite pressures and may prioritize work because they feel it's their responsibility to do so.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, couples who were able to work from home

Nearly doubled on time spent on housework and childcare, with most of the work falling on women.

Sociologist Frances Fox Piven writes, "Social life is cooperative life, and in principle, all people who make contributions to these systems of cooperation have potential power over others who depend on them." Which of the following statements describes Piven's quote?

No matter how much power the people at the top have as individuals, they are completely dependent on the masses of people at the bottom.

Michael and Eileen are married and have two children. The two have decided that Eileen would tend the home while Michael would be employed. Both Michael and Eileen believe that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men. Michael and Eileen are upholding the __________ model.

Partnership Union, ideology of separate spheres

Which of the relationship models paved the way for same-sex marriages? It is based on love and companionship between equals.

Partnership Unions

Which model of marriage has lasted thousands of years and is the oldest model of marital relations? In this model, women and children are equivalent to any other form of property.

Patriarch/property marriage

After more than a year of people boycotting buses, the U.S. Supreme Court declared racial segregation on buses unconstitutional. When Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. later stated, "All life is interrelated. We are all caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied into a single garment of destiny," he was invoking

Power of interdependence

Crystal and Evan have been married for three years. For the past year, they have been trying to get pregnant. They recently learned that they would not be able to have biological children due to a medical condition. Crystal is devastated and feels her marriage will never be fully complete without biological children. This belief is a predictable outcome of a(n) __________ culture.

Pro-natal

Lupita returned to work after just three weeks of maternity leave. She was excited to get back to her projects and eager to put in the long hours necessary for a promotion. However, her boss assumed that Lupita would want to work less in order to spend more time with her newborn. As such, her boss had reassigned her projects to her child-free colleagues. Lupita has been

Put on the mommy track

Hashi was a teenager in the 1980s. During that decade, both of her parents worked outside the home. When they would come home at the end of the workday, she remembers watching her mom prepare meals, doing the laundry, paying bills, helping her with her homework, bathing her younger brother, cleaning the house, and putting her and her siblings to bed. This type of work is referred to as

Second Shift

__________ is the productions of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be female.

Sexism

The vast majority of both men and women today say they want a(n) __________, in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work. But research shows that most couples adopt a(n) __________, in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework and the other does the inverse.

Shared Division of Labor; Specialized Division of Labor

The number of people we know and the resources they can offer us is __________ capital.

Social

When an American moves to Paris, a city kid moves to the country, and the son of a mechanic attends Harvard University, each would most likely experience a lack of

Social Capital

A process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others is called

Social Closure

When Eileen and Taylor foreclosed their home in 2010, they blamed themselves for being unable to make their mortgage payments. Several years later, when it became clear that tens of thousands of other Americans also lost their homes in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, they realized their experience was not simply a personal struggle but a public concern. This scenario serves as an example of what sociologists describe as

Social construction of social problems

Sweeping changes in gender relations have begun in our society, but they have not been fully realized. For example, women can now embrace valued masculine qualities and spheres of life. However, men who enter feminized occupations, adopt feminine leisure pursuits, or do half the housework sometimes face criticism. Because of this, many sociologists today describe the state of inequality as

Stalled Revolution

Which statement best describes the ideology of intensive motherhood?

The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment. This ideology insists that mothers should give their children close, hands-on attention, that it's normal and good for this to drain most of a mother's time and energy, and that children's needs and interests must take precedence over those of anyone else.

A military general who leaves to work for a private defense contractor. A Food and Drug Administration examiner who advises for a pharmaceutical company upon retiring. A politician who takes a job as a corporate lobbyist after losing reelection. These are examples of which concept?

The revolving door

Dr. Flora researches gender inequalities. They want to know whether gendered division of labor exists among teenagers. Dr. Flora asked fifteen- to seventeen-year-olds to report their activities at regular intervals for a week using an app. They discovered that girls spend more time than boys doing household work, grooming, and studying. What type of research method did Dr. Flora use?

Time-Use Diary

The pluralist theory of power is the idea that

U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals.

Recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action, often an emotional experience sometimes sparked by a moral shock, is known as a(n)

U=Insurgent Consciousness

Unlike our ancestors, people today must figure out what makes them different from other people and what makes them special. Because of this, which is a common question most people living in contemporary society raise?

Where in the giant behemoth of our society do you want to insert yourself?

Slacktivism is a(n)

critical word for supposedly lazy forms of activism.

Crystal, a freshman at Yale on a full scholarship due to her family's low income, quickly made friends with the other students and had attended a few social events. As she and a friend were getting ready to go to a cocktail party, her friend remarked, "Isn't that the same black dress you already wore to two parties?" Crystal, embarrassed, changed the subject in hopes that her friend would not notice that this was the only black dress she owned appropriate to wear to Yale cocktail parties. In this scenario, which type of capital does Crystal most likely lack?

economic

"Do what makes you happy" and "it doesn't matter what other people think" are common sayings that affirm

hegemonic ideology

Two students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill discovered that the university mishandled their sexual assault reports. Once the students connected with online student-activists at Yale and Amherst, they found hundreds of other students across the three universities who had reported similar experiences, resulting in the building of strong

political networks.

Alyssa Milano, a well-known actress, was an effective spokesperson for the #MeToo movement because she had __________ and communicated a compelling __________ that made it difficult for countermovements to take hold.

standing; framing

The power elite is composed of a relatively __________ group of interconnected people who __________.

small; occupy top positions in important social institutions.

When Olive walked into her professor's office, she took note of the framed diplomas from Ivy League universities on the wall alongside awards from well-respected organizations. Such items signified the professor's __________ capital.

social

One of the factors that help social movements succeed is organizational strength, a combination of

strong leadership, human and material resources, social networks, and physical infrastructure.

Kelly and her husband are struggling to keep up with the second shift. Kelly is a kindergarten teacher, and her husband is the vice president of a successful start-up. They decided Kelly would put less effort into the workplace because she earned less between the two of them. Although the decision seems gender neutral because it is based on money and not gender, it is actually gendered. This is because

the institutions themselves were gendered long before the couple sat down to make the decision.