Symbiosis/Limiting Factors 2

a relationship between two species where on organism benefits and the other organism is harmed (+, -)

Parasitism

Whales and Barnacles- Barnacles create home sites by attaching themselves to whales.

commensalism

nonliving factor (ex: temperature, climate, water, air)

Abiotic factor

Commensalism

Hermit Crabs and Snails- Hermit crabs live in shells made and then abandoned by snails.

Mutualism

Anemone Hermit Crab and Anemones- The crab attaches several anemones to its shell using them as camouflage and as a deterrent to potential predators. The anemones have a "mobile home" and get more exposure to food than if they remained stationary.

Mutualism

Bees and Flowers- Bees fly around to various flowers and gather nectar, which they use to make food. When a bee lands on a flower, it gets some pollen on its body. Then, when the bee lands on the next flower, some of the pollen from the first flower rubs off, pollinating the plant.

living factor (ex: any animal,plant,fungus, protist, or bacteria)

Biotic factor

the largest population that an environment can support

Carrying capacity

Some birds follow army ant raids on forest floors. When the army ant colony travels along the forest floor, it stirs up numerous flying insects. As the insects flee from the army ants, the birds following the ants catch the insect.

Commensalism

The pearl fish spends its day in the intestines of the sea cucumber and emerges at night to feed on small crustaceans. This does not appear to harm the sea cucumber.

Commensalism

a relationship between two species where on organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefits (+, 0)

Commensalism

the man-of-war fish lives amongst the Portuguese man of war jellyfish and are provided protection from their predators

Commensalism

Parasitism

Cuckoo and Warbler- A cuckoo may lay its egg in a warbler's nest. The cuckoo's young will displace the warbler's young and the warbler will raise the cuckoo's young.

Parasitism

Fleas and Cat- Fleas live on the cat's body and eat its blood. They cause irritation to the cat and may transmit disease to the cat.

An animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite; it does not benefit and is often harmed by the association

Host

any factor that may limit the size of a population. (ex: food, water, shelter, space, light,...)

Limiting factors

Commensalism

Maribou Stork and Bees-- The stork uses its saw-like bill to cut up the dead animals it eats. As a result, the dead animal carcass is accessible to some bees for food and egg-laying.

Parasitism

Mosquitoes find a human and feast upon their blood. This causes a small reaction on the human's skin, resulting in a red, itchy bump. In addition, mosquitoes can pass along disease to their human host.

Commensalism

Mosses can grow on the trunks or branches of trees. They get light they need as well as nutrients that run down along the trees. The mosses do not affect the trees.

Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants- The fungus invades the roots of some plants and gets nutrients from that plant. The fungus helps the plant absorb inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Some fungi also secrete antibiotics, which can help protect the plant from parasitic fungi and bacteria.

Mutualism

Spider crap and algae- Spider crabs live in shallow areas of the ocean floor. Greenish-brown algae lives on the crab's back, helping the crabs blend in with their enviroment, which makes them less noticeable to predators. the algae provided with a good place to live while the crab receives camouflage.

Mutualism

boxer crab and anemone The boxer crab carries a pair of small anemones in its claws. When a predator approaches, it waves the anemones around which presents its stinging tentacles and deters the predator. the anemones get small particles of food from the crab when it eats.

Mutualism

Mutualism

Oxpeckers feed on the ticks found on a rhinoceros. In addition, if they sense danger, the oxpecker will fly up and scream out as warning to the rhinoceros.

An organism that obtains nourishment and shelter on another organism. Parasites can cause harm or disease to their host. They are generally much smaller than their hosts. Examples of parasites are tapeworms, flukes, lice, ticks, etc.

Parasite

Bed bugs will bite and feed off a human up to 500 times in one night. This causes small red bumps and itchinesss to the human.

Parasitism

Bird mites might happen upon a human when trying to find a new bird to feast on. Instead, it eats the blood of the human, causing the human to develop irritating, itchy bumps.

Parasitism

Lice and Humans- Lice attach to human hair and enjoy the warmth given off by the human. They eat timy amounts of human blood, causing the human to ave little red bumps that are quite ithcy. They may also transmit disease to the human.

Parasitism

Mistletoe and Oak Tree- Mistletoe extracts water and nutrients from the oak tree, causing harm to the tree.

Parasitism

number of individuals in a population

Population size

A goat munches on the grass in a field for its food.

Predation

A grasshopper lands on a plant and eats its leaves for food.

Predation

A whale uses its teeth to filter plankton from the water and eats the plankton for food.

Predation

The snake lies in wait and captures a mouse running by for its food.

Predation

Commensalism

Remora Fish and Shark-- Remoras attach themselves to a shark's body. They then travel with the shark and feed on the leftover food scraps form the shark's meal.

Predation

The cougar hunts deer and kills it for its food.

Mutualism

The honeypot ants get food by stroking the aphid for their sweet honeydew secretions. The ants provide protection for the aphid by aggressively fighting off predators such as ladybugs.

Parasitism

Ticks feed on deer blood, causing irritation to the deer and potentially giving it various diseases such as Lyme disease.

There is an increase in competition for food, shelter, mates, etc...

What happens when a population reaches its carrying capacity?

Limiting factor

a resource that is so scarce that it limits the size of the population

Predation

an interaction in which one organism hunts and kills another for food

Bison and Cowbird- As bison walk through the grass, insects become active and are seen and eaten by the cowbird.

commensalism

The cattle egret follows cattle or horses and preys on the insects the animals stir up as they graze.

commensalism

certain bacteria live within the digestive system of humans and feed on various things within the human. this is not detrimental to the human

commensalism

Predation

cow and grass A cow munches on the grass in a field for its food.

Yucca flowers are pollinated by yucca moths. The moths lay their eggs in the flowers where the larvae hatch and eat some of the developing seeds.

mutualism

a relationship between two species where both organisms benefit (+, +)

mutualism

Three types of symbiosis

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

The wasp lays its eggs inside the hornworm. As they hatch, they eat their way out, killing the hornworm in the process.

parasitism

The bear forages through the forest and finds berries for food.

predation

The wolf hunts and kills the rabbit for its food.

predation

Predation

the mantis captures a bee and eats it for nourishment.